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González F, Carelli A, Komarcheuski A, Uana M, do Prado RM, Rossoni D, Gomes M, Vasconcellos R. Yeast Cell Wall Compounds on The Formation of Fermentation Products and Fecal Microbiota in Cats: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:637. [PMID: 36830424 PMCID: PMC9951743 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of yeast cell wall compounds (YCWs) being added to cat food on hindgut fermentation metabolites and fecal microbiota were assessed in in vivo Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and in vitro Experiments 2 and 3 (Exp. 2 and 3). In Exp. 1, the cats' diets were supplemented with two dietary concentrations (46.2 and 92.4 ppm) of YCWs (YCW-15 and YCW-30, respectively), and a negative control diet with no compound in three groups (six cats per group) was used to assess the fecal score, pH, digestibility, fermentation products, and microbiota. In Exp. 2, feces from the cats that were not supplemented with YCWs (control) were used as an inoculum. A blend of pectin, amino acids, and cellulose was used as a substrate, and the YCW compound was added at two levels (5 and 10 mg). In Exp. 3, feces from cats fed YCWs were used as an inoculum to test three different substrates (pectin, amino acids, and cellulose). In Exp. 2 and 3, the gas production, pH, and fermentation products (ammonia, SCFAs, and BCFAs) were assessed. YCW-30 resulted in a higher digestibility coefficient of the crude protein, organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05), and energy of the diet (p < 0.10). Regarding the fermentation products, YCW-15 showed a trend toward higher concentrations of propionate, acetate, lactate, ammonia, isobutyrate, and valerate, while YCW-30 showed a trend (p < 0.10) toward higher levels of butyrate and pH values. The bacteroidia class and the genus Prevotella were increased by using YCW-30 and the control. At the gender level, decreased (p < 0.01) Megasphaera was observed with YCW inclusion. The microbiota differed (p < 0.01) among the groups in their Shannon indexes. For beta diversity, YCW-30 showed higher indexes (p = 0.008) than the control. The microbiota metabolic profile differed in the pathway CENTFERM-PWY; it was more expressed in YCW-30 compared to the control. In Exp. 2, the YCWs showed a higher ratio (p = 0.006) of the fermentation products in the treatments with additives with a trend towards a high dose of the additive (10 mg). In Exp. 3, the effects of the substrates (p < 0.001), but not of the YCWs, on the fermentation products were observed, perhaps due to the low dietary concentrations we used. However, the marked responses of the fermentation products to the substrates validated the methodology. We could conclude that the YCWs, even at low dietary concentrations, affected fecal SCFA production, reduced the fecal pH, and modulated the fecal microbiota in the cats. These responses were more pronounced under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carelli
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Alina Komarcheuski
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mayara Uana
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho Martin do Prado
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rossoni
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vasconcellos
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
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Ma Y, Lu Y, Petrofsky K, Liu J, Cheng Y, Ruan R, Chen C. Double-Edged Metabolic Effects from Short-Term Feeding of Functionalized Wheat Bran to Mouse Revealed by Metabolomic Profiling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6543-6555. [PMID: 34096702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Health-promoting activities of wheat bran are limited by the high-degree crosslinking of its dietary fiber and the low bioavailability of its phenolics. In this study, functionalized wheat bran (FWB) was prepared through a combination of milling, alkaline hydrolysis, high-shear mixing, and high-pressure homogenization treatments. Feasibility and metabolic effects of feeding FWB were investigated by a short-term mouse feeding trial and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis. The combinatorial processing dramatically enhanced the function-associated physicochemical properties of wheat bran, including viscosity, fiber compositions, free ferulic acid, and antioxidant capacity. FWB feeding led to diverse positive metabolic effects, including fecal sequestration of bile acids and cholesterol, reduced serum triacylglycerols and cholesterol, elevated fermentation for short-chain fatty acids, increased bioavailability of ferulic acid and its microbial metabolites, and improved redox balance. However, FWB feeding also negatively affected the nutritional status by decreasing the bioavailability of essential amino acids through the excessive loss of amino acids in feces and disrupting lipid homeostasis by reducing choline supply in the liver. These double-edged metabolic effects warrant further investigations on how to achieve the balance between the functionalization of wheat bran bioactives and the disruption of nutrient bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Ma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, 225 FScN, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Yuwei Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, 225 FScN, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Keith Petrofsky
