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Lo Pinto M, Guarino S, Agrò A. Evidence of Seasonal Variation in Body Color in Adults of the Parasitoid Cirrospilus pictus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Sicily, Italy. INSECTS 2023; 14:90. [PMID: 36662018 PMCID: PMC9864248 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As part of the studies on the morphological color variation of insects, a case study on the seasonal body color variation of Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Eulophinae) parasitoid of leafminers is reported. Observations were made from January 2000 to December 2003 in north-western Sicily (Italy), in relation to sex, body regions of adults and seasonal periods. Wasps parasitizing Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were collected from organic citrus orchards (Citrus limon L., var. "Femminello zagara bianca" and "Femminello comune"). Adults were grouped in classes: yellow males, black males, yellow females, yellow-black females and black females. The results highlighted a phenotypic pigmentation variation in the head, thorax, gaster and legs of individuals influenced by the season of sampling. Adults were yellow-green in summer months, whereas individuals with dark pigmentation were found in autumn and winter months. A correlation between color patterns and seasonal temperatures was found for both females and males. This work provides a contribution to the description of the intraspecific variability of this species, improving its identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Lo Pinto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Guarino
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso Agrò
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Kang N, Hu H, Huang Z, Luo S, Guo S. Environmental Factors Drive Chalcid Body Size Increases with Altitudinal Gradients for Two Hyper-Diverse Taxa. INSECTS 2023; 14:67. [PMID: 36661995 PMCID: PMC9865982 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Body size is the most essential feature that significantly correlates with insects' longevity, fecundity, metabolic rate, and sex ratio. Numerous biogeographical rules have been proposed to illustrate the correlation between the body sizes of different taxa and corresponding geographical or environmental factors. Whether the minute and multifarious chalcids exhibit a similar geographical pattern is still little known. In this research, we analyzed morphological data from 2953 specimens worldwide, including the two most abundant and diverse taxa (Pteromalidae and Eulophidae), which are both composed of field-collected and BOLD system specimens. We examined forewing length as a surrogate of body size and analyzed the average size separately for males and females using two methods (species and assemblage-based method). To verify Bergmann's rule, we included temperature, precipitation, wind speed and solar radiation as explanatory variables in a generalized linear model to analyze the causes of the size variation. We found that there was an increasing trend in the body size of Pteromalidae and Eulophidae with altitude. The optimal Akaike information criterion (AIC) models showed that larger sizes are significantly negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with precipitation, and the possible reasons for this variation are discussed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Zengqian Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shungang Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shuhan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi 830046, China
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San-Jose LM, Roulin A. Toward Understanding the Repeated Occurrence of Associations between Melanin-Based Coloration and Multiple Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 192:111-130. [PMID: 30016163 DOI: 10.1086/698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most widespread pigment in organisms. Melanin-based coloration has been repeatedly observed to be associated with the same traits and in the same direction in different vertebrate and insect species. However, whether any factors that are common to different taxa account for the repeated evolution of melanin-phenotype associations remains unclear. We propose to approach this question from the perspective of convergent and parallel evolution to clarify to what extent different species have evolved the same associations owing to a shared genetic basis and being subjected to similar selective pressures. Our current understanding of the genetic basis of melanin-phenotype associations allows for both convergent and parallel evolution, but this understanding is still limited. Further research is needed to clarify the generality and interdependencies of the different proposed mechanisms (supergenes, pleiotropy based on hormones, or neural crest cells). The general ecological scenarios whereby melanin-based coloration is under selection-protection from ultraviolet radiation, thermoregulation in cold environments, or as a signal of social status-offer a good opportunity to study how melanin-phenotype associations evolve. Reviewing these scenarios shows that some traits associated with melanin-based coloration might be selected together with coloration by also favoring adaptation but that other associated traits might impede adaptation, which may be indicative of genetic constraints. We therefore encourage further research on the relative roles that selection and genetic constraints play in shaping multiple melanin-phenotype associations. Placed into a phylogenetic context, this will help clarify to what extent these associations result from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes and why melanin-phenotype associations are so common across the tree of life.
