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Zou X, Liu Y, Cui M, Wan Q, Chu X. The in vitro intestinal cell model: different co-cultured cells create different applications. J Drug Target 2024; 32:529-543. [PMID: 38537662 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2333877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
As a vitro absorption model, the Caco-2 cells originate from a human colon adenocarcinomas and can differentiate into a cell layer with enterocyte-like features. The Caco-2 cell model is popularly applied to explore drug transport mechanisms, to evaluate the permeability of drug and to predict the absorption of drugs or bioactive substances in the gut. However, there are limitations to the application of Caco-2 cell model due to lack of a mucus layer, the long culture period and the inability to accurately simulate the intestinal environment. The most frequent way to expand the Caco-2 cell model and address its limitations is by co-culturing it with other cells or substances. This article reviews the culture methods and applications of 3D and 2D co-culture cell models established around Caco-2 cells. It also concludes with a summary of model strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyao Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Tongling Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tongling, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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Maurer Sost M, Stevens Y, Salden B, Troost F, Masclee A, Venema K. Citrus Extract High in Flavonoids Beneficially Alters Intestinal Metabolic Responses in Subjects with Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Foods 2023; 12:3413. [PMID: 37761122 PMCID: PMC10529306 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a citrus extract rich in citrus flavonoids on intestinal metabolic responses in subjects with features of metabolic syndrome, in an in vitro colon fermentation system (TIM-2) and fecal samples obtained from human subjects in an in vivo trial. In the TIM-2 system inoculated with fecal samples of volunteers with features of metabolic syndrome, continuous citrus extract supplementation (500 mg/day) resulted in increased cumulative short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels compared to the control condition, which was mainly due to increased production of butyrate, acetate, and valerate. In human volunteers, 12 weeks of daily supplementation with 500 mg citrus extract resulted in a significant shift in the SCFA profile towards more butyrate (p = 0.022) compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, there was a trend towards a reduction in fecal calprotectin levels, a marker for intestinal inflammation, compared to the placebo (p = 0.058). Together, these results suggest that citrus extract intake may have a positive effect on intestinal metabolic responses and through this, on host health in subjects with features of metabolic syndrome. Further research is needed to provide more insight into the potential underlying mechanisms and to study effects on clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Maurer Sost
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University-Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Yala Stevens
- BioActor BV, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke Salden
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Freddy Troost
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University-Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands;
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Le NPK, Altenburger MJ, Lamy E. Development of an Inflammation-Triggered In Vitro "Leaky Gut" Model Using Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 Combined with Macrophage-like THP-1 Cells or Primary Human-Derived Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087427. [PMID: 37108590 PMCID: PMC10139037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The "leaky gut" syndrome describes a damaged (leaky) intestinal mucosa and is considered a serious contributor to numerous chronic diseases. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are particularly associated with the "leaky gut" syndrome, but also allergies, autoimmune diseases or neurological disorders. We developed a complex in vitro inflammation-triggered triple-culture model using 21-day-differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cells and HT29-MTX-E12 mucus-producing goblet cells (90:10 ratio) in close contact with differentiated human macrophage-like THP-1 cells or primary monocyte-derived macrophages from human peripheral blood. Upon an inflammatory stimulus, the characteristics of a "leaky gut" became evident: a significant loss of intestinal cell integrity in terms of decreased transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), as well as a loss of tight junction proteins. The cell permeability for FITC-dextran 4 kDa was then increased, and key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha and IL-6, were substantially released. Whereas in the M1 macrophage-like THP-1 co-culture model, we could not detect the release of IL-23, which plays a crucial regulatory role in IBD, this cytokine was clearly detected when using primary human M1 macrophages instead. In conclusion, we provide an advanced human in vitro model that could be useful for screening and evaluating therapeutic drugs for IBD treatment, including potential IL-23 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Phan Khoi Le
- Molecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Jörg Altenburger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Lamy
- Molecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Li Y, Liu J, Pongkorpsakol P, Xiong Z, Li L, Jiang X, Zhao H, Yuan D, Zhang C, Guo Y, Dun Y. Relief Effects of Icariin on Inflammation-Induced Decrease of Tight Junctions in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903762. [PMID: 35754510 PMCID: PMC9214228 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β impair intestinal barrier function in aging by disrupting intestinal tight junction integrity. Icariin (ICA) has a variety of pharmacological effects. Indeed, ICA produces anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and inhibitory effects on microRNA (miRNA) expression. This study was to explore whether ICA could alleviate inflammation-associated intestinal barrier function impairment in aging and its underlying mechanism. Of particular interest, network pharmacology prediction indicated the potential therapeutic impacts of ICA for the treatment of colitis. Then, rats were used to study whether ICA has a protective effect on the reduction of tight junctions caused by inflammatory cytokines. Next, Caco-2 cell monolayers were used to explore the mechanism by which ICA alleviates the down-regulation of tight junctions. Network pharmacology prediction revealed that ICA alleviated colitis via suppressing oxidative stress. After ICA intervention, expressions of inflammatory cytokines were reduced, but tight junctions, antioxidant enzymes in aging rats were up-regulated. ICA reversed the TNF-α-induced decrease in abundance of Occludin protein in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Meanwhile, ICA alleviated the increase in permeability and expression of miR-122a. However, the protective effect of ICA was markedly attenuated after transfection with miR-122a mimics. In conclusion, ICA reduced the expressions of Occludin, Claudin1, and Claudin5 in colon, which were related to the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β and alleviation of colonic in vivore. And ICA attenuated TNF-α-induced Occludin disruption and epithelial barrier impairment by decreasing miR-122a expression in Caco-2 cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zhengguo Xiong
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Li Li
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Department of Pathology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Changcheng Zhang
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yuhui Guo
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yaoyan Dun
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Department of Pathology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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