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Center for Biorefining, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Juer Liu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Center for Biorefining, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Center for Biorefining, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Roger Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Center for Biorefining, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, 225 FScN, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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Chen WS, Liu MH, Cheng ML, Wang CH. Decreases in Circulating Concentrations of Short-Chain Acylcarnitines are Associated with Systolic Function Improvement After Decompensated Heart Failure. Int Heart J 2020; 61:1014-1021. [PMID: 32879261 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.20-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impaired fatty acid metabolism is associated with heart failure (HF) prognosis. However, specific changes in acylcarnitine profiles and their potential clinical value have not been well explored in patients recovering from acute decompensation.This study recruited 79 HF patients hospitalized because of acute decompensation with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of < 40% and 51 normal controls. Patients were dichotomized into two groups, namely, the "improved (IMP) " and the "non-improved (NIMP) " groups, as defined by the changes in LVEF from baseline to 12 months after discharge. Mass spectrometry was used to quantify the acylcarnitine concentrations at baseline and 6 and 12 months after discharge. The IMP and NIMP groups contained 42 and 37 patients, respectively. At baseline, HF patients had higher plasma concentrations of specific long-, medium-, and short-chain acylcarnitines compared to normal controls. From baseline to 12 months post-discharge, the IMP group showed significant decreases in long- and short-chain acylcarnitine concentrations, but significant increases in medium-chain acylcarnitines. In the NIMP group, none of the acylcarnitines significantly decreased, and significant increases were noted in long-, medium-, and short-chain acylcarnitines. Generalized estimating equations demonstrated that nine acylcarnitines could discriminate the IMP group from the NIMP group, including three long-chain (C18:1, C16, and C16:1) and six short-chain acylcarnitines (C5, C5-OH, C4, C4:1-DC, C3, and C2). After adjusting for age, the six short-chain acylcarnitines remained significant. Changes in short-chain acylcarnitine profiles are independently associated with the improvement in cardiac systolic function after acute decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Siang Chen
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Min-Hui Liu
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University.,Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Chao-Hung Wang
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
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Schlicker L, Boers HM, Dudek CA, Zhao G, Barua A, Trezzi JP, Meyer-Hermann M, Jacobs DM, Hiller K. Postprandial Metabolic Effects of Fiber Mixes Revealed by in vivo Stable Isotope Labeling in Humans. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9050091. [PMID: 31067731 PMCID: PMC6571904 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food supplementation with a fiber mix of guar gum and chickpea flour represents a promising approach to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by attenuating postprandial glycemia. To investigate the effects on postprandial metabolic fluxes of glucose-derived metabolites in response to this fiber mix, a randomized, cross-over study was designed. Twelve healthy, male subjects consumed three different flatbreads either supplemented with 2% guar gum or 4% guar gum and 15% chickpea flour or without supplementation (control). The flatbreads were enriched with ~2% of 13C-labeled wheat flour. Blood was collected at 16 intervals over a period of 360 min after bread intake and plasma samples were analyzed by GC-MS based metabolite profiling combined with stable isotope-assisted metabolomics. Although metabolite levels of the downstream metabolites of glucose, specifically lactate and alanine, were not altered in response to the fiber mix, supplementation of 4% guar gum was shown to significantly delay and reduce the exogenous formation of these metabolites. Metabolic modeling and computation of appearance rates revealed that the effects induced by the fiber mix were strongest for glucose and attenuated downstream of glucose. Further investigations to explore the potential of fiber mix supplementation to counteract the development of metabolic diseases are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlicker
- Department for Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Hanny M Boers
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian-Alexander Dudek
- Department for Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 15, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Arnab Barua
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 15, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jean-Pierre Trezzi
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 rue Louis Rech, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg.
