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de la Garza AL, Zonenszain-Laiter Y. Análisis bioético del uso de la biotecnología genómica en la nutrición traslacional. PERSONA Y BIOÉTICA 2023. [DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2022.26.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Los avances de la biotecnología y las fascinantes perspectivas de la genómica nutricional en el escenario de la práctica clínica conducen a la consideración de distintos aspectos que impactan en el beneficio integral del ser humano. En ese sentido, la integración de la nutrición personalizada en la atención clínica requiere de un análisis bioético centrado en la unidad de la persona que, con base en su perfil nutrigenético único, contribuya al cuidado de la salud por medio del tratamiento nutricional individualizado. El análisis bioético contempla los principios de totalidad terapéutica, libertad e integridad. Además, el uso de las pruebas nutrigenéticas destaca no solo la confidencialidad de datos, que se presupone, sino que lleva a considerar el derecho a la intimidad.
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Toorie AM, Vassoler FM, Qu F, Schonhoff CM, Bradburn S, Murgatroyd CA, Slonim DK, Byrnes EM. A history of opioid exposure in females increases the risk of metabolic disorders in their future male offspring. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12856. [PMID: 31782234 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide consumption of opioids remains at historic levels. Preclinical studies report intergenerational effects on the endogenous opioid system of future progeny following preconception morphine exposure. Given the role of endogenous opioids in energy homeostasis, such effects could impact metabolism in the next generation. Thus, we examined diet-induced modifications in F1 male progeny of morphine-exposed female rats (MORF1). When fed a high fat-sugar diet (FSD) for 6 weeks, MORF1 males display features of emerging metabolic syndrome; they consume more food, gain more weight, and develop fasting-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In the hypothalamus, proteins involved in energy homeostasis are modified and RNA sequencing revealed down-regulation of genes associated with neuronal plasticity, coupled with up-regulation of genes associated with immune, inflammatory, and metabolic processes that are specific to FSD-maintained MORF1 males. Thus, limited preconception morphine exposure in female rats increases the risk of metabolic syndrome/type 2 diabetes in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M. Toorie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts
- Department of Biology Rhode Island College North Providence Rhode Island
| | - Fair M. Vassoler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts
| | - Fangfang Qu
- Department of Computer Science Tufts University Medford Massachusetts
| | - Christopher M. Schonhoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts
| | - Steven Bradburn
- Division of Biomedical Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | | | - Donna K. Slonim
- Department of Computer Science Tufts University Medford Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth M. Byrnes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts
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Duodenal Metatranscriptomics to Define Human and Microbial Functional Alterations Associated with Severe Obesity: A Pilot Study. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111811. [PMID: 33213098 PMCID: PMC7698607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder, and the gut microbiome has been suggested to contribute to its onset. In order to better clarify the role of the microbiome in obesity, we evaluated the metatranscriptome in duodenal biopsies from a cohort of 23 adult severely obese and lean control subjects using next generation sequencing. Our aim was to provide a general picture of the duodenal metatranscriptome associated with severe obesity. We found altered expressions of human and microbial genes in the obese compared to lean subjects, with most of the gene alterations being present in the carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolic pathways. Defects were also present in several human genes involved in epithelial intestinal cells differentiation and function, as well as in the immunity/inflammation pathways. Moreover, the microbial taxa abundance inferred by our transcriptomic data differed in part from the data that we previously evaluated by 16S rRNA in 13/23 individuals of our cohort, particularly concerning the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla abundances. In conclusion, our pilot study provides the first taxonomic and functional characterization of duodenal microbiota in severely obese subjects and lean controls. Our findings suggest that duodenal microbiome and human genes both play a role in deregulating metabolic pathways, likely affecting energy metabolism and thus contributing to the obese phenotype.
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Nardelli C, Granata I, D'Argenio V, Tramontano S, Compare D, Guarracino MR, Nardone G, Pilone V, Sacchetti L. Characterization of the Duodenal Mucosal Microbiome in Obese Adult Subjects by 16S rRNA Sequencing. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040485. [PMID: 32235377 PMCID: PMC7232320 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota may have an impact on obesity. To date, the majority of studies in obese patients reported microbiota composition in stool samples. The aim of this study was to investigate the duodenal mucosa dysbiosis in adult obese individuals from Campania, a region in Italy with a very high percentage of obese people, to highlight microbial taxa likely associated with obesity. Duodenum biopsies were taken during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 19 obese (OB) and 16 lean control subjects (CO) and microbiome studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Duodenal microbiome in our groups consisted of six phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria. Proteobacteria (51.1% vs. 40.1%) and Firmicutes (33.6% vs. 44.9%) were significantly (p < 0.05) more and less abundant in OB compared with CO, respectively. Oribacterium asaccharolyticum, Atopobium parvulum and Fusobacterium nucleatum were reduced (p < 0.01) and Pseudomonadales were increased (p < 0.05) in OB compared with CO. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed Atopobium and Oribacterium genera able to discriminate with accuracy (power = 75% and 78%, respectively) OB from CO. In conclusion, increased Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae) characterized the duodenal microbiome of obese subjects. These data direct to further studies to evaluate the functional role of the dysbiotic-obese-associated signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Nardelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Granata
- Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.G.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tramontano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (S.T.); (V.P.)
