1
|
Mahajan S, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Sharma GK, Pattnaik B. Indirect ELISA using recombinant nonstructural protein 3D to detect foot and mouth disease virus infection associated antibodies. Biologicals 2015; 43:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
|
2
|
Momtaz S, Rahman A, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Evolutionary Analysis and Prediction of Peptide Vaccine Candidates for Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Types A and O in Bangladesh. Evol Bioinform Online 2014; 10:187-96. [PMID: 25452681 PMCID: PMC4219755 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes an annual economic loss of US$60–150 million in Bangladesh. There is no cross-protection among the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes and vaccination escape mutation may happen. Peptide vaccine is a safer alternative. The aim of this study is to predict and map the B and T cell epitopes of VP1 proteins of FMDV serotypes O and A that were circulating in Bangladesh from 2011 to 2013. Using evolutionary and computational approach (BCPred, BepiPred, DiscoTope, ElliPro, and ProPred-I, IEDB analysis for MHC-I prediction), a total of 11 B and T cell epitopes were predicted. Also, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of VP1 protein showed that the predicted five epitopes residing on N- and C-termini can be considered as good vaccine candidates, and epitopes on the G–H loop can serve as receptor recognition sites for vaccine design. The scores of predicted epitopes of one method were cross-checked with other one for potential epitope mining. Within the VP1 antigenic sites, significant evidence of positive selection was present indicating evolution of VP1 under high immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samina Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Expression of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Non-Structural Protein, 3D in Insect Cells and its Application in Detection of Anti-FMDV Antibodies. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:326-32. [PMID: 24293820 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-structural proteins (NSPs) based diagnostics are useful for large-scale sero-surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and to monitor viral activity as a follow up to the vaccination campaign in FMD endemic countries like India which aim at disease control through vaccination. These diagnostics are also handy in the serology of import/export of cloven-footed animals. In the present study, non-structural protein RNA polymerase (3D gene) of FMD virus (FMDV) was expressed using baculovirus expression system. Protein expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by its immuno-reactivity with serum from a FMDV infected bovine, in the western blot. Recombinant 3D protein was purified and evaluated in the indirect ELISA with 1072 cattle serum samples. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were found to be 92 and 100 %, respectively, when tested with cattle sera of known FMD status. The 3D based ELISA developed here is useful for screening the animals as an adjunct to other NSP based diagnostics available for routine serosurveillance of FMD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Discriminating foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals by use of beta-galactosidase allosteric biosensors. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1228-35. [PMID: 19553549 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00139-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant beta-galactosidases accommodating one or two different peptides from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein 3B per enzyme monomer showed a drastic enzymatic activity reduction, which mainly affected proteins with double insertions. Recombinant beta-galactosidases were enzymatically reactivated by 3B-specific murine monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Interestingly, these recombinant beta-galactosidases, particularly those including one copy of each of the two 3B sequences, were efficiently reactivated by sera from infected pigs. We found reaction conditions that allowed differentiation between sera of FMDV-infected pigs, cattle, and sheep and those of naïve and conventionally vaccinated animals. These FMDV infection-specific biosensors can provide an effective and versatile alternative for the serological distinction of FMDV-infected animals.
Collapse
|
5
|
Preparation of FMD type A87/IRN inactivated vaccine by gamma irradiation and the immune response on guinea pig. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:326-30. [PMID: 23100729 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FMD is one of the most economically damaging diseases that affect livestock animals. In this study FMD Virus type A87/IRN was multiplied on BHK21 cells. The virus was titrated by TCID50 method, it was 10(7.5)/ml. The FMD virus samples were inactivated by gamma ray from 60Co source at -20°C. Safety test was done by IBRS2 monolayer cell culture method, also antigenicity of irradiated and un-irradiated virus samples were studied by Complement Fixation Test. The Dose/Survival curve for irradiated FMD Virus was drawn, the optimum dose range for inactivation of FMDV type A87/IRN and unaltered antigenicity was obtained 40-44 kGy. The inactivated virus samples by irradiation and ethyleneimine (EI) were formulated respectively as vaccine with Al(OH)3 gel and other substances. The vaccines were inoculated to Guinea pigs and the results of Serum Neutralization Test for the normal vaccine and radio-vaccine showed protective titer after 8 months. The potency test of the inactivated vaccines was done, PD50 Value of the vaccines were calculated 7.06 and 5.6 for inactivated vaccine by EI and gamma irradiation respectively.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar N, Sharma R, Kakker NK. Non-Structural Protein 3A for Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infected and Vaccinated Animals in Haryana (India). Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:376-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
7
|
Comparison of three ELISA kits for the differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected from vaccinated animals. Virol Sin 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
