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Chen XL, Li SX, Ge T, Zhang DD, Wang HF, Wang W, Li YZ, Song XM. Epimedium Linn: A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Applications and Quality Control. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400846. [PMID: 38801026 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Epimedium genus is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has functions of tonifying kidney and yang, strengthening tendons and bones, dispelling wind and emoving dampness. It is mainly used for the treatment of impotence and spermatorrhea, osteoporosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review is to provide a systematic summary of the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications of the Epimedium Linn. In this paper, the relevant literature on Epimedium Linn. was collected from 1987 to the present day, and more than 274 chemical constituents, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, phenanthrenes, and others, were isolated from this genus. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Epimedium Linn. has osteoprotective, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, and immune enhancing pharmacological effects. In addition, Epimedium Linn. has been commonly used to treat osteoporosis, erectile dysfunction, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In this paper, the distribution of resources, chemical compositions, pharmacological effects, clinical applications and quality control of Epimedium Linn. are progressed to provide a reference for further research and development of the resources of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Xing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Teng Ge
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Fang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ze Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, P. R. China
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Liu YS, Zhong HB, Liu WL, He XH, Zhan XR, Sun CH. Icariin alleviates the apoptosis of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis through regulating SIRT-1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14518. [PMID: 38570329 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Icariin has shown the potential to treat osteoarthritis (OA), but the specific mechanism still needs further exploration. Therefore, this study attempted to reveal the effect and mechanism of icariin on OA based on in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vivo, a mouse model of OA was established by cutting the anterior cruciate ligament, and 10 mg/kg icariin was given to mice orally. Then, the OA injury and pathological changes of cartilage tissue in mice were identified by OA index and hematoxylin and eosin staining. In vitro, the viability of C28/I2 cells incubated with different concentrations of icariin was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide assay. Subsequently, C28/I2 cells induced by IL-1β were used as the cell model of OA, the expression of Sirtuin (SIRT)-1 in cells was knocked down, and icariin was added for intervention. Next, western blot was used to observe the expression level of sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1)-Nrf2-heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling pathway-related proteins in cells of each group. Besides, cell viability and apoptosis were detected by MTT and apoptosis assay, and DNA damage was observed by comet assay. In vivo experiments, intragastric administration of icariin could effectively reduce the OA index of mice, improve the pathological changes of cartilage tissue, and obviously activated the SIRT-1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. In vitro experiments, icariin did not exhibit toxic effect on C28/I2 cells, but could activate the SIRT-1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway, improve the viability, reduce the level of apoptosis and relieve the DNA damage in OA cells; however, these effects were inhibited by si- SIRT-1. Icariin can improve the symptoms of OA by activating the SIRT-1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Song Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Huizhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Huizhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-le Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Huizhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Huan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Huizhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Huizhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Han Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Huizhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
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Seyedi Z, Amiri MS, Mohammadzadeh V, Hashemzadeh A, Haddad-Mashadrizeh A, Mashreghi M, Qayoomian M, Hashemzadeh MR, Simal-Gandara J, Taghavizadeh Yazdi ME. Icariin: A Promising Natural Product in Biomedicine and Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:44. [PMID: 36662090 PMCID: PMC9862744 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among scaffolds used in tissue engineering, natural biomaterials such as plant-based materials show a crucial role in cellular function due to their biocompatibility and chemical indicators. Because of environmentally friendly behavior and safety, green methods are so important in designing scaffolds. A key bioactive flavonoid of the Epimedium plant, Icariin (ICRN), has a broad range of applications in improving scaffolds as a constant and non-immunogenic material, and in stimulating the cell growth, differentiation of chondrocytes as well as differentiation of embryonic stem cells towards cardiomyocytes. Moreover, fusion of ICRN into the hydrogel scaffolds or chemical crosslinking can enhance the secretion of the collagen matrix and proteoglycan in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. To scrutinize, in various types of cancer cells, ICRN plays a decisive role through increasing cytochrome c secretion, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase as well as caspase stimulations. Surprisingly, ICRN can induce apoptosis, reduce viability and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells, and repress tumorigenesis as well as metastasis. Moreover, cancer cells no longer grow by halting the cell cycle at two checkpoints, G0/G1 and G2/M, through the inhibition of NF-κB by ICRN. Besides, improving nephrotoxicity occurring due to cisplatin and inhibiting multidrug resistance are the other applications of this biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Seyedi
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Royesh Stem Cell Biotechnology Institute, Mashhad 9188758156, Iran
- Department of Cancer and Oncology, Royesh Stem Cell Biotechnology Institute, Mashhad 9188758156, Iran
| | | | - Vahideh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Haddad-Mashadrizeh
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mashreghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran
| | - Mohsen Qayoomian
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Royesh Stem Cell Biotechnology Institute, Mashhad 9188758156, Iran
- Department of Cancer and Oncology, Royesh Stem Cell Biotechnology Institute, Mashhad 9188758156, Iran
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Seleno-Metabolites and Their Precursors: A New Dawn for Several Illnesses? Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090874. [PMID: 36144278 PMCID: PMC9504997 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for human health as it is involved in different physiological functions. Moreover, a great number of Se compounds can be considered potential agents in the prevention and treatment of some diseases. It is widely recognized that Se activity is related to multiple factors, such as its chemical form, dose, and its metabolism. The understanding of its complex biochemistry is necessary as it has been demonstrated that the metabolites of the Se molecules used to be the ones that exert the biological activity. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the recent information about its most remarkable metabolites of acknowledged biological effects: hydrogen selenide (HSe−/H2Se) and methylselenol (CH3SeH). In addition, special attention is paid to the main seleno-containing precursors of these derivatives and their role in different pathologies.