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Li T, Yang ZQ, Sun SP, Wang R. A new species of Pnigalio (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitizing Eriocrania semipurpurella alpina (Lepidoptera, Eriocraniidae) in China, with its biology and a key to Chinese known species. Zookeys 2017:149-159. [PMID: 29114170 PMCID: PMC5672578 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.687.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of Eulophinae, Pnigalioeriocraniae Li & Yang, sp. n., is described and illustrated. This new species is a larval ectoparasitoid of Eriocraniasemipurpurellaalpina Xu (Lepidoptera, Eriocraniidae), a leaf miner in birch trees, Betula spp. (Betulaceae), in Qinghai Province, northwest China. The biology of the new species and a key to the known species from China are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- General Station of Forest Pest Management, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang 110034, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Qi Yang
- The Key laboratory of Forest Protection of China State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Sun
- General Station of Forest Pest Management, State Forestry Administration, Shenyang 110034, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Qinghai Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station, Xining 810008, P. R. China
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Gebiola M, Bernardo U, Ribes A, Gibson GAP. An integrative study of Necremnus Thomson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with invasive pests in Europe and North America: taxonomic and ecological implications. Zool J Linn Soc 2015; 173:352-423. [PMID: 25745268 PMCID: PMC4328149 DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The species of Necremnus attacking two invasive pests of tomato and canola in Europe and North America, respectively, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have been revised using an integrative taxonomy approach. Molecular data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and the nuclear D2 expansion region of the 28S ribosomal subunit and internal transcribed spacer 2, the discovery of new morphological features, and study of type material resulted in the delineation of three species groups, the Necremnus artynes, Necremnus cosconius, and Necremnus tidius groups, the discovery of four new species, and the resurrection of three taxa from synonymy. Lectotypes have been designated for 13 species originally described in Eulophus by Walker. Although Necremnus has not been revised, an illustrated key is given to differentiate 23 recognized European species. The key, type images, and treatments of the three species groups will enable more accurate identification of the valid species of Necremnus in the future. They will also benefit biological control practitioners of pest species. The ecological consequences of the new taxonomic concepts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gebiola
- CNR - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Plante UOS di Portici - Via Università 133, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy ; Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona 410 Forbes Bldg., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Umberto Bernardo
- CNR - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Plante UOS di Portici - Via Università 133, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Antoni Ribes
- C/Lleida 36 25170 Torres de Segre, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gary A P Gibson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes K. W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6
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Yegorenkova E, Yefremova Z. The preimaginal stages of Pnigalio gyamiensis Myartseva & Kurashev, 1990 (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a parasitoid associated with Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunberg) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Zookeys 2012:75-89. [PMID: 22936867 PMCID: PMC3426881 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.214.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval instars of Pnigalio gyamiensis Myartseva and Kurashev are described in detail for the first time. This species is a larval-pupal ectoparasitoid of Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunberg) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae), which forms leaf mines in the plant Chenopodium album L. (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae). The female of Pnigalio gyamiensis lays a single egg on the skin of the host larva or nearby it, without any significant preference for a particular variant. The presence of long hairs on its body provides the newly-hatched first larval instar with high mobility. Some peculiarities in this parasitoid-host relationship are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yegorenkova
- Department of Geography, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
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Rocha FB, Klaczko LB. CONNECTING THE DOTS OF NONLINEAR REACTION NORMS UNRAVELS THE THREADS OF GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION INDROSOPHILA. Evolution 2012; 66:3404-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Gebiola M, Giorgini M, Navone P, Bernardo U. A karyological study of the genus Pnigalio Schrank (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): assessing the taxonomic utility of chromosomes at the species level. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:43-50. [PMID: 21736855 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We provide a karyological study of 12 species of the genus Pnigalio in an attempt to evaluate the taxonomic utility of karyotypes at the species level. For all species of Pnigalio examined the number of chromosome was 2n=12. Karyotype formulae presented mainly metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, although a pair of acrocentrics or subtelocentrics, shorter than biarmed chromosomes, was present in some species. The analysis of karyotypes of Pnigalio showed frequent but not general interspecific variability of the chromosome traits. Although most of the studied species revealed concordance between morphological and karyological characters (centromeric index and relative length), two other categories have been identified: morphologically distinct species without reciprocal differences in karyotype structure, and morphologically similar species that strongly differ in chromosomal characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gebiola
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria F. Silvestri, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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Gebiola M, Gómez-Zurita J, Monti MM, Navone P, Bernardo U. Integration of molecular, ecological, morphological and endosymbiont data for species delimitation within the Pnigalio soemius complex (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1190-208. [PMID: 22268975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Integrative taxonomy is a recently developed approach that uses multiple lines of evidence such as molecular, morphological, ecological and geographical data to test species limits, and it stands as one of the most promising approaches to species delimitation in taxonomically difficult groups. The Pnigalio soemius complex (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) represents an interesting taxonomical and ecological study case, as it is characterized by a lack of informative morphological characters, deep mitochondrial divergence, and is susceptible to infection by parthenogenesis-inducing Rickettsia. We tested the effectiveness of an integrative taxonomy approach in delimiting species within the P. soemius complex. We analysed two molecular markers (COI and ITS2) using different methods, performed multivariate analysis on morphometric data and exploited ecological data such as host-plant system associations, geographical separation, and the prevalence, type and effects of endosymbiont infection. The challenge of resolving different levels of resolution in the data was met by setting up a formal procedure of data integration within and between conflicting independent lines of evidence. An iterative corroboration process of multiple sources of data eventually indicated the existence of several cryptic species that can be treated as stable taxonomic hypotheses. Furthermore, the integrative approach confirmed a trend towards host specificity within the presumed polyphagous P. soemius and suggested that Rickettsia could have played a major role in the reproductive isolation and genetic diversification of at least two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gebiola
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, UOS di Portici, Via Università 133, Portici (NA), Italy.
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Fusu L. Species status of two colour morphs ofEupelmus vesicularis(Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) as revealed by allozyme electrophoresis, morphometric and host preference data. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222931003632773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gebiola M, Bernardo U, Monti MM, Navone P, Viggiani G. Pnigalio agraules(Walker) andPnigalio mediterraneusFerrière and Delucchi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): two closely related valid species. J NAT HIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930903105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Rocha F, Medeiros HF, Klaczko LB. The reaction norm for abdominal pigmentation and its curve in Drosophila mediopunctata depend on the mean phenotypic value. Evolution 2008; 63:280-7. [PMID: 18752606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The idea of a general independence between the phenotypic plasticity and the mean value of a trait is, presently, a consensus. Here, we use the reaction norm of abdominal pigmentation (number of dark spots) of Drosophila mediopunctata in response to temperature, to test this idea. We raised eight strains, bearing two different chromosomal inversions and with varying mean phenotypic values, under 11 temperatures in a thermal gradient to test for predictions concerning mean phenotypic values, chromosomal inversions, and reaction norms. Our results revealed a strong effect of different phenotypic groups and no effect of different karyotypes on reaction norms. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between mean phenotypic value and the curvature of the reaction norms, revealing a high dependency of the reaction norm shape on mean phenotypic value. These results clearly reject the idea of genetic independence between mean value and phenotypic plasticity, and may indicate a pattern of correlation, which may include results from other traits and species, with an importance that has not been fully appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil
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