8
|
Abstract
A brief overview of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) literature over the last 100 years will give the impression that a great deal is known about the immune response of livestock to infection and vaccination. At the practical level, this is indeed the case and our knowledge is more than adequate in relation to the production and supply of potent vaccines for the control of the disease. The deficiencies in our understanding of the immune response are at the fundamental level and, arguably, stand in the way of its rational manipulation to achieve goals such as life-long immunity conferred by vaccination. Most of the research activity to date has focused on T cell dependency of the immune response of livestock and important B (and probably T) cell epitopes and has been used by researchers to design highly sophisticated novel vaccines and delivery systems. None of these, to the author's knowledge, exceeds the potency obtained with a good commercial vaccine. Although it is not yet possible to see a clear direction for the development of improved formulations, it is important to reflect on our current knowledge of natural and vaccine-induced immunity and some of the issues surrounding modern inactivated FMD vaccines. This process will perhaps help to discriminate the fact from the fiction and serve to focus on precisely what is needed or desirable for improved products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Doel
- Merial Animal Health Ltd., Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bronsvoort BMDC, Sørensen KJ, Anderson J, Corteyn A, Tanya VN, Kitching RP, Morgan KL. Comparison of two 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of multiple-serotype foot-and-mouth disease in a cattle population in an area of endemicity. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2108-14. [PMID: 15131177 PMCID: PMC404611 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2108-2114.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a serological test for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which is quick and easy to use, which can identify all seven serotypes, and which can differentiate vaccinated from convalescing or potential virus carriers would be a major advance in the epidemiological toolkit for FMDV. The nonstructural polyprotein 3ABC has recently been proposed as such an antigen, and a number of diagnostic tests are being developed. This paper evaluates the performance of two FMDV tests for antibodies to nonstructural proteins in an unvaccinated cattle population from a region of Cameroon with endemic multiple-serotype FMD. The CHEKIT-FMD-3ABC bo-ov (CHEKIT) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Bommeli Diagnostics/Intervet) is a commercially available test that was compared with a competitive 3ABC ELISA (C-ELISA) developed in Denmark. The tests were compared with the virus neutralization test as the "gold standard." Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were examined over a range of test cutoffs by using receiver operating characteristic curves, which allowed comparison of the overall performance of each test. The results indicated that the CHEKIT ELISA kit was 23% sensitive and 98% specific and the Danish C-ELISA was 71% sensitive and 90% specific at the recommended cutoff. These results have important implications if the tests are to be used to screen herds or individual cattle in surveillance programs, at border crossings for import-export clearance, or following emergency vaccination in an outbreak situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M de C Bronsvoort
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is examined in detail at the genetic, structural, and biochemical levels and in terms of its antigenic diversity. The virus replication cycle, including virus-receptor interactions as well as unique aspects of virus translation and shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, is discussed. This information has been the basis for the development of improved protocols to rapidly identify disease outbreaks, to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, and to begin to identify and test novel vaccine candidates. Furthermore, this knowledge, coupled with the ability to manipulate FMDV genomes at the molecular level, has provided the framework for examination of disease pathogenesis and the development of a more complete understanding of the virus and host factors involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, North Atlantic Area, Greenport, New York 11944, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Höhlich BJ, Wiesmüller KH, Schlapp T, Haas B, Pfaff E, Saalmüller A. Identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific linear B-cell epitopes to differentiate between infected and vaccinated cattle. J Virol 2003; 77:8633-9. [PMID: 12885881 PMCID: PMC167218 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.16.8633-8639.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. For several years, vaccination of animals, which had proven to be successful for the eradication of the disease, has been forbidden in the United States and the European Community because of the difficulty of differentiating between vaccinated and infected animals. In this study, detailed investigations of the bovine humoral immune response against FMD virus (FMDV) were performed with the aim of identifying viral epitopes recognized specifically by sera derived from FMDV-infected animals. The use of overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides, covering the whole open reading frame of FMDV strain O(1)K in a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, allowed the identification of 12 FMDV strain O(1)K-specific linear B-cell epitopes. Six of these linear B-cell epitopes, located in the nonstructural proteins, were used in further assays to compare the reactivities of sera from vaccinated and infected cattle. Antibodies recognizing these peptides could be detected only in sera derived from infected cattle. In further experiments, the reactivity of the six peptides with sera from animals infected with different strains of FMDV was tested, and strain-independent infection-specific epitopes were identified. Thus, these results clearly demonstrate the ability of a simple peptide-based assay to discriminate between infected and conventionally FMD-vaccinated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina-Judith Höhlich
