1
|
Senior VL, Evans LC, Leather SR, Oliver TH, Evans KL. Phenological responses in a sycamore-aphid-parasitoid system and consequences for aphid population dynamics: A 20 year case study. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2814-2828. [PMID: 31985111 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions have a spatiotemporal component driven by environmental cues, which if altered by climate change can drive shifts in community dynamics. There is insufficient understanding of the precise time windows during which inter-annual variation in weather drives phenological shifts and the consequences for mismatches between interacting species and resultant population dynamics-particularly for insects. We use a 20 year study on a tri-trophic system: sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, two associated aphid species Drepanosiphum platanoidis and Periphyllus testudinaceus and their hymenopteran parasitoids. Using a sliding window approach, we assess climatic drivers of phenology in all three trophic levels. We quantify the magnitude of resultant trophic mismatches between aphids and their plant hosts and parasitoids, and then model the impacts of these mismatches, direct weather effects and density dependence on local-scale aphid population dynamics. Warmer temperatures in mid-March to late-April were associated with advanced sycamore budburst, parasitoid attack and (marginally) D. platanoidis emergence. The precise time window during which spring weather advances phenology varies considerably across each species. Crucially, warmer temperatures in late winter delayed the emergence of both aphid species. Seasonal variation in warming rates thus generates marked shifts in the relative timing of spring events across trophic levels and mismatches in the phenology of interacting species. Despite this, we found no evidence that aphid population growth rates were adversely impacted by the magnitude of mismatch with their host plants or parasitoids, or direct impacts of temperature and precipitation. Strong density dependence effects occurred in both aphid species and probably buffered populations, through density-dependent compensation, from adverse impacts of the marked inter-annual climatic variation that occurred during the study period. These findings explain the resilience of aphid populations to climate change and uncover a key mechanism, warmer winter temperatures delaying insect phenology, by which climate change drives asynchronous shifts between interacting species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Senior
- Animal and Plant Sciences Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke C Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Simon R Leather
- Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Tom H Oliver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Karl L Evans
- Animal and Plant Sciences Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lessio F, Bocca F, Alma A. Development, Spatial Distribution, and Presence on Grapevine of Nymphs of Orientus ishidae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a New Vector of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasmas. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2558-2564. [PMID: 31237334 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Orientus ishidae (Matsumura) (subfamily Deltocephalinae) is an Asian species now widespread in Europe, and a vector of 16SrV phytoplasmas agents of grapevine Flavescence dorée (FDP). Embryonic and post-embryonic development, spatial distribution, and relationships with grapevine of nymphs were studied under field and laboratory conditions. Egg-hatching dynamics and post-embryonic development of nymphs were studied by collecting grapevine wood from managed and unmanaged vineyards (including bot European Vitis vinifera L., and wild American rootstocks) and storing it inside rearing cages at T = 21-23°C. Field sampling of nymphs were made on both grapevine and two elective host plants of O. ishidae: hazelnut and hornbeam. Taylor's Power Law was applied to assess the aggregation coefficient of early- (first and second) and late- (third to fifth) life instars on leaves and shoots of host plants. More nymphs were obtained from wood collected in unmanaged rather than managed vineyards. Under lab conditions, the embryonic development lasted 34-48 d, whereas the whole post-embryonic development averaged 27 d. Under field conditions, early instars peaked at the end of May, and late instars peaked 2-4 wk later. The aggregation patterns decreased from early to late instars, and from leaves to shoots. Very few nymphs were observed on unmanaged grapevine, either European or American, and none on managed European grapevine. Some behavioral and FDP epidemiological consequences of the results obtained are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lessio
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA, Largo Braccini, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Bocca
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA, Largo Braccini, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alberto Alma
- Università degli Studi di Torino, DISAFA, Largo Braccini, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ju RT, Gao L, Wei SJ, Li B. Spring warming increases the abundance of an invasive specialist insect: links to phenology and life history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14805. [PMID: 29093523 PMCID: PMC5665933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under global warming, shifts in phenological synchrony between insects and host plants (i.e., changes in the relative timing of the interaction) may reduce resource availability to specialist insects. Some specialists, however, can flexibly track the shifts in host-plant phenology, allowing them to obtain sufficient resources and therefore to benefit from rising temperatures. Here, we investigated the effects of experimental warming on the life history of an invasive, specialist lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) and on the leaf expansion of its host plant (Platanus × acerifolia) in two spring seasons under field conditions in Shanghai, China. We found that a 2 °C increase in mean air temperature advanced the timing of the expansion of host leaves and of the activities of overwintering adult insects in both years but did not disrupt their synchrony. Warming also directly increased the reproduction of overwintering adults and enhanced the development and survival of their offspring. These results indicate that C. ciliata can well track the earlier emergence of available resources in response to springtime warming. Such plasticity, combined with the direct effects of rising temperatures, may increase the insect’s population size and outbreak potential in eastern China under climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ting Ju
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Shu-Juan Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eveillard S, Jollard C, Labroussaa F, Khalil D, Perrin M, Desqué D, Salar P, Razan F, Hévin C, Bordenave L, Foissac X, Masson JE, Malembic-Maher S. Contrasting Susceptibilities to Flavescence Dorée in Vitis vinifera, Rootstocks and Wild Vitis Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1762. [PMID: 27965681 PMCID: PMC5126068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease of grapevine, involving interactions between the plants, leafhopper vectors, and FD phytoplasma. Characterizing the susceptibility of vine varieties could limit disease propagation. After extensive surveys in vineyards, we showed that Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) is highly susceptible, with a high proportion of symptomatic branches and phytoplasma titers, in contrast to Merlot (M). Localized insect transmissions and grafting showed that phytoplasma circulate in the whole plant in the CS cultivar, but in M they are restricted to the transmission point. Insect-mediated transmission under high confinement mimicking natural conditions confirmed these phenotypes and allowed the classification of 28 Vitis accessions into three distinct categories, according to the percentage of infected plants and their phytoplasma titers. Reduced symptoms, low phytoplasma titers, and low percentages of infected plants were found to be associated in the Vitis vinifera cultivars tested. Interestingly, the low susceptibility of M was observed for one of its parents, i.e., Magdeleine Noire des Charentes. Rootstocks and their Vitis parents, although having high percentages of infected plants and intermediate to high phytoplasma titers, shared a symptomless response. This is troubling, because rootstocks can constitute a silent reservoir of contamination in mother plants or when they grow wild nearby vineyards. Altogether, data suggest distribution of genetic traits within the Vitis genus involved in insect-mediated phytoplasma transmission, multiplication, circulation, and symptom development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Eveillard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Camille Jollard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Dima Khalil
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Mireille Perrin
- UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Strasbourg Colmar, France
| | - Delphine Desqué
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal Salar
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédérique Razan
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Cyril Hévin
- UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Louis Bordenave
- UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean E Masson
- UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Strasbourg Colmar, France
| | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|