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Gao L, Qin W, Cui H, Feng G, Liu P, Gao W, Ma L, Li P, He L, Fu S. A novel locus of coralliform cataract mapped to chromosome 2p24-pter. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:305-310. [PMID: 15933805 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cataract is a common major abnormality of the eye, which can result in significant visual impairment or blindness in childhood. In this work, we studied four generations of a Chinese family that exhibited autosomal dominant coralliform cataract but no other ocular or systemic abnormalities. Members of the family were firstly genotyped with microsatellite markers at loci associated with congenital cataract on the reported regions of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, and 22, but negative LOD scores were obtained. Following exclusion of these loci, a genome-wide scan was performed, and significant evidence of linkage was obtained for marker D2S2211 (Z = 2.69, theta = 0.00). In multipoint analysis, a maximum LOD score 4.87 (theta = 0.00) was reached between markers D2S2211 and D2S2164. Haplotype data indicated a coralliform cataract disease gene in a 26-cM interval at a novel disease locus 2p24-pter between D2S297 and D2S2268. No genes related to cataract in this region have been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghan Gao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - Hao Cui
- Eye Hospital of the First affiliated Hospital, Harbin medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guoyin Feng
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Eye Hospital of the First affiliated Hospital, Harbin medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Weiqi Gao
- Eye Hospital of the First affiliated Hospital, Harbin medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- Eye Hospital of the First affiliated Hospital, Harbin medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China
| | - Pu Li
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 319 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
- Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, P.R. China.
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2
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Sidjanin DJ, Parker-Wilson DM, Neuhäuser-Klaus A, Pretsch W, Favor J, Deen PM, Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Lu Y, Bragin A, Skach WR, Chepelinsky AB, Grimes PA, Stambolian DE. A 76-bp deletion in the Mip gene causes autosomal dominant cataract in Hfi mice. Genomics 2001; 74:313-9. [PMID: 11414759 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hfi is a dominant cataract mutation where heterozygotes show hydropic lens fibers and homozygotes show total lens opacity. The Hfi locus was mapped to the distal part of mouse chromosome 10 close to the major intrinsic protein (Mip), which is expressed only in cell membranes of lens fibers. Molecular analysis of Mip revealed a 76-bp deletion that resulted in exon 2 skipping in Mip mRNA. In Hfi/Hfi this deletion resulted in a complete absence of the wildtype Mip. In contrast, Hfi/+ animals had the same amount of wildtype Mip as +/+. Results from pulse-chase expression studies excluded hetero-oligomerization of wildtype and mutant Mip as a possible mechanism for cataract formation in the Hfi/+. We propose that the cataract phenotype in the Hfi heterozygote mutant is due to a detrimental gain of function by the mutant Mip resulting in either cytotoxicity or disruption in processing of other proteins important for the lens. Cataract formation in the Hfi/Hfi mouse is probably a combined result of both the complete loss of wildtype Mip and a gain of function of the mutant Mip.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sidjanin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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3
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Smith RS, John SW, Zabeleta A, Davisson MT, Hawes NL, Chang B. The bst locus on mouse chromosome 16 is associated with age-related subretinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2191-5. [PMID: 10681427 PMCID: PMC15776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040531597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries and often causes rapid loss of vision in age-related macular degeneration. Acute visual loss is most often due to hemorrhage from new vessels that have extended from the choroid into the subretinal space. Growth of abnormal vessels beneath the retina in this condition is known as subretinal neovascularization (SRN). Age-related animal models of macular degeneration and SRN have not been described. Current animal models of SRN depend on chemical or physical stimuli to initiate growth of subretinal vessels. The genes responsible for age-related human macular degeneration with SRN have not been firmly identified. We report an angiogenic phenotype in Bst/+ mice that is age-related, clinically evident, and resembles human SRN. This represents a spontaneous, genetically determined model of SRN. Bst/+ mice offer the possibility of exploring the molecular mechanisms of SRN without the need for exogenous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Smith
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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Jungblut PR, Otto A, Favor J, Löwe M, Müller EC, Kastner M, Sperling K, Klose J. Identification of mouse crystallins in 2D protein patterns by sequencing and mass spectrometry. Application to cataract mutants. FEBS Lett 1998; 435:131-7. [PMID: 9762894 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The eye lens proteins of the mouse were separated into 1940 polypeptide spots by two-dimensional electrophoresis in large gels. All 16 crystallins ubiquitous in mammals were identified by protein sequencing and mass spectrometry except for (gamma)-F, which shows an almost identical sequence with (gamma)-E. Two crystallins, (beta)-A2 and (gamma)-S, were shown for the first time to occur in the mouse lens. An investigation of the murine cataract mutant Cat2(nop)((gamma)-B gene) demonstrated that a monogenic mutation might affect a broad spectrum of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Jungblut