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rémond M, Kaiser C, Lebreton F. Diagnosis and screening of foot-and-mouth disease. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 25:309-20. [PMID: 12365807 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) diagnostic methods are reviewed. As the presence of clinical signs alone is inconclusive, laboratory diagnosis should always be carried out. The presence of FMD virus can be demonstrated by cell culture isolation, complement fixation test, ELISA or the more recent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Serological diagnosis is also a valuable tool. The virus neutralization test has been replaced by ELISA and the antibody response to some viral non-structural proteins allows to discriminate between vaccinated and infected animals on a herd basis. More rapid and accurate tests as well as an earlier detection system in preclinical state are still needed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen F, Chen PD, Walfield AM, Ye J, House J, Brown F, Wang CY. Differentiation of convalescent animals from those vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease by a peptide ELISA. Vaccine 1999; 17:3039-49. [PMID: 10462239 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have identified continuous antigenic determinants within the amino acid sequences of the conserved nonstructural region containing proteins 2C and 3ABC of foot-and-mouth disease virus which can distinguish between the sera from vaccinated and infected animals. An ELISA based on a 3B peptide gave a positive reaction with sera from cattle, pigs, sheep and guinea pigs infected with all seven serotypes of the virus, but not with sera from vaccinated animals. In experiments with cattle and pigs to determine the duration of the antibody response, positive reactions were obtained as late as one year after infection. The advantages of using peptides from the nonstructural viral proteins instead of recombinant proteins for differentiating vaccinees from infected animals include their exquisite specificity, nonreactivity with antibodies against host cell-derived proteins (e.g. E. coli and insect cell proteins), and their ease of preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Shen
- United Biomedical, Inc, Hauppauge, NY 11788, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Frolov VG, Duque H, Palmenberg AC. Quantification of endogenous viral polymerase, 3D(pol), in preparations of Mengo and encephalomyocarditis viruses. Virology 1999; 260:148-55. [PMID: 10405366 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of an antigenic response to the aphthovirus infection-associated antigen (VIA), the viral RNA polymerase 3D(pol), is frequently used as a discriminating assay for the extent of viral replication in animals. In practice, animals seropositive for VIA are assumed to have been exposed to live virus, although in fact it is suspected that endogenous 3D(pol) in commercial inactivated vaccines may occasionally stimulate analogous responses and result in false-positive tests for virus exposure. Cardiovirus infections in mice produce similar anti-VIA antibodies, and in view of recently developed attenuated Mengo vaccines and live Mengo vectors, these VIA responses are also under investigation as potential correlates of vaccine efficacy. We have purified recombinant Mengo 3D(pol), developed monoclonal antibodies to the protein, and used these reagents in highly sensitive Western blot assays to quantify the levels of endogenous 3D(pol) in Mengo and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) preparations. The presence of 3D(pol) was detected at all stages of standard vaccine purification procedures, including materials purified by CsCl. Clarified suspensions of Mengo- or encephalomyocarditis virus-infected HeLa cells were found to contain very high quantities of 3D(pol), averaging approximately 1.2-1.5 micrograms of protein/micrograms of virus. Pelleting through 30% sucrose or purification by CsCl removed much of this material, but even these samples retained approximately 0.2-0.4 ng of 3D(pol)/micrograms virus. These ratios represent approximately 1 3D(pol) molecule/20 virus particles in the most highly purified materials and probably indicate that 3D(pol) is a contaminant on the particle surface rather than an intrinsically packaged molecule. In clarified cell lysates, which are commonly used as vaccine inocula, the protein to virus ratio was approximately 210:1, a level that could represent serious contamination problems for future VIA detection if such inocula are used without further purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V G Frolov
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Collen T, Baron J, Childerstone A, Corteyn A, Doel TR, Flint M, Garcia-Valcarcel M, Parkhouse RM, Ryan MD. Heterotypic recognition of recombinant FMDV proteins by bovine T-cells: the polymerase (P3Dpol) as an immunodominant T-cell immunogen. Virus Res 1998; 56:125-33. [PMID: 9783461 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have examined the recognition of VP0, VP1, VP2, VP3 and P3Dpol by PBMC and CD4+ T-cells from infected, vaccinated-challenged, and multiply-vaccinated (O1, A24, C1 or ASIA1) cattle using recombinant proteins of an O1 serotype virus. The structural protein VP1 was recognised in an homotypic context whereas VP2, VP3, VP4 and P3Dpol were also recognised by T-cells from animals exposed to heterotypic viruses. Only the non-structural protein P3Dpol was consistently recognised by T-cells from the majority of animals examined and heterotypic recognition correlated with the presence of serologically detectable P3Dpol in purified virus. Thus, P3Dpol is a major cross-reactive immunodeterminant of FMDV, eliciting heterotypic T-cell responses and, therefore, with possible potential for inclusion in a subunit vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Collen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bergmann IE, Astudillo V, Malirat V, Neitzert E. Serodiagnostic strategy for estimation of foot-and-mouth disease viral activity through highly sensitive immunoassays using bioengineered nonstructural proteins. Vet Q 1998; 20 Suppl 2:S6-9. [PMID: 9652053 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1998.9694952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I E Bergmann