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Mao X, Li H, Ge L, Liu S, Hou L, Yue D, Du H, Pan C, Gan F, Liu Y, Huang K, Chen X. Selenomethionine alleviated Ochratoxin A induced pyroptosis and renal fibrotic factors expressions in MDCK cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22933. [PMID: 34676619 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is universally known to induce nephrotoxicity via inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, inhibiting protein synthesis and activating autophagy. Our previous studies have proved that OTA induces nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo by adjusting the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Based on these findings, we further investigated the protective role of selenomethionine (SeMet) on OTA-caused nephrotoxicity using the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells as an in vitro model, proposing to offer a new way for remedying OTA-induced nephrotoxicity by nutritional manipulation. We measured the cell vitality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and the expression of renal fibrotic genes, NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis related genes. MTT and LDH results indicated that SeMet supplementation significantly mitigated 2.0 μg/ml OTA-induced cytotoxicity in MDCK cells (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, SeMet alleviated OTA induced increase of reactive oxygen species in MDCK cells. Then, the expressions of α-SMA, Vimentin, and TGF-β were detected both in mRNA and protein levels. The results indicated 8 μM SeMet supplementation could significantly downregulate the expression of OTA-induced renal fibrosis-related genes (p < 0.05). In addition, the upregulation of OTA-induced NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis downstream genes was also significantly inhibited by 8 μM of SeMet (p < 0.05). In summary, SeMet could alleviate OTA-induced renal fibrotic genes expression and reduce NLRP3-caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. Therefore, SeMet supplementation may become an effective approach for preserving animals from renal injury exposed to OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiling Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wang M, Wang L, Zhou Y, Feng X, Ye C, Wang C. Icariin attenuates renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease by inhibiting interleukin-1β/transforming growth factor-β-mediated activation of renal fibroblasts. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6204-6215. [PMID: 34426999 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities including antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. Recently, icariin has shown renoprotective role by inhibiting pathological matrix. However, the underlying mechanisms of the efficacy remain unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of icariin on renal fibrosis and explore its molecular mechanisms. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was induced in rats with 5/6 ablation and infarction (A/I) operation. Four weeks later, rats were treated with vehicle or 20 mg/kg (low dose) or 40 mg/kg (high dose) of icariin by daily gavage. Furthermore, to further elucidate the effect mechanisms of icariin, in vitro, NRK-49F cells stimulated by 8 ng/ml IL-1β were treated with icariin in the presence or absence of SB431542 or the neutralizing antibody of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) for 24 h. We showed that icariin treatment for 8 weeks dose-dependently improved 5/6 (A/I)-induced kidney injury and fibrosis, and blocked the release of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. In vitro, icariin inhibited IL-1β/TGF-β-mediated activation of renal fibroblasts. In summary, anti-fibrotic effects of icariin were interconnected with the inhibition of renal fibroblast activation caused by IL-1β/TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingchen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nasim MJ, Zuraik MM, Abdin AY, Ney Y, Jacob C. Selenomethionine: A Pink Trojan Redox Horse with Implications in Aging and Various Age-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060882. [PMID: 34072794 PMCID: PMC8229699 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element. Although this chalcogen forms a wide variety of compounds, there are surprisingly few small-molecule organic selenium compounds (OSeCs) in biology. Besides its more prominent relative selenocysteine (SeCys), the amino acid selenomethionine (SeMet) is one example. SeMet is synthesized in plants and some fungi and, via nutrition, finds its way into mammalian cells. In contrast to its sulfur analog methionine (Met), SeMet is extraordinarily redox active under physiological conditions and via its catalytic selenide (RSeR')/selenoxide (RSe(O)R') couple provides protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other possibly harmful oxidants. In contrast to SeCys, which is incorporated via an eloquent ribosomal mechanism, SeMet can enter such biomolecules by simply replacing proteinogenic Met. Interestingly, eukaryotes, such as yeast and mammals, also metabolize SeMet to a small family of reactive selenium species (RSeS). Together, SeMet, proteins containing SeMet and metabolites of SeMet form a powerful triad of redox-active metabolites with a plethora of biological implications. In any case, SeMet and its family of natural RSeS provide plenty of opportunities for studies in the fields of nutrition, aging, health and redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; (M.J.N.); (M.M.Z.); (A.Y.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - Mhd Mouayad Zuraik
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; (M.J.N.); (M.M.Z.); (A.Y.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ahmad Yaman Abdin
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; (M.J.N.); (M.M.Z.); (A.Y.A.); (Y.N.)
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Artois, UMR 8181–UCCS–Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yannick Ney
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; (M.J.N.); (M.M.Z.); (A.Y.A.); (Y.N.)
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; (M.J.N.); (M.M.Z.); (A.Y.A.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-681-302-3129
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