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Proteinanalytik, Berlin, Germany
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Song CW, Okumoto M, Mori N, Kim JS, Han SS, Esaki K. Mapping of new recessive cataract gene (lr2) in the mouse. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:927-31. [PMID: 9383287 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new strain of mice with cataracts was developed in BALB/cHeA and STS/A recombinant inbred strain, CXS4 (D). In this study the mapping of spontaneous autosomal recessive cataract mutation is described. This mutation was characterized by ruptures of the lens nucleus, vitreous chamber through the posterior capsule, and the vacuolization of the lens. For the linkage analysis, we produced two kinds of backcross progenies, (BALB/cHeA x D)F1 and (STS/A x D)F1 females crossed to D male mice. The gene (lr2, lens rupture2) was mapped to the central part of Chromosome(Chr) 14, 0.7 +/- 0.7 cM from the micosatellite marker D14Mit28.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Song
- Laboratory of Experimental Animals, College of Agriculture, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Zhou E, Grimes P, Favor J, Koeberlein B, Pretsch W, Neuhauser-Klaus A, Sidjanin D, Stambolian D. Genetic mapping of a mouse ocular malformation locus, Tcm, to chromosome 4. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:178-81. [PMID: 9069117 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Tcm mutation in the mouse is an autosomal dominant ocular malformation manifesting as microphthalmia, iris dysplasia, cataract, and coloboma. As a first step to cloning the Tcm gene, we report the localization of the Tcm mutation with respect to known microsatellite markers. Backcross progeny carrying the Tcm mutation were produced by mating Tcm/+ heterozygous mice to normal C57BL/6 partners. Genomic DNA from each mouse was subjected to PCR analysis to identify simple sequence length polymorphisms. Our results locate Tcm to Chr 4 and suggest candidate genes responsible for the Tcm phenotype. Finally, ocular histopathology was done in 3-week-old animals to define the extent of the malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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7
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Abstract
Fifteen autosomal dominant mutations that cause cataract of lenses in mice were tested for allelism. The outcrosses of double mutants revealed three allelism groups, consisting of 5, 4 and 2 mutations as well as 4 mutations which segregated independently. The results indicated 7 different cataract loci in the sample of 15 mutations. The biomicroscopic examination of the eyes showed that phenotypically similar as well as very distinct cataract mutations can be alleles of the same gene. Conversely, phenotypically similar mutations were shown to be non-allelic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kratochvilova
- GSF-Institut für Säugetiergenetik, Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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8
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Sankaranarayanan K. Ionizing radiation and genetic risks. II. Nature of radiation-induced mutations in experimental mammalian in vivo systems. Mutat Res 1991; 258:51-73. [PMID: 2023600 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(91)90028-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews data on the nature of spontaneous and radiation-induced mutations in the mouse. The data are from studies using a variety of endpoints scorable at the morphological or the biochemical level and include pre-selected as well as unselected loci at which mutations can lead to recessive or dominant phenotypes. The loci used in the morphological recessive specific-locus tests permit the recovery of a wide spectrum of induced changes. Important variables that affect the nature of radiation-induced mutations (assessed primarily using tests for viability of homozygotes) include: germ cell stage, type of irradiation and the locus. Most of the results pertain to irradiated stem cell spermatogonia. The data on morphological specific-locus mutations show that overall, more than two-thirds of the X- or gamma-ray-induced mutations are lethal when homozygous. This proportion may be lower for those that occur spontaneously, but the numbers of tested mutants are small. For spontaneous mutations, there is evidence for the occurrence of mosaics and for proviral insertions. Most or all tested induced enzyme activity variants, dominant visibles (recovered in specific-locus experiments) and dominant skeletal mutations are lethal when homozygous and this is true of 50% of dominant cataract mutations, but again, the numbers of tested mutants are small. Electrophoretic mobility variants, which are known to be due to base-pair changes, are seldom induced by irradiation. At the histocompatibility loci, no radiation-induced mutations have been recovered, presumably because deletions are incompatible with survival even in heterozygotes. All these findings are consistent with the view that in mouse germ cells, most radiation-induced mutations are DNA deletions. Some mutations (in the morphological specific-locus tests) which had previously been inferred to be deletions on the basis of genetic analyses have now been shown to be DNA deletions by molecular methods. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that at least a small proportion of induced mutations may be intragenic changes. The data on the rates of induction of recessive lethals and of dominant skeletal and dominant cataract mutations (and proportions of the latter two which are homozygous lethal) can be used to estimate the proportions of recessive lethals which are expressed as skeletal abnormalities or cataracts. These calculations show that about 10% of recessive lethals manifest themselves as skeletal and less than 0.2% as cataract mutations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sankaranarayanan