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lubroth J, López A, Ramalho A, Meyer R, Brown F, Darsie G. Cattle response to foot‐and‐mouth disease virus nonstructural proteins as antigens within vaccines produced using different concentrations. Vet Q 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1998.9694955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|
18
|
Taboga O, Tami C, Carrillo E, Núñez JI, Rodríguez A, Saíz JC, Blanco E, Valero ML, Roig X, Camarero JA, Andreu D, Mateu MG, Giralt E, Domingo E, Sobrino F, Palma EL. A large-scale evaluation of peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease: lack of solid protection in cattle and isolation of escape mutants. J Virol 1997; 71:2606-14. [PMID: 9060612 PMCID: PMC191381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.4.2606-2614.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A large-scale vaccination experiment involving a total of 138 cattle was carried out to evaluate the potential of synthetic peptides as vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Four types of peptides representing sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) C3 Argentina 85 were tested: A, which includes the G-H loop of capsid protein VP1 (site A); AT, in which a T-cell epitope has been added to site A; AC, composed of site A and the carboxy-terminal region of VP1 (site C); and ACT, in which the three previous capsid motifs are colinearly represented. Induction of neutralizing antibodies, lymphoproliferation in response to viral antigens, and protection against challenge with homologous infectious virus were examined. None of the tested peptides, at several doses and vaccination schedules, afforded protection above 40%. Protection showed limited correlation with serum neutralization activity and lymphoproliferation in response to whole virus. In 12 of 29 lesions from vaccinated cattle that were challenged with homologous virus, mutant FMDVs with amino acid substitutions at antigenic site A were identified. This finding suggests the rapid generation and selection of FMDV antigenic variants in vivo. In contrast with previous studies, this large-scale vaccination experiment with an important FMDV host reveals considerable difficulties for vaccines based on synthetic peptides to achieve the required levels of efficacy. Possible modifications of the vaccine formulations to increase protective activity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Taboga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias Veterinarias, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meyer RF, Babcock GD, Newman JF, Burrage TG, Toohey K, Lubroth J, Brown F. Baculovirus expressed 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus has the potential for differentiating convalescent from vaccinated animals. J Virol Methods 1997; 65:33-43. [PMID: 9128860 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(96)02165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining whether animals have been infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus or vaccinated is important because infected animals frequently become carriers of the virus, shed it intermittently and thus may be the source of new outbreaks of the disease. We had shown previously that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to 2C, a highly conserved non-structural protein, whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. This is explained by observation that 2C is retained on the membranes of cells used for growing the virus for vaccine production. In contrast, the non-structural protein 3D, which is released into the medium, is not removed by centrifugation or filtration during vaccine production and therefore stimulates an immune response in both vaccinated and convalescent cattle. In this study we produced 2C and 3D in insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. As demonstrated by serology and electron microscopy, 2C is also retained on the membranes of the insect cells. Both expressed proteins react with sera of convalescent animals, indicating that they are conformationally similar, but the 2C does not react with sera from vaccinated animals. The baculovirus expressed 2C appears to be a suitable antigen for the development of a reliable diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Meyer
- USDA-APHIS-FADDL, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lubroth J, Grubman MJ, Burrage TG, Newman JF, Brown F. Absence of protein 2C from clarified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines provides the basis for distinguishing convalescent from vaccinated animals. Vaccine 1996; 14:419-27. [PMID: 8735554 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)00172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that cattle and pigs which have been vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease can be distinguished from convalescent animals by the absence of antibodies to viral non-structural protein 2C (Lubroth and Brown, Res. Vet. Sci., 1995, 59, 70-78(1)). In this study, we show that the absence of 2C antibodies from the sera of vaccinated animals can be explained by the association of this viral protein with cellular debris which is separated from the virus harvest prior to inactivation of the supernatant for vaccine production. This serological marker can be of great value in countries where the disease occurs or in the veterinary regulatory arena when livestock are transported across borders, since it can be used to identify convalescent, persistently infected animals and vaccinates exposed to wild-type virus variants which have infected the vaccinated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lubroth
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
O'Donnell VK, Boyle DB, Sproat K, Fondevila NA, Forman A, Schudel AA, Smitsaart EN. Detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus using a liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA (LPBE) with a bioengineered 3D protein. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996; 8:143-50. [PMID: 8744733 DOI: 10.1177/104063879600800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-3D) was developed to detect specific antibodies to the 3D protein in sera from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV)-infected animals. The assay uses a nonstructural 3D recombinant protein and two polyclonal antisera, one for capture (bovine) and the other for detector (guinea pig). The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by negative results with 101 sera of cattle from the FMD-free zone in Argentina and with bovine and porcine sera raised against various RNA and DNA viruses. The ELISA-3D was able to detect antibodies in cattle after natural or experimental infection with FMDV of A, O, or C types as early as 5 days postinfection and at later stages in persistently infected animals. Comparison of the results with those obtained with the routinely used agar gel immunodiffusion test and a previously described ELISA, both employing a partially purified virus-infection-associated antigen, shows that the ELISA-3D is highly sensitive and specific and gives reproducible results. Its use as a tool for monitoring viral activity and for certification of FMDV-free animals is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V K O'Donnell
- Instituto de Virologia, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias, INTA, Morón, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duque H, Palmenberg AC. Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies raised to recombinant Mengo 3D polymerase. Virus Genes 1996; 13:159-68. [PMID: 8972569 DOI: 10.1007/bf00568908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA coding sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol) of Mengovirus was cloned and expressed in a bacterial system. Eleven monoclonal antibodies were raised against the recombinant Mengo 3Dpol (rM3D). All of them recognized the recombinant and the viral-induced form of the protein. The panel of monoclonals belonged to the IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes and were mapped to four different epitopes in the 3D molecule by competition assays. All monoclonals recognized Mengo 3Dpol in western blots and cross-reacted with the homologous polymerases of seven other cardioviruses but failed to react with 3Dpol from poliovirus type 1 and 3 or rhinovirus type 14 and 16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Duque
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lubroth J, Brown F. Identification of native foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 2C as a serological indicator to differentiate infected from vaccinated livestock. Res Vet Sci 1995; 59:70-8. [PMID: 8525090 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(95)90034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cattle and pigs which have been vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease can be distinguished from convalescent animals by radio-immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the virus-induced proteins reacting with the respective sera. Baby hamster kidney cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (serotype A24) were labelled with 35S-methionine and the virus-induced proteins were precipitated with sera from vaccinated and subsequently challenged animals, convalescent animals retained for over 300 days, animals vaccinated or infected with viruses belonging to all serotypes of FMDV, and animals infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) or porcine or bovine enteroviruses. In addition to the structural proteins of the virus, the non-structural proteins 2C, 3ABC, 3C, 3CD and 3D were precipitated by convalescent sera, but only 3D was precipitated by serum from vaccinated animals. Proteins L, 2C and 3C were precipitated only after challenge with a heterotypic virus (serotype O1 Tunisia), indicating that virus replication of the challenge virus had taken place. No precipitation was detected with sera from EMC or enterovirus-infected animals. The results indicate that protein 2C, and to a lesser extent the polypeptide 3ABC, could be used to differentiate potential carrier convalescent animals from vaccinated livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lubroth
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York 11944, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Archetti IL, Amadori M, Donn A, Salt J, Lodetti E. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle by assessment of antibody response in oropharyngeal fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:79-84. [PMID: 7699071 PMCID: PMC227884 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.1.79-84.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-persistent carriers among convalescent ruminants is of paramount importance in the aftermath of a field outbreak. To this purpose, FMDV-specific antibody should be investigated first, since virus isolation procedures from such carriers are seriously constrained. The complexity of the overall picture may be compounded by possible emergency vaccinations in the affected areas at the beginning of the outbreak. In this case, it is suggested that mucosal rather than serum antibody be investigated. In fact, we showed that FMDV-infected cattle regularly mount an antibody response in oropharyngeal fluids, in contrast to vaccinated cattle. Antibody could be revealed by neutralization assays and/or an immunoglobulin A (IgA)-specific kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cattle vaccinated once seldom showed a mucosal antibody response, which could be only detected by a total immunoglobulin-specific kinetic ELISA. Very few, if any, cattle showed a mucosal IgA response after repeated vaccinations. Our kinetic, IgA-specific ELISA generally allowed an early detection of FMDV-infected cattle; in particular, it proved to be more sensitive than the usual indirect, antigen-trapping ELISA in experiments on saliva samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I L Archetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rodríguez A, Dopazo J, Sáiz JC, Sobrino F. Immunogenicity of non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus: differences between infected and vaccinated swine. Arch Virol 1994; 136