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Ezzati‐Mobaser S, Yarahmadi S, Dadkhah Nikroo N, Maleki MH, Yousefi Z, Golpour P, Nourbakhsh M, Nourbakhsh M. Adipose triglyceride lipase gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of subjects with obesity and its association with insulin resistance, inflammation and lipid accumulation in liver. Obes Sci Pract 2024; 10:e716. [PMID: 38263987 PMCID: PMC10804332 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is a crucial enzyme responsible for the release of fatty acids from various tissues. The expression of ATGL is regulated by insulin and this enzyme is linked to Insulin resistance (IR). On the other hand, ATGL-mediated lipolysis is connected to macrophage function and thus, ATGL is involved in inflammation and the pathogenesis of lipid-related disorders. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between ATGL, obesity, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), and inflammation. Methods A total of 100 participants, including 50 individuals with obesity and 50 healthy participants, were recruited for this study and underwent comprehensive clinical evaluations. Blood samples were collected to measure plasma lipid profiles, glycemic indices, and liver function tests. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and used for the assessment of the gene expression of ATGL, using real-time PCR. Furthermore, PBMCs were cultured and exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with simultaneous ATGL inhibition, and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, along with the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were measured. Results The gene expression of ATGL was significantly elevated in PBMCs obtained from participants with obesity and was particularly higher in those diagnosed with MetS. It exhibited a correlation with insulin levels and Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), and it was associated with lipid accumulation in the liver. Stimulation with LPS increased ATGL expression in PBMCs, while inhibition of ATGL attenuated the inflammatory responses induced by LPS. Conclusions Obesity and MetS were associated with dysregulation of ATGL. ATGL might play a role in the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and act as a significant contributor to the development of metabolic abnormalities related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Yarahmadi
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nikta Dadkhah Nikroo
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Zeynab Yousefi
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Pegah Golpour
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mona Nourbakhsh
- Hazrat Aliasghar HospitalSchool of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Finetech in Medicine Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Walter S, Jung T, Herpich C, Norman K, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Ott C. Determination of the autophagic flux in murine and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1122998. [PMID: 36994103 PMCID: PMC10040559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1122998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy lysosomal system (ALS) is crucial for cellular homeostasis, contributing to maintain whole body health and alterations are associated with diseases like cancer or cardiovascular diseases. For determining the autophagic flux, inhibition of lysosomal degradation is mandatory, highly complicating autophagy measurement in vivo. To overcome this, herein blood cells were used as they are easy and routinely to isolate. Within this study we provide detailed protocols for determination of the autophagic flux in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from human and, to our knowledge the first time, also from murine whole blood, extensively discussing advantages and disadvantages of both methods. Isolation of PBMCs was performed using density gradient centrifugation. To minimize changes on the autophagic flux through experimental conditions, cells were directly treated with concanamycin A (ConA) for 2 h at 37°C in their serum or for murine cells in serum filled up with NaCl. ConA treatment decreased lysosomal cathepsins activity and increased Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) protein and LC3A/B-II:LC3A/B-I ratio in murine PBMCs, while transcription factor EB was not altered yet. Aging further enhanced ConA-associated increase in SQSTM1 protein in murine PBMCs but not in cardiomyocytes, indicating tissue-specific differences in autophagic flux. In human PBMCs, ConA treatment also decreased lysosomal activity and increased LC3A/B-II protein levels, demonstrating successful autophagic flux detection in human subjects. In summary, both protocols are suitable to determine the autophagic flux in murine and human samples and may facilitate a better mechanistic understanding of altered autophagy in aging and disease models and to further develop novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Walter
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Catrin Herpich
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Norman
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin and Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Ott
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Ott,
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Malesza IJ, Malesza M, Walkowiak J, Mussin N, Walkowiak D, Aringazina R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Mądry E. High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113164. [PMID: 34831387 PMCID: PMC8619527 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Judyta Malesza
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (I.J.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Michał Malesza
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.-W.)
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (I.J.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Nadiar Mussin
- Department of General Surgery, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Dariusz Walkowiak
- Department of Organization and Management in Health Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Raisa Aringazina
- Department of Internal Diseases No. 1, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan;
| | | | - Edyta Mądry
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; (M.M.); (J.B.-W.)
- Correspondence:
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Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Revealed Lipometabolic Disorders in Perirenal Adipose Tissue of Rabbits Subject to a High-Fat Diet. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082289. [PMID: 34438746 PMCID: PMC8388361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simply Summary A high-fat diet is widely recognized as a significant modifiable risk for metabolic diseases. In this study, untargeted metabolomics, combined with liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, was used to evaluate perirenal adipose tissue metabolic changes. Our study revealed 206 differential metabolites. These metabolites were mainly associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway, and the platelet activation pathway. Our study revealed that a high-fat diet causes significant lipometabolic disorders; these metabolites may inhibit oxygen respiration by increasing adipocytes cells and density, cause mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, produce inflammation, and finally lead to insulin resistance, thereby increasing the risk of Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other metabolic syndromes. Abstract A high-fat diet (HFD) is widely recognized as a significant modifiable risk for insulin resistance, inflammation, Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and other metabolic diseases. However, the biological mechanism responsible for key metabolic disorders in the PAT of rabbits subject to HFD remains unclear. Here, untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS) combined with liquid chromatography (LC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) were used to evaluate PAT metabolic changes. Histological observations showed that the adipocytes cells and density of PAT were significantly increased in HFD rabbits. Our study revealed 206 differential metabolites (21 up-regulated and 185 down-regulated); 47 differential metabolites (13 up-regulated and 34 down-regulated), comprising mainly phospholipids, fatty acids, steroid hormones and amino acids, were chosen as potential biomarkers to help explain metabolic disorders caused by HFD. These metabolites were mainly associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway, and the platelet activation pathway. Our study revealed that a HFD caused significant lipometabolic disorders. These metabolites may inhibit oxygen respiration by increasing the adipocytes cells and density, cause mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, produce inflammation, and finally lead to insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of Type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other metabolic syndromes.
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Krishnan B, Sallam HS, Tumurbataar B, Saieva S, Baymon D, Tuvdendorj D, Micci MA, Abate N, Taglialatela G. Amelioration of hippocampal dysfunction by adipose tissue-targeted stem cell transplantation in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Neurochem 2020; 153:51-62. [PMID: 31730234 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance is linked to cognitive impairment. We recently confirmed altered lipid composition, down-regulation of insulin receptor expression and impaired basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of our transgenic murine model of adipocyte insulin resistance (AtENPP1-Tg). Here we evaluated whether the correction of adipose tissue dysfunction [via the subcutaneous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)] can improve the hippocampal synaptic transmission in AtENPP1-Tg mice versus their wildtype littermates. Animals were simply randomized to receive MSC, then weighed weekly for 12 weeks. At euthanasia, we assessed leptin in the collected serum and hippocampal synaptic high-frequency stimulation long-term potentiation (HFS-LTP) using brain slices. MSC transplantation normalized AtENPP1-Tg body and epididymal fat weights and was associated with increased leptin levels, a sign of adipocyte maturation. More importantly, transplantation restored the deficiency observed in AtENPP1-Tg HFS-LTP, the cellular readout of memory. Our results further corroborate the role of adipocyte maturation arrest in adipose tissue and highlight a role for the adipose tissue in modulating hippocampal cellular mechanisms. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms for the MSC-induced improvement of hippocampal HFS-LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnan
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hanaa S Sallam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Batbayar Tumurbataar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Salvatore Saieva
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Da'Marcus Baymon
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Demidmaa Tuvdendorj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nicola Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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