| | - Debora Compare
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (G.N.)
| | - Mario Rosario Guarracino
- Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking (ICAR), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.G.); (M.R.G.)
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Gerardo Nardone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (G.N.)
| | - Vincenzo Pilone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (S.T.); (V.P.)
| | - Lucia Sacchetti
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0813737827
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De Francesco PN, Cornejo MP, Barrile F, García Romero G, Valdivia S, Andreoli MF, Perello M. Inter-individual Variability for High Fat Diet Consumption in Inbred C57BL/6 Mice. Front Nutr 2019; 6:67. [PMID: 31143766 PMCID: PMC6520645 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since inbred C57BL/6 mice are known to show inter-individual phenotypic variability for some traits, we tested the hypothesis that inbred C57BL/6 mice display a different tendency to consume a high fat (HF) diet. For this purpose, we used a compilation of HF intake data from an experimental protocol in which satiated mice were exposed to a HF pellet every morning for 2-h over 4 consecutive days. We found that mice displayed a large degree of variability in HF intake. Since day 1 HF intake significantly correlated with HF intake in successive days, we applied a hierarchical clustering algorithm on HF intake measurements in days 2, 3, and 4 in order to classify mice into “low” or “high” HF intake groups. “Low” HF intake group showed a day 1 HF intake similar to that seen in mice exposed to regular chow, while “high” HF intake group showed a higher day 1 HF intake as compared to “low” HF intake group. Both groups of mice increased HF consumption over the successive days, but “high” HF intake group always displayed a higher HF consumption than the “low” HF intake group. As compared to “low” HF intake group, “high” HF intake group showed a higher number of dopamine neurons positive for c-Fos in the VTA after the last event of HF intake. Thus, inbred C57BL/6 mice show inter-individual variability for HF intake and such feature may be linked to a different response to the rewarding properties of the HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Spring Valdivia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - María F Andreoli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurodevelopment, Institute of Development and Pediatric Research (IDIP), La Plata Children's Hospital and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
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Rapkin J, Jensen K, House CM, Wilson AJ, Hunt J. Genotype-by-sex-by-diet interactions for nutritional preference, dietary consumption, and lipid deposition in a field cricket. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:361-373. [PMID: 30089778 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in feeding behaviour, especially the overconsumption of calories, has led to a rise in the rates of obesity, diabetes, and other associated disorders in humans and a range of animals inhabiting human-influenced environments. However, understanding the relative contribution of genes, the nutritional environment, and their interaction to dietary intake and lipid deposition in the sexes still remains a major challenge. By combining nutritional geometry with quantitative genetics, we determined the effect of genes, the nutritional environment, and their interaction on the total nutritional preference (TP), total diet eaten (TE), and lipid mass (LM) of male and female black field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) fed one of four diet pairs (DPs) differing in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate and total nutritional content. We found abundant additive genetic variance for TP, TE, and LM in both sexes and across all four DPs, with significant genetic correlations between TE and TP and between TP and LM in males. We also found significant genotype-by-DP and genotype-by-sex-by-DP interactions for each trait and significant genotype-by-sex interactions for TE and LM. Complex interactions between genes, sex, and the nutritional environment, therefore, play an important role in nutrient regulation and lipid deposition in T. commodus. This finding may also help explain the increasing rate of obesity and the maintenance of sex differences in obesity observed across many animal species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Department of Bioscience, Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Clarissa M House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bay 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK. .,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bay 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Angeles TS, Hudkins RL. Recent advances in targeting the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway using fatty acid synthase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1187-1199. [PMID: 27701891 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1245286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated lipogenesis has been associated with a variety of diseases including obesity, cancer and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty acid synthase (FASN) plays a pivotal role in de novo lipogenesis, making this multi-catalytic protein an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Recently, the first FASN inhibitor successfully advanced through the drug development process and entered clinical evaluation in oncology. Areas covered: This review discusses the biological roles of FASN in three prominent disease areas: cancer, obesity-related disorders and NAFLD. Recent advances in drug discovery strategies and design of newer FASN inhibitors are also highlighted. Expert opinion: Despite the abundance of evidence linking the lipogenic pathway to cancer, progression of FASN-targeted molecules has been rather slow and challenging and no compounds have moved past the preclinical phase. The landscape has recently changed with the recent advancement of the first FASN inhibitor into clinical evaluation for solid tumors. Needless to say, the successful translation into the clinical setting will open opportunities for expanding the therapeutic utility of FASN inhibitors not just in oncology but in other diseases associated with elevated lipogenesis such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma S Angeles