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 15, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Doris M Jacobs
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department for Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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The response of canine faecal microbiota to increased dietary protein is influenced by body condition. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:374. [PMID: 29202841 PMCID: PMC5716228 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High protein diets shift the faecal microbiota into a more unfavourable composition in obese humans. In lean dogs, higher protein consumption is accompanied with increased production of putrefactive fermentation products, whereas obese dogs have a different gut microbiota compared to lean dogs. Still, the impact of high dietary protein on gut microbiota in obese dogs remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate faecal microbial changes in lean and obese dogs in response to two different levels of dietary protein. Six healthy lean and six obese Beagles were fed a high protein diet (HP) and a low protein diet (LP) for 28 days each in a crossover design. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR were performed on faecal samples for microbial profiling. Plasma acylcarnitine and fermentation metabolites were measured. Results Dogs fed HP had higher concentrations of protein fermentation metabolites including faecal ammonia, isovalerate, isobutyrate, phenol, indole, serum indoxyl sulphate and plasma 3-OH isovalerylcarnitine compared to dogs fed LP, whereas no changes in faecal concentrations of acetate and butyrate were observed. The abundances of clostridial clusters IV and XIVa, covering the majority of butyrate-producing bacteria, and of the butyrate kinase gene, one of the terminal genes of the butyrate synthesis pathway were higher in dogs on HP compared to LP. Significant interactions between diet and body condition were found for the abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillus and clostridial cluster I. The similarity coefficient of faecal microbiota between the two diets was smaller in obese dogs than in lean dogs. Conclusions High protein diet increased the abundance and activity of butyrate-producing bacteria in Beagles independent of the body condition. In addition, increasing dietary protein content had a greater overall impact on faecal microbiota in obese compared to lean dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1276-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wambacq W, Rybachuk G, Jeusette I, Rochus K, Wuyts B, Fievez V, Nguyen P, Hesta M. Fermentable soluble fibres spare amino acids in healthy dogs fed a low-protein diet. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:130. [PMID: 27353524 PMCID: PMC4924337 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research in cats has shown that increased fermentation-derived propionic acid and its metabolites can be used as alternative substrates for gluconeogenesis, thus sparing amino acids for other purposes. This amino acid sparing effect could be of particular interest in patients with kidney or liver disease, where this could reduce the kidneys’/liver’s burden of N-waste removal. Since dogs are known to have a different metabolism than the obligatory carnivorous cat, the main objective of this study was to assess the possibility of altering amino acid metabolism through intestinal fermentation in healthy dogs. This was studied by supplementing a low-protein diet with fermentable fibres, hereby providing an initial model for future studies in dogs suffering from renal/liver disease. Results Eight healthy dogs were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: sugar beet pulp and guar gum mix (SF: soluble fibre, estimated to mainly stimulate propionic acid production) or cellulose (IF: insoluble fibre). Treatments were incorporated into a low-protein (17 %) extruded dry diet in amounts to obtain similar total dietary fibre (TDF) contents for both diets (9.4 % and 8.2 % for the SF and IF diet, respectively) and were tested in a 4-week crossover feeding trial. Apparent faecal nitrogen digestibility and post-prandial fermentation metabolites in faeces and plasma were evaluated. Dogs fed the SF diet showed significantly higher faecal excretion of acetic and propionic acid, resulting in a higher total SCFA excretion compared to IF. SF affected the three to six-hour postprandial plasma acylcarnitine profile by significantly increasing AUC of acetyl-, propionyl-, butyryl- + isobutyryl-, 3-OH-butyryl-, 3-OH-isovaleryl- and malonyl-L-carnitine. Moreover, the amino acid plasma profile at that time was modified as leucine + isoleucine concentrations were significantly increased by SF, and a similar trend for phenylalanine and tyrosine’s AUC was found. Conclusion These results indicate that guar gum and sugar beet pulp supplementation diminishes postprandial use of amino acids favoring instead the use of short-chain fatty acids as substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Further research is warranted to investigate the amino acid sparing effect of fermentable fibres in dogs with kidney/liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wambacq
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Galena Rybachuk
