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Speciale A, Saija A, Bashllari R, Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Occhiuto C, Cimino F, Cristani M. Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1955-1996. [PMID: 30417771 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181112093336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the in vivo protective effects observed. This article directly addresses the scientific evidences supporting that ACNs could be useful to protect human population against several NCDs not only acting as antioxidant but through their capability to modulate cell redox-dependent signaling. In particular, ACNs interact with the NF-κB and AP-1 signal transduction pathways, which respond to oxidative signals and mediate a proinflammatory effect, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway and its regulated cytoprotective proteins (GST, NQO, HO-1, etc.), involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of toxic compounds, so countering the alterations caused by conditions of chemical/oxidative stress. In addition, supposed crosstalks could contribute to explain the protective effects of ACNs in different pathological conditions characterized by an altered balance among these pathways. Thus, this review underlines the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of ACNs against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Romina Bashllari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,"Prof. Antonio Imbesi" Foundation, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Ajit D, Simonyi A, Li R, Chen Z, Hannink M, Fritsche KL, Mossine VV, Smith RE, Dobbs TK, Luo R, Folk WR, Gu Z, Lubahn DB, Weisman GA, Sun GY. Phytochemicals and botanical extracts regulate NF-κB and Nrf2/ARE reporter activities in DI TNC1 astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:49-56. [PMID: 27166148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses associated with neurodegenerative diseases has drawn considerable attention towards understanding the transcriptional signaling pathways involving NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-like 2). Our recent studies with immortalized murine microglial cells (BV-2) demonstrated effects of botanical polyphenols to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and enhance Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses (Sun et al., 2015). In this study, an immortalized rat astrocyte (DI TNC1) cell line expressing a luciferase reporter driven by the NF-κB or the Nrf2/Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) promoter was used to assess regulation of these two pathways by phytochemicals such as quercetin, rutin, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, as well as botanical extracts from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia) and Euterpe oleracea (Açaí). Quercetin effectively inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB reporter activity and stimulated Nrf2/ARE reporter activity in DI TNC1 astrocytes. Cyanidin and the glycosides showed similar effects but only at much higher concentrations. All three botanical extracts effectively inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB reporter activity. These extracts were capable of enhancing ARE activity by themselves and further enhanced ARE activity in the presence of LPS. Quercetin and botanical extracts induced Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression. Interestingly, Ashwagandha extract was more active in inducing Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in DI TNC1 astrocytes as compared to Sutherlandia and Açaí extracts. In summary, this study demonstrated NF-kB and Nrf2/ARE promoter activities in DI TNC1 astrocytes, and further showed differences in ability for specific botanical polyphenols and extracts to down-regulate LPS-induced NF-kB and up-regulate the NRF2/ARE activities in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Ajit
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Runting Li
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zihong Chen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Valeri V Mossine
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Rensheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Sun GY, Chen Z, Jasmer KJ, Chuang DY, Gu Z, Hannink M, Simonyi A. Quercetin Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells: Role of MAPKs on the Nrf2 Pathway and Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141509. [PMID: 26505893 PMCID: PMC4624710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large group of flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables have been suggested to elicit health benefits due mainly to their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies with immune cells have demonstrated inhibition of these inflammatory responses through down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory pathway involving NF-κB and up-regulation of the anti-oxidative pathway involving Nrf2. In the present study, the murine BV-2 microglial cells were used to compare anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and cyanidin, two flavonoids differing by their alpha, beta keto carbonyl group. Quercetin was 10 folds more potent than cyanidin in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production as well as stimulation of Nrf2-induced heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression. In addition, quercetin demonstrated enhanced ability to stimulate HO-1 protein expression when cells were treated with LPS. In an attempt to unveil mechanism(s) for quercetin to enhance Nrf2/HO-1 activity under endotoxic stress, results pointed to an increase in phospho-p38MAPK expression upon addition of quercetin to LPS. In addition, pharmacological inhibitors for phospho-p38MAPK and MEK1/2 for ERK1/2 further showed that these MAPKs target different sites of the Nrf2 pathway that regulates HO-1 expression. However, inhibition of LPS-induced NO by quercetin was not fully reversed by TinPPIX, a specific inhibitor for HO-1 activity. Taken together, results suggest an important role of quercetin to regulate inflammatory responses in microglial cells and its ability to upregulate HO-1 against endotoxic stress through involvement of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zihong Chen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis Y. Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zezong Gu
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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