- a Discovery and Product Development , Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc ., West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Robert L Hudkins
- a Discovery and Product Development , Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc ., West Chester , PA , USA
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8
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Morton NM, Beltram J, Carter RN, Michailidou Z, Gorjanc G, Fadden CM, Barrios-Llerena ME, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Gibbins MTG, Aird RE, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Munger SC, Svenson KL, Gastaldello A, Ramage L, Naredo G, Zeyda M, Wang ZV, Howie AF, Saari A, Sipilä P, Stulnig TM, Gudnason V, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Webster SP, Dunbar DR, Churchill GA, Vidal-Puig A, Fernandez-Real JM, Emilsson V, Horvat S. Genetic identification of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase as an adipocyte-expressed antidiabetic target in mice selected for leanness. Nat Med 2016; 22:771-9. [PMID: 27270587 PMCID: PMC5524189 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic mechanisms for resistance to obesity and diabetes may illuminate new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this global health challenge. We used the polygenic 'lean' mouse model, which has been selected for low adiposity over 60 generations, to identify mitochondrial thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (Tst; also known as rhodanese) as a candidate obesity-resistance gene with selectively increased expression in adipocytes. Elevated adipose Tst expression correlated with indices of metabolic health across diverse mouse strains. Transgenic overexpression of Tst in adipocytes protected mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin-resistant diabetes. Tst-deficient mice showed markedly exacerbated diabetes, whereas pharmacological activation of TST ameliorated diabetes in mice. Mechanistically, TST selectively augmented mitochondrial function combined with degradation of reactive oxygen species and sulfide. In humans, TST mRNA expression in adipose tissue correlated positively with insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and negatively with fat mass. Thus, the genetic identification of Tst as a beneficial regulator of adipocyte mitochondrial function may have therapeutic significance for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Morton
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jasmina Beltram
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roderick N. Carter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zoi Michailidou
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregor Gorjanc
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Clare Mc Fadden
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin E. Barrios-Llerena
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew T. G. Gibbins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rhona E. Aird
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - José Maria Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona; Department of Medicine, University of Girona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | - Annalisa Gastaldello
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lynne Ramage
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregorio Naredo
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhao V. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander F. Howie
- The MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aila Saari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas M. Stulnig
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott P. Webster
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald R. Dunbar
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - José Manuel Fernandez-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona; Department of Medicine, University of Girona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Simon Horvat
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Reilly KM. Using the Collaborative Cross to Study the Role of Genetic Diversity in Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:pdb.prot079178. [PMID: 26933242 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot079178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human populations are genetically diverse and often a single mouse model can only represent a small subset of the human population. Studying genetic diversity directly can improve the predictive value of mouse models of cancer biology and research on the effects of carcinogens and therapeutics in humans. The collaborative cross is a panel of inbred mouse lines that captures 90% of the genetic diversity of the Mus musculus strain and can help identify regions of the genome that are responsible for variation in cancer phenotypes across the population. The appropriate procedure will depend on the mouse model used; here, three mouse cross designs are described as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlyne M Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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10
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Velázquez MA. [Impact of maternal overnutrition on the periconceptional period]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:246-53. [PMID: 25733194 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overnutrition may lead to obesity. Maternal obesity may affect fertility not only via anovulation, but also through direct effects on oocytes and preimplantation embryos, indicating that the periconceptional period is sensitive to conditions of overnutrition. The periconceptional period includes from folliculogenesis to implantation. Animal model studies suggest that oocytes derived from obese females usually have a small size and mitochondrial abnormalities. These disruptions are probably induced by changes in the components of the ovarian follicular fluid. Experimental evidence also suggests that obesity may affect the microenvironment in oviducts and uterus, resulting in development of preimplantation embryos with reduced cell numbers and up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. However, further research is needed for in-depth characterization of the effects of maternal obesity during the periconceptional period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Abraham Velázquez
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton, Reino Unido.
