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Gregg PC, Del Socorro AP, Wilson S, Knight KM, Binns MR, Armytage P. Bisexual Attract-and-Kill: A Novel Component of Resistance Management for Transgenic Cotton in Australia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:826-834. [PMID: 35419599 PMCID: PMC9175289 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In Australia, destruction of overwintering pupae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been a key component of mandatory resistance management schemes to constrain development of resistance to Bt toxins in transgenic cotton. This has been accomplished by tillage ('pupae busting'), but it is expensive and can interfere with farming operations. Bisexual attract-and-kill technology based on plant volatile formulations offers a potential alternative in some circumstances. We discuss strategies for using such products and describe two trials in which three applications of an attract-and-kill formulation substantially reduced the numbers of Helicoverpa spp. moths and the numbers of potentially overwintering eggs they laid. One trial tested a curative strategy in which the last generation of moths emerging from transgenic cotton was targeted. The other tested a preventive strategy which aimed to reduce the numbers of eggs in the last generation. The preventive strategy reduced egg numbers by about 90% and is now included as an optional alternative to pupae busting in resistance management strategies for Australian cotton. It is limited to fields which have not been defoliated prior to 31 March and was developed to be used primarily in southern New South Wales. In the 2020-2021 cotton season, it was adopted on approximately 60% of the eligible cotton area. We describe the process whereby the strategy was developed in collaboration with the transgenic technology provider, supported by the cotton industry, and approved by the regulatory authority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice P Del Socorro
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Formerly AgBiTech Australia, PO Box 18281, Clifford Gardens, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | | | - Matthew R Binns
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philip Armytage
- AgBiTech Australia, PO Box 18281, Clifford Gardens, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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Knight KM, Head GP, Rogers DJ. Successful development and implementation of a practical proactive resistance management plan for Bt cotton in Australia. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4262-4273. [PMID: 34041838 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the design and > 20 years of effective implementation of a proactive resistance-management plan for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton that targets Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) in Australia, considering pest biology and ecology, insights from resistance-evolution modelling, and the importance of the human component to effective implementation. This is placed in the context of processes associated with adaptive resource management. Bt cotton has provided Australian cotton growers with technology to manage Helicoverpa species that previously challenged the industry's viability, while at the same time resulting in no detectable changes in the resistance allele frequency in field populations of either Helicoverpa species in eastern Australia. This is the most long-lived and successful global example of a proactive resistance management plan for an insect pest. Six key learnings important to the successful development and implementation of a proactive transgenic-crop resistance management plan are: the programme has to have a strong science base; there has to be broad stakeholder support at all levels; there has to be a strong implementation programme; the plan needs to be supported by auditing and enforced remediation of deviations from the mandated resistance management plan; A programme of rigorous and on-going resistance allele monitoring; an attitude of continuous improvement for all aspects of the resistance management plan. The lessons learnt from the deployment of Bt cotton in Australia are relevant globally and provide important guidelines for the deployment of transgenic crops for insect control wherever they are grown. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D John Rogers
- Research Connections and Consulting, St Lucia, Australia
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Kimaro D, Melis R, Sibiya J, Shimelis H, Shayanowako A. Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] Accessions Using SSR Markers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1643. [PMID: 33255572 PMCID: PMC7761286 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic diversity present amongst crop genotypes is an efficient utilization of germplasm for genetic improvement. The present study was aimed at evaluating genetic diversity and population structure of 48 pigeonpea genotypes from four populations collected from diverse sources. The 48 pigeonpea entries were genotyped using 33 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that are polymorphic to assess molecular genetic diversity and genetic relatedness. The informative marker combinations revealed a total of 155 alleles at 33 loci, with an average of 4.78 alleles detected per marker with the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.46. Population structure analysis using model based revealed that the germplasm was grouped into two subpopulations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 53.3% of genetic variation existed within individuals. Relatively low population differentiation was recorded amongst the test populations indicated by the mean fixation index (Fst) value of 0.032. The Tanzanian pigeonpea germplasm collection was grouped into three major clusters. The clustering pattern revealed a lack of relationship between geographic origin and genetic diversity. This study provides a foundation for the selection of parental material for genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didas Kimaro
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; (R.M.); (J.S.); (H.S.); (A.S.)
- Dakawa Centre, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box, Morogoro 1892, Tanzania
| | - Rob Melis
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; (R.M.); (J.S.); (H.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Julia Sibiya
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; (R.M.); (J.S.); (H.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Hussein Shimelis
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; (R.M.); (J.S.); (H.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Admire Shayanowako
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; (R.M.); (J.S.); (H.S.); (A.S.)
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Baker GH, Tann CR, Verwey P, Lisle L. Do the plant host origins of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth populations reflect the agricultural landscapes within which they are caught? BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:1-14. [PMID: 29704901 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of Bt cotton varieties has greatly reduced the amount of conventional insecticides required to control lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera, in Australia, but the possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, a Resistance Management Plan, which includes the mandatory growing of refuge crops (pigeon pea and non-Bt cotton; both C3 plants), has been established for Bt cotton farmers. However, knowledge of the relative contributions made to overall moth populations from the many host origins (both C3 and C4 plants) available to these insects throughout cotton production regions remains limited, as do the scales of movement and spatial mixing of moths within and between these areas. This study used stable isotope signatures (in particular δ13C) to help identify where moths fed as larvae within separate cotton production regions which differed in their proportions of C3 and C4 host crops (e.g. cotton and sorghum, respectively). C3-derived moths predominated in the early season, but C4-derived moths increased in frequency later. The overall proportion of C4 moths was higher in H. armigera than in H. punctigera. Whilst the relative proportions of C3 and C4 moths differed between regions, no differences in such proportiorns were found at smaller spatial scales, nor were there significant correlations between crop composition and isotope signatures in moths. Overall, these results suggest that C4 host plants are likely to be very important in offsetting the development of Bt resistance in these insects and such influences may operate across multiple regions within a single growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Baker
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity,GPO Box 1700,Canberra,A.C.T. 2601,Australia
| | - C R Tann
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food,Locked Bag 59,Narrabri,N.S.W. 2390,Australia
| | - P Verwey
- NSW Department of Primary Industries,Locked Bag 1000,Narrabri,N.S.W. 2390,Australia
| | - L Lisle
- Environmental & Rural Science,University of New England,Armidale,N.S.W. 2351,Australia
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Nix A, Paull C, Colgrave M. Flavonoid Profile of the Cotton Plant, Gossypium hirsutum: A Review. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6040043. [PMID: 28946657 PMCID: PMC5750619 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., is a plant fibre of significant economic importance, with seeds providing an additional source of protein in human and animal nutrition. Flavonoids play a vital role in maintaining plant health and function and much research has investigated the role of flavonoids in plant defence and plant vigour and the influence these have on cotton production. As part of ongoing research into host plant/invertebrate pest interactions, we investigated the flavonoid profile of cotton reported in published, peer-reviewed literature. Here we report 52 flavonoids representing seven classes and their reported distribution within the cotton plant. We briefly discuss the historical research of flavonoids in cotton production and propose research areas that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Nix
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Cate Paull
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Michelle Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Baker GH, Tann CR. Broad-scale suppression of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), associated with Bt cotton crops in Northern New South Wales, Australia. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:188-199. [PMID: 27876099 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major pest of many agricultural crops in several countries, including Australia. Transgenic cotton, expressing a single Bt toxin, was first used in the 1990s to control H. armigera and other lepidopteran pests. Landscape scale or greater pest suppression has been reported in some countries using this technology. However, a long-term, broad-scale pheromone trapping program for H. armigera in a mixed cropping region in eastern Australia caught more moths during the deployment of single Bt toxin cotton (Ingard®) (1996-2004) than in previous years. This response can be attributed, at least in part, to (1) a precautionary cap (30% of total cotton grown, by area) being applied to Ingard® to restrict the development of Bt resistance in the pest, and (2) during the Ingard® era, cotton production greatly increased (as did that of another host plant, sorghum) and H. armigera (in particular the 3rd and older generations) responded in concert with this increase in host plant availability. However, with the replacement of Ingard® with Bollgard II® cotton (containing two different Bt toxins) in 2005, and recovery of the cotton industry from prevailing drought, H. armigera failed to track increased host-plant supply and moth numbers decreased. Greater toxicity of the two gene product, introduction of no cap on Bt cotton proportion, and an increase in natural enemy abundance are suggested as the most likely mechanisms responsible for the suppression observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Baker
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food,GPO Box 1700, Canberra,ACT 2601,Australia
| | - C R Tann
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food,Locked Bag 59, Narrabri,NSW 2390,Australia
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Adams MO, Seifert CL, Lehner L, Truxa C, Wanek W, Fiedler K. Stable isotope signatures reflect dietary diversity in European forest moths. Front Zool 2016; 13:37. [PMID: 27555876 PMCID: PMC4994389 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on larval diet of many holometabolous insects remains incomplete. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analysis in adult wing tissue can provide an efficient tool to infer such trophic relationships. The present study examines whether moth feeding guild affiliations taken from literature are reflected in isotopic signatures. Results Non-metric multidimensional scaling and permutational analysis of variance indicate that centroids of dietary groups differ significantly. In particular, species whose larvae feed on mosses or aquatic plants deviated from those that consumed vascular land plants. Moth δ15N signatures spanned a broader range, and were less dependent on species identity than δ13C values. Comparison between moth samples and ostensible food sources revealed heterogeneity in the lichenivorous guild, indicating only Lithosia quadra as an obligate lichen feeder. Among root-feeding Agrotis segetum, some specimens appear to have developed on crop plants in forest-adjacent farm land. Reed-feeding stem-borers may partially rely on intermediary trophic levels such as fungal or bacterial growth. Conclusion Diagnostic partitioning of moth dietary guilds based on isotopic signatures alone could not be achieved, but hypotheses on trophic relationships based on often vague literature records could be assessed with high resolution. Hence, the approach is well suited for basic categorization of moths where diet is unknown or notoriously difficult to observe (i.e. Microlepidoptera, lichen-feeders). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0170-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Oliver Adams
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlo Lutz Seifert
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria ; Biology Center, Institute of Entomology, University of South Bohemia and Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovska 31, 37005 Česke Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lisamarie Lehner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Truxa
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Tsafack N, Alignier A, Head GP, Kim JH, Goulard M, Menozzi P, Ouin A. Landscape effects on the abundance and larval diet of the polyphagous pest Helicoverpa armigera in cotton fields in North Benin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1613-1626. [PMID: 26611811 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The noctuid Helicoverpa armigera is one of the key cotton pests in the Old World. One possible pest regulation method may be the management of host crop in the landscapes. For polyphagous pests such as H. armigera, crop diversity and rotations can offer sequential and alternate resources that may enhance abundance. We explore the impact of landscape composition and host crop diversity on the abundance and natal host plant use of H. armigera in northern Benin. RESULTS Host plant diversity at the largest scale examined (500 m diameter) was positively correlated with H. armigera abundance. Host plant diversity and the cover of tomato crops were the most important variables in relation to high abundance of H. armigera. Host plant (cotton, maize, tomato, sorghum) proportions and C3 versus C4 plants did not consistently correlate positively with H. armigera abundance. Moth proportion derived from cotton-fed larvae was low, 15% in 2011 and 11% in 2012, and not significantly related to H. armigera abundance. CONCLUSION Cotton crop cover was not significantly related to H. armigera abundance and may be considered as a sink crop. Landscape composition and sequential availability of host plants should be considered as keys factors for further studies on H. armigera regulation. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelline Tsafack
- INP-ENSAT, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CIRAD, Dpt PERSYST, UPR 115 AIDA - AFRICARICE - 08 BP 841, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Menozzi
- CIRAD, Dpt PERSYST, UPR 115 AIDA - AFRICARICE - 08 BP 841, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Annie Ouin
- INP-ENSAT, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Gregg PC, Del Socorro AP, Hawes AJ, Binns MR. Developing Bisexual Attract-and-Kill for Polyphagous Insects: Ecological Rationale versus Pragmatics. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:666-75. [PMID: 27380035 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the principles of bisexual attract-and-kill, in which females as well as males are targeted with an attractant, such as a blend of plant volatiles, combined with a toxicant. While the advantages of this strategy have been apparent for over a century, there are few products available to farmers for inclusion in integrated pest management schemes. We describe the development, registration, and commercialization of one such product, Magnet(®), which was targeted against Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera in Australian cotton. We advocate an empirical rather than theoretical approach to selecting and blending plant volatiles for such products, and emphasise the importance of field studies on ecologically realistic scales of time and space. The properties required of insecticide partners also are discussed. We describe the studies that were necessary to provide data for registration of the Magnet(®) product. These included evidence of efficacy, including local and area-wide impacts on the target pest, non-target impacts, and safety for consumers and applicators. In the decade required for commercial development, the target market for Magnet(®) has been greatly reduced by the widespread adoption of transgenic insect-resistant cotton in Australia. We discuss potential applications in resistance management for transgenic cotton, and for other pests in cotton and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Gregg
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia.
| | - Alice P Del Socorro
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hawes
- AgBiTech Pty. Ltd., PO Box 18281, Clifford Gardens, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Matthew R Binns
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
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Nix A, Paull CA, Colgrave M. The flavonoid profile of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan: a review. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:125. [PMID: 25815247 PMCID: PMC4365078 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigeonpea is ranked as the sixth largest grain legume produced by volume and as such is a major global food crop for livestock and human consumption. We show that pigeonpea contains a number of flavonoids and report their distribution and concentration within different parts of the plant. FINDINGS There are a total of 27 flavonoids reported in the literature representing seven flavonoid classes. We found no published evidence of flavanols (catechins/flavan-3-ols) or aurones reported from pigeonpea, nor any study of the flavonoids from pigeonpea flowers. CONCLUSIONS Despite over 40 years of research in to various aspects of pigeonpea we identified research gaps related to the phytochemical properties of pigeonpea. We explain how addressing these gaps could help to realise the full potential of pigeonpea in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Nix
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Cate A Paull
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Michelle Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
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Yang F, Shi ZY, Bai SL, Ward RD, Zhang AB. Comparative studies on species identification of Noctuoidea moths in two nature reserve conservation zones (Beijing, China) using DNA barcodes and thin-film biosensor chips. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:50-9. [PMID: 24103324 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate identification of species is required for the biological control of pest Noctuoidea moths. DNA barcodes and thin-film biosensor chips are two molecular approaches that have gained wide attention. Here, we compare these two methods for the identification of a limited number of Noctuoidea moth species. Based on the commonly used mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (the standard DNA barcode for animal species), 14 probes were designed and synthesized for 14 species shared by two national nature reserves in Beijing and Hebei, China. Probes ranged in length from 18 to 27 bp and were designed as mismatch probes to guarantee that there were at least three base differences between the probe and nontarget sequences. The results on the chip could be detected by the naked eye without needing special equipment. No cross-hybridizations were detected although we tested all probes on the 14 target and 24 nontarget Noctuoidea species. The neighbour-joining tree of the 38 species based on COI sequences gave 38 highly supported independent groups. Both DNA barcoding and thin-film biosensor chips, based on the COI gene, are able to accurately identify and discriminate the 14 targeted moth species in this study. Because of its speed, high accuracy and low cost, the thin-film biosensor chip is a very practical means of species identification. Now, a more comprehensive chip will be developed for the identification of additional Noctuoidea moths for pest control and ecological protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Bohan DA, Raybould A, Mulder C, Woodward G, Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Bluthgen N, Pocock MJ, Muggleton S, Evans DM, Astegiano J, Massol F, Loeuille N, Petit S, Macfadyen S. Networking Agroecology. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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