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Gill GS, Lu HB, Bui H, Clark RM, Ramirez RA. Short-term responses of spider mites inform mechanisms of maize resistance to a generalist herbivore. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19607. [PMID: 39179737 PMCID: PMC11344065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants are attacked by diverse herbivorous pests with different host specializations. While host plant resistance influences pest pressure, how resistance impacts the behaviors of generalist and specialist herbivores, and the relationship to resistance, is less well known. Here, we investigated the short-term (< 1 h) behavioral changes of a generalist herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite (TSM), and a specialist herbivore, the Banks grass mite (BGM), after introduction to no-choice Tanglefoot leaf-arenas (2 × 2 cm) of three maize inbred lines (B73, B75, and B96). The widely-used inbred line B73 is susceptible to spider mites, while B75 and B96 are known to be mite resistant, especially to TSM. Video tracking was used to record TSM and BGM walking, probing, feeding, resting, web-building and travel distance on arenas of each line. Mite oviposition was also recorded after 72 h. B75, a resistant line, decreased the feeding behavior (i.e., time) of both mite species compared to B73 (susceptible control) and B96. Moreover, TSM appeared to be sensitive to both resistant lines (B75 and B96) with reduced oviposition, and increased resting and web-building times compared to susceptible B73. In contrast, the specialist BGM showed no difference in oviposition, resting and web-building time across all maize inbred lines. Our findings of quite broad and short-term responses of TSM to B75 and B96 are consistent with a role for constitutive or rapidly induced plant defenses in maize in conferring TSM resistance. Other mechanisms of plant resistance may be needed, however, for defense against specialists like BGM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan B Lu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Huyen Bui
- R&D Genetic, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Richard M Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ricardo A Ramirez
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, 945 College Avenue, MSC 3BE, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-8003, USA.
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Paprocka M, Dancewicz K, Kordan B, Damszel M, Sergiel I, Biesaga M, Mroczek J, Arroyo Garcia RA, Gabryś B. Probing behavior of Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae on three species of grapevines with analysis of grapevine leaf anatomy and allelochemicals. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2162615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Paprocka
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - K. Dancewicz
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - B. Kordan
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M. Damszel
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - I. Sergiel
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - M. Biesaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Mroczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. A. Arroyo Garcia
- CSIC-INIA (CPGP) Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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Roddee J, Backus EA, Cervantes FA, Hanboonsong Y. Xylella fastidiosa inoculation behaviors (EPG X wave) are performed differently by blue-green sharpshooters based on infection status of prior probing host. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:697-712. [PMID: 36988102 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Does Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial plant pathogen with noncirculative foregut-borne transmission, manipulate behavior of its sharpshooter vector to facilitate its own inoculation? To answer this question, blue-green sharpshooters, Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret), were reared on basil to clean their foreguts, then removed from the colony and given one of four pre-electropenetrography (EPG) treatments: i) old colony adults on basil, ii) young colony adults on basil, iii) young colony adults held on healthy grapevine for 4 days, and iv) young colony adults held on Xf-infected (symptomatic) grapevine for 4 days. After treatments, stylet probing behaviors were recorded on healthy grapevine via AC-DC electropenetrography. Waveforms representing putative Xf inoculation (XB1 [salivation and rinsing egestion] and XC1 [discharging egestion]) and other behaviors were statistically compared among treatments. Mean number of events per insect and 'total' duration per insect of XB1 and XC1 were highest for insects from healthy grape, lowest for basil (regardless of insect age), and intermediate for Xf-infected grape. The surprising results showed that prior exposure to healthy grapevines had a stronger effect on subsequent performance of inoculation behaviors on healthy grapevine than did prior exposure to Xf-infected grapevine. It is hypothesized that non-Xf microbes were acquired from healthy grapevine, causing greater clogging of the precibarium, leading to more performance of inoculation behaviors. This study shows for the first time that presence of noncirculative, foregut-borne microbes can directly manipulate a vector's behavior to increase inoculation. Also, EPG can uniquely visualize the dynamic interactions between vectors and the microbes they carry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jariya Roddee
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Elaine A Backus
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648 - 9757, USA
| | - Felix A Cervantes
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648 - 9757, USA
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Le Boulch P, Poëssel JL, Roux D, Lugan R. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Myzus persicae conferred by the peach Rm2 gene: A multi-omics view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992544. [PMID: 36275570 PMCID: PMC9581297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of peach to Myzus persicae infestation were studied in Rubira, an accession carrying the major resistance gene Rm2 causing antixenosis, and GF305, a susceptible accession. Transcriptome and metabolome showed both a massive reconfiguration in Rubira 48 hours after infestation while GF305 displayed very limited changes. The Rubira immune system was massively stimulated, with simultaneous activation of genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in pattern-triggered immunity and cytoplasmic NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins) involved in effector-triggered immunity. Hypersensitive reaction featured by necrotic lesions surrounding stylet punctures was supported by the induction of cell death stimulating NLRs/helpers couples, as well as the activation of H2O2-generating metabolic pathways: photorespiratory glyoxylate synthesis and activation of the futile P5C/proline cycle. The triggering of systemic acquired resistance was suggested by the activation of pipecolate pathway and accumulation of this defense hormone together with salicylate. Important reduction in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolic pools and the repression of many genes related to cell division and growth, consistent with reduced apices elongation, suggested a decline in the nutritional value of apices. Finally, the accumulation of caffeic acid conjugates pointed toward their contribution as deterrent and/or toxic compounds in the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Roux
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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Stec K, Kordan B, Gabryś B. Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior. INSECTS 2021; 12:756. [PMID: 34442322 PMCID: PMC8396875 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids detected in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) cause various alterations in the metabolism, behavior, and development of insect herbivores. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) poses potential threat to soybeans, but the effect of individual flavonoids on its feeding-associated behavior is relatively unknown. We monitored probing behavior (stylet penetration activities) of A. pisum on its preferred host plant, Pisum sativum L. untreated (control) and treated with 0.1% ethanolic solutions of flavonoids apigenin, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol. We applied the electrical penetration graph (electropenetrography, EPG) technique, which visualizes the movements of aphid stylets within plant tissues. None of the applied flavonoids affected the propensity to probe the plants by A. pisum. However, apigenin enhanced the duration of probes in non-phloem tissues, which caused an increase in the frequency and duration of stylet mechanics derailment and xylem sap ingestion but limited the ingestion of phloem sap. Daidzein caused a delay in reaching phloem vessels and limited sap ingestion. Kaempferol caused a reduction in the frequency and duration of the phloem phase. Genistein did not affect aphid probing behavior. Our findings provide information for selective breeding programs of resistant plant cultivars to A. pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stec
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Bożena Kordan
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
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Antixenosis in Glycine max (L.) Merr against Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Sci Rep 2021; 11:15289. [PMID: 34315988 PMCID: PMC8316357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the antixenosis potential against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) we analyzed the pea aphid survival and probing behavior, and the quantitative and qualitative variation of flavonoids in the leaves of selected soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae) cultivars 'Aldana', 'Annushka', 'Augusta', 'Madlen', 'Mavka', 'Simona', 'Violetta', and 'Viorica'. Aphid survival was drastically impeded on all cultivars. The electronic monitoring of aphid probing using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique revealed that on all soybean cultivars, A. pisum readily probed into leaf tissues but the probes were usually terminated before reaching vascular tissues, which demonstrates the activity of antixenosis mechanisms in peripheral tissues epidermis and/or mesophyll in soybean leaves. The potency of antixenosis factors differed among soybean cultivars, which was reflected in differences in aphid survival and frequency and duration of phloem sap ingestion. Seven flavonoids were found: apigenin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and rutin, which occurred in different amount and proportion in individual cultivars. The content of apigenin and genistein in all soybean cultivars studied probably made them relatively unacceptable to A. pisum. Kaempferol in 'Aldana' might be responsible for the observed strong antixenosis resistance of this cultivar to A. pisum. The results of our survey provide the first detailed data that can be used for future studies.
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Pobożniak M, Gaborska M, Wójtowicz T. Resistance and tolerance of ten carrot cultivars to the hawthorn-carrot aphid, Dysaphis crataegi Kalt., in Poland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247978. [PMID: 33651829 PMCID: PMC7924882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage caused to cultivated carrots by the hawthorn-carrot aphid,
Dysaphis crataegi Kalt. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of
the factors limiting carrot production in Poland. Planting resistant and
tolerant cultivars could reduce yield losses due to the damage caused by this
pest. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance and/or tolerance of 10
carrot genotypes to hawthorn-carrot aphid. Their field resistance was determined
under field conditions based on five indicators, namely, mean number of alates
(migrants) per plant and mean percentage of plants colonized by them, mean
seasonal number of aphids per plant, mean number of aphids per plant and mean
percentage of infested plants at peak abundance. Antibiosis experiments were
conducted under laboratory conditions and pre-reproductive, reproductive time,
fertility, and demographic parameters, represented by the net reproduction rate
(Ro), intrinsic rate of
increase (rm) and mean generation
time (T), were calculated. Five cultivars, Afro F1,
Nipomo F1, Samba F1, White Satin F1, and
Yellowstone showed field resistance. Antibiosis experiments revealed significant
differences among the carrot cultivars in the length of the reproductive period,
female fecundity in the time equal to the pre-reproduction time, and total
progeny of hawthorn-carrot aphid. The intrinsic rate of natural increase
(rm) for apterous aphids varied
significantly, ranging between 0.181 (Nipomo F1) and 0.343
females/female/day (White Satin F1). Additionally, the estimated net
reproductive rate (R0) was the lowest on Nipomo F1, and
this genotype was determined to be resistant. Our results suggest that a very
high density of trichomes on the leaf petioles (71.94 trichomes/cm2)
could adversely affect the feeding, bionomy, and demographic parameters of
hawthorn-carrot aphid on the cultivar Nipomo F1. In addition, Napa
F1 and Kongo F1 demonstrated high tolerance.
Considering all the results collectively, four genotypes, Afro F1,
Kongo F1, Napa F1 and Nipomo F1, were
relatively resistant/tolerant to the hawthorn-carrot aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pobożniak
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of
Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Małgorzata Gaborska
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of
Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, Faculty of
Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
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