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11
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Adenovirus 36 attenuates weight loss from exercise but improves glycemic control by increasing mitochondrial activity in the liver. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114534. [PMID: 25479564 PMCID: PMC4257667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 36 (Ad36) as an obesity agent induces adiposity by increasing glucose uptake and promoting chronic inflammation in fat tissues; in contrast, exercise reduces total body fat and inflammation. Our objective was to determine the association between Ad36 and the effects of exercise on inflammation and glycemic control. In the human trials (n = 54), Korean children (aged 12–14 years) exercised for 60 min on three occasions each week for 2 months. We compared the body mass index (BMI) Z-scores before and after exercise. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Ad36 and Ad2 as a control, and these mice exercised for 12 weeks postinfection. After the exercise period, we determined the serum parameters and assessed the presence of inflammation and the mitochondrial function in the organs. Ad36-seropositive children who were subjected to a supervised exercise regimen had high BMI Z-scores whereas Ad36-seronegative children had lower scores. Similarly, Ad36-infected mice were resistant to weight loss and exhibited chronic inflammation of their adipose tissues despite frequent exercise. However, Ad36 combined with exercise reduced the levels of serum glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, total cholesterol, and insulin in virus-infected mice. Interestingly, virus infection increased the mitochondrial function in the liver, as demonstrated by the numbers of mitochondria, cytochrome c oxidase activity, and transcription of key mitochondrial genes. Therefore Ad36 counteracts the weight-loss effect of exercise and maintains the chronic inflammatory state, but glycemic control is improved by exercise synergistically because of increased mitochondrial activity in the liver.
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12
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Colitti M, Grasso S. Nutraceuticals and regulation of adipocyte life: premises or promises. Biofactors 2014; 40:398-418. [PMID: 24692086 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the actual worldwide health threat, that is associated with an increased number of metabolic disorders and diseases. Following the traditional hypothesis stating that in obesity hypertrophic adipocytes trigger the adipose tissue hyperplasia, strategies to treat obesity have increased fat researches of the molecular processes that achieve adipocyte enlargement and formation that finally increase body fat mass. Moreover, a new cell type was recently identified, the "brite" adipocyte that presents a unique gene expression profile of compared to both brown and white adipocytes. Therapies against obesity, targeting these cells and their pathways, would include the induction of lipolysis and apoptosis or the inhibition of differentiation and adipogenesis. However, it should be noted that both the increase of adipocyte size and number take place in association with positive energy balance. According to the adipose tissue expansion hypothesis, adipogenesis could be related with improved metabolic health of obese people, taking back the adipose mass to a traditionally site of lipid storage. Furthermore, new perspectives in fat biology suggest that the conversion of white-to-brown adipocytes and their metabolism could be exploited for the development of therapeutic approaches against obesity-associated diseases and for the regulation of energy balance. Drugs currently available to treat obesity generally have unpleasant side effects. A novel promising approach is the usage of dietary supplements and plant products that could interfere on the life cycle of adipocyte. Here, various dietary bioactive compounds that target different stages of adipocyte life cycle and molecular and metabolic pathways are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Colitti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Rueda-Clausen CF, Benterud E, Bond T, Olszowka R, Vallis MT, Sharma AM. Effect of implementing the 5As of obesity management framework on provider-patient interactions in primary care. Clin Obes 2014; 4:39-44. [PMID: 25425131 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Obesity counselling in primary care is positively associated with self-reported behaviour change in patients with obesity. Obesity counselling is rare, and when it does occur, it is often of low quality because of poor training and/or competency of providers' obesity management, lack of time and economical disincentives, and negative attitude towards obesity and obesity management. 5As frameworks are routinely used for behaviour-change counselling and addiction management (e.g. smoking cessation), but few studies have examined its efficacy for weight management. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS This study presents pilot data from the implementation and evaluation of an obesity management tool (5As of Obesity Management developed by the Canadian Obesity Network) in a primary care setting. Results show that the tool facilitates weight management in primary care by promoting physician-patient communications, medical assessments for obesity and plans for follow-up care. Obesity remains poorly managed in primary care. The 5As of Obesity Management is a theory-driven, evidence-based minimal intervention designed to facilitate obesity counselling and management by primary care practitioners. This project tested the impact of implementing this tool in primary care clinics. Electronic self-administered surveys were completed by pre-screened obese subjects at the end of their appointments in four primary care clinics (over 25 healthcare providers [HCPs]). These measurements were performed before (baseline, n = 51) and 1 month after implementing the 5As of Obesity Management (post-intervention, n = 51). Intervention consisted of one online training session (90 min) and distribution of the 5As toolkit to HCPs of participating clinics. Subjects completing the survey before and after the intervention were comparable in terms of age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, satisfaction and self-reported health status (P > 0.2). Implementing the 5As of Obesity Management resulted in a twofold increase in the initiation of obesity management (19 vs. 39%, P = 0.03), and caused a statistically significant increase in the perceived follow-up/coordination efforts (self-reported Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care components, 45 ± 22 vs. 67 ± 12 points, P = 0.002), as well as two components of the 5As framework: Assess (50 ± 29 vs. 66 ± 15 points, P = 0.03) and Assist (54 ± 26 vs. 72 ± 13 points, P = 0.01). Our results suggest that using the 5As of Obesity Management facilitates weight management in primary care by promoting physician-patient communications, medical assessments for obesity and plans for follow-up care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Rueda-Clausen
- Obesity Research and Management, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; South Calgary Primary Care Network (SCPCN), Calgary, Canada
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Jones LV, Jones KM, Hensman C, Bertuch R, McGee TL, Dixon JB. Solid Versus Liquid—Satiety Study in Well-Adjusted Lap-Band Patients. Obes Surg 2013; 23:1266-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Aballay LR, Eynard AR, Díaz MDP, Navarro A, Muñoz SE. Overweight and obesity: a review of their relationship to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in South America. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:168-79. [PMID: 23452284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic and demographic transformations are occurring very rapidly in some areas of the world, especially in South America, and are accompanied by changes in lifestyle, dietary patterns, and the epidemiological profile of prevalent diseases. This review examines whether obesity and overweight are related to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in South America. Research carried out in more than 6,000 cases and controls was evaluated, along with most of the available publications related to South America. In South America, obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease are related mainly to aging, ethnicity effects, and preventable risky lifestyle conditions. Most of the studies that found an association between cancer and obesity are from the Southern Cone, the geographic area most affected by this pathology. Overall, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was highest in Chile, followed in decreasing order by Colombia, Peru, Argentina, and Ecuador, with differences noted between urban and rural areas or between urban and periurban areas. Obesity and cancer may be preventable, at least in part, by healthy behavior; hence, exercise, weight control, and healthy dietary habits are important to reduce the risk of these major chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Aballay
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Schofield PN, Hoehndorf R, Gkoutos GV. Mouse genetic and phenotypic resources for human genetics. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:826-36. [PMID: 22422677 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of model organisms to provide information on gene function has proved to be a powerful approach to our understanding of both human disease and fundamental mammalian biology. Large-scale community projects using mice, based on forward and reverse genetics, and now the pan-genomic phenotyping efforts of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, are generating resources on an unprecedented scale, which will be extremely valuable to human genetics and medicine. We discuss the nature and availability of data, mice and embryonic stem cells from these large-scale programmes, the use of these resources to help prioritize and validate candidate genes in human genetic association studies, and how they can improve our understanding of the underlying pathobiology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Wichert B, Trossen J, Uebelhart D, Wanner M, Hartnack S. Energy requirement and food intake behaviour in young adult intact male cats with and without predisposition to overweight. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:509854. [PMID: 22623906 PMCID: PMC3353480 DOI: 10.1100/2012/509854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common problem in cats. In the experimental cat family of the institute of animal nutrition besides a “normal” lean phenotype, cats with predisposition to an overweight phenotype are present. To investigate energy requirements and food intake behaviour of intact male cats of different phenotypes, six “normal” lean cats (GL) and six cats disposed to overweight (GO) were used. At the beginning of the experiment, all cats had an ideal body condition score of 5. To reach this the GO cats had to pass a weight-loss program. Energy requirements of the cats were determined using respiration chambers, whereas the amount and frequency of food intake was measured with a feeding station recording the data automatically. Energy requirement at weight constancy of the GO cats was even on fat-free mass (FFM) significantly (P = 0.02) lower (162.6 kJ/kg FFM/d) than that of the “normal” lean cats (246 kJ/kg FFM/d). The GO cats also showed a higher food intake 34.5 ± 1.5 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67 compared to the GL cats (24.0 ± 2.1 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67)(P = 0.001). In conclusion quantifiable differences in food intake and behaviour in cats predisposed to overweight compared to “normal” lean cats were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Wichert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 260, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wang D, Dubois RN. Associations between obesity and cancer: the role of fatty acid synthase. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:343-5. [PMID: 22312133 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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