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Jeusette
- Department of Research and Development, Affinity Petcare SA, Sant Cugat Nord Office Park, Xavier Cugat Square, Building D, 08174, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristel Rochus
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Wuyts
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM Université, Food Science and Engineering-ONIRIS, Site de la Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Xu J, Verbrugghe A, Lourenço M, Janssens GPJ, Liu DJX, Van de Wiele T, Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F, Van de Maele I, Niu Y, Bosch G, Junius G, Wuyts B, Hesta M. Does canine inflammatory bowel disease influence gut microbial profile and host metabolism? BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:114. [PMID: 27306031 PMCID: PMC4910228 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a diverse group of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, and gut microbial dysbiosis has been proposed as a modulating factor in its pathogenesis. Several studies have investigated the gut microbial ecology of dogs with IBD but it is yet unclear if this microbial profile can alter the nutrient metabolism of the host. The aim of the present study was to characterize the faecal bacterial profile and functionality as well as to determine host metabolic changes in IBD dogs. Twenty-three dogs diagnosed with IBD and ten healthy control dogs were included. Dogs with IBD were given a clinical score using the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI). Faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia concentrations were measured and quantitative PCR was performed. The concentration of plasma amino acids, acylcarnitines, serum folate, cobalamin, and indoxyl sulfate was determined. Results No significant differences in the abundance of a selection of bacterial groups and fermentation metabolites were observed between the IBD and control groups. However, significant negative correlations were found between CCECAI and the faecal proportion of Lactobacillus as well as between CCECAI and total SCFA concentration. Serum folate and plasma citrulline were decreased and plasma valine was increased in IBD compared to control dogs. Increased plasma free carnitine and total acylcarnitines were observed in IBD compared with control dogs, whereas short-chain acylcarnitines (butyrylcarnitine + isobutyrylcarnitine and, methylmalonylcarnitine) to free carnitine ratios decreased. Dogs with IBD had a higher 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine + isovalerylcarnitine to leucine ratio compared to control dogs. Conclusions Canine IBD induced a wide range of changes in metabolic profile, especially for the plasma concentrations of short-chain acylcarnitines and amino acids, which could have evolved from tissue damage and alteration in host metabolism. In addition, dogs with more severe IBD were characterised by a decrease in faecal proportion of Lactobacillus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0736-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Present Address: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Marta Lourenço
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy J X Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van de Maele
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yufeng Niu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Junius
- Private Small Animal Clinic 'Dierenartsencentrum Hond en Kat', Emiel Clauslaan 134, 9800, Astene, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Wuyts
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
Domestic cats are obligate carnivores and in this light hindgut fermentation has been considered unimportant in this species. However, a diverse microbiota has been found in the small and large intestines of domestic cats. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies support the hypothesis that microbial fermentation is significant in felines with potential benefits to the host. Results on microbiota composition and microbial counts in different regions of the feline gastrointestinal tract are compiled, including a description of modulating host and technical factors. Additionally, the effects of dietary fibre supplementation on the microbiota composition are described. In a second section, in vitro studies, using inocula from fresh feline faeces and focusing on the fermentation characteristics of diverse plant substrates, are described. In vivo studies have investigated the effects of dietary fibre on a broad range of physiological outcomes. Results of this research, together with studies on effects of plant fibre on colonic morphology and function, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and the effects of plant fibre on disease conditions that require a decrease in dietary protein intake, are shown in a third section of the present review. Conclusively, for fructans and beet pulp, for example, diverse beneficial effects have been demonstrated in the domestic cat. Both dietary fibre sources are regularly used in the pet food industry. More research is warranted to reveal the potential benefits of other fibre sources that can be used on a large scale in feline diets for healthy and diseased cats.
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Dietary supplementation of propionylated starch to domestic cats provides propionic acid as gluconeogenic substrate potentially sparing the amino acid valine. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e16. [PMID: 25191608 PMCID: PMC4153013 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In strict carnivorous domestic cats, a metabolic competition arises between the need to
use amino acids for gluconeogenesis and for protein synthesis both in health and disease.
The present study investigated the amino acid-sparing potential of propionic acid in cats
using dietary propionylated starch (HAMSP) supplementation. A total of thirty cats were
fed a homemade diet, supplemented with either HAMSP, acetylated starch (HAMSA) or celite
(Control) for three adaptation weeks. Propionylated starch was hypothesised to provide
propionic acid as an alternative gluconeogenic substrate to amino acids, whereas acetic
acid from HAMSA would not provide any gluconeogenic benefit. Post-adaptation, a 5-d total
faecal collection was carried out to calculate apparent protein digestibility
coefficients. Fresh faecal and blood samples were collected to analyse fermentation
endproducts and metabolites. The apparent protein digestibility coefficients did not
differ between supplements (P = 0·372) and were not affected by the
protein intake level (P = 0·808). Faecal propionic acid concentrations
were higher in HAMSP than in HAMSA (P = 0·018) and Control
(P = 0·003) groups, whereas concentrations of ammonia
(P = 0·007) were higher in HAMSA than in HAMSP cats. Tendencies for or
higher propionylcarnitine concentrations were observed in HAMSP compared with HAMSA
(P = 0·090) and Control (P = 0·037) groups, and for
tiglyl- + 3-methylcrotonylcarnitine concentrations in HAMSP as compared with Control
(P = 0·028) cats. Methylmalonylcarnitine concentrations did not differ
between groups (P = 0·740), but were negatively correlated with the
protein intake level (r –0·459, P = 0·016). These
results suggest that HAMSP cats showed more saccharolytic fermentation patterns than those
supplemented with HAMSA, as well as signs of sparing of valine in cats with a sufficient
protein intake.
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Rochus K, Bosch G, Vanhaecke L, Van de Velde H, Depauw S, Xu J, Fievez V, Van de Wiele T, Hendriks WH, Paul Jules Janssens G, Hesta M. Incubation of selected fermentable fibres with feline faecal inoculum: correlations between in vitro fermentation characteristics and end products. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:416-31. [PMID: 23952674 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2013.830519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate correlations between fermentation characteristics and end products of selected fermentable fibres (three types of fructans, citrus pectin, guar gum), incubated with faecal inocula from donor cats fed two diets, differing in fibre and protein sources and concentrations. Cumulative gas production was measured over 72 h, fermentation end products were analysed at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-incubation, and quantification of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and bacteroides in fermentation liquids were performed at 4 and 48 h of incubation. Partial Pearson correlations, corrected for inoculum, were calculated to assess the interdependency of the fermentation characteristics of the soluble fibre substrates. Butyric and valeric acid concentrations increased with higher fermentation rates, whereas acetic acid declined. Concentrations of butyric acid (highest in fructans) and propionic acid were inversely correlated with protein fermentation end products at several time points, whereas concentrations of acetic acid (highest in citrus pectin) were positively correlated with these products at most time points. Remarkably, a lack of clear relationship between the counts of bacterial groups and their typically associated products after 4 h of incubation was observed. Data from this experiment suggest that differences in fibre fermentation rate in feline faecal inocula coincide with typical changes in the profile of bacterial fermentation products. The observed higher concentrations of propionic and butyric acid as a result of fibre fermentation could possibly have beneficial effects on intestinal health, and may be confounded with a concurrent decrease in the production of putrefactive compounds. In conclusion, supplementing guar gum or fructans to a feline diet might be more advantageous compared with citrus pectin. However, in vivo research is warranted to confirm these conclusions in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Rochus
- a Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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