- MGC Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, Sylvius Laboratories, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leinweber FJ. Drug disposition in the mammalian eye and brain: a comparison of mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev 1991; 23:133-246. [PMID: 1868775 DOI: 10.3109/03602539109029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F J Leinweber
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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Favor J, Pretsch W. Genetic localization and phenotypic expression of X-linked cataract (Xcat) in Mus musculus. Genet Res (Camb) 1990; 56:157-62. [PMID: 2272505 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300035242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage data relative to the markers tabby and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are presented to locate X-linked cataract (Xcat) in the distal portion of the mouse X-chromosome between jimpy and hypophosphatemia. The human X-linked cataract-dental syndrome, Nance-Horan Syndrome, also maps closely to human hypophosphatemia and would suggest homology between mouse Xcat and human Nance-Horan Syndrome genes. In hemizygous males and homozygous females penetrance is complete with only slight variation in the degree of expression. Phenotypic expression in Xcat heterozygous females ranges from totally clear to totally opaque lenses. The phenotypic expression between the two lenses of a heterozygous individual could also vary between totally clear and totally opaque lenses. However, a correlation in the degree of expression between the eyes of an individual was observed. A variegated pattern of lens opacity was evident in female heterozygotes. Based on these observations, the site of gene action for the Xcat locus is suggested to be endogenous to the lens cells and the precursor cell population of the lens is concluded to be small. The identification of an X-linked cataract locus is an important contribution to the estimate of the number of mutable loci resulting in cataract, an estimate required so that dominant cataract mutagenesis results may be expressed on a per locus basis. The Xcat mutation may be a useful marker for a distal region of the mouse X-chromosome which is relatively sparsely marked and the X-linked cataract mutation may be employed in gene expression and lens development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Favor
- GSF-Institut für Säugetiergenetik, Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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11
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Graw J, Reitmeir P, Wulff A. Osmotic state of lenses in three dominant murine cataract mutants. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1990; 228:252-4. [PMID: 2163348 DOI: 10.1007/bf00920030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three newly detected dominant cataract mutations (Asc-1, Cat-3vao, Tcm) were investigated for effects on osmotic alterations in the lenses of heterozygotes. The lens wet weight was reduced in two mutant lines (Cat-3vao and Tcm), and the water content in the lenses of the Cat-3vao mice was increased. Moreover, in the cataractous lenses from Cat-3vao mice, the sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) activity was enhanced and the ATP concentration, correspondingly decreased. The osmotic variations observed in the Cat-3vao mutants might have been due to a metabolic response to the yet unknown, primary pathological event. The lenses of the other two mutant lines (Asc-1 and Tcm) revealed no alterations that could be related to osmotic stress. In no mutant line investigated could a decrease in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity be demonstrated that was similar to the causative factor in the Nakano mutant line. The Cat-3vao mice exhibited some similarities to the Philly mutant line.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Graw
- GSF-Institut für Säugetiergenetik, Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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12
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Favor J, Neuhäuser-Klaus A, Kratochvilova J, Pretsch W. Towards an understanding of the nature and fitness of induced mutations in germ cells of mice: homozygous viability and heterozygous fitness effects of induced specific-locus, dominant cataract and enzyme-activity mutations. Mutat Res 1989; 212:67-75. [PMID: 2725543 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(89)90023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 219 specific-locus, 35 dominant cataract and 44 enzyme-activity mutations induced in spermatogonia of mice by radiation or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) treatment were characterized for homozygous viability as well as fitness effects on heterozygous carriers. For all 3 genetic endpoints, the frequency of homozygous lethal mutations was higher in the group of radiation-induced mutations than in the ENU-treatment group. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that radiation-induced mutations recovered in the mouse are mainly due to small deletions while ENU induces mainly intragenic mutations. The overall fitness of mutant heterozygotes was reduced for the group of radiation-induced specific-locus, dominant cataract and enzyme-activity mutations while the ENU-induced mutations exhibited no reduction in fitness. The fitness reduction of heterozygous carriers for a newly occurring mutation in a population is important in determining the persistence of the mutation in a population, and thus the total number of individuals affected before a mutation is eventually eliminated from the population. For the present results a maximal persistence of 12 generations and a minimal persistence of 3 generations is estimated. These results are consistent with the 6-7-generation persistence time assumed by UNSCEAR (1982) in an estimate of the overall effects of radiation-induced mutations in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Favor
- GSF-Institut für Säugetiergenetik, Neuherberg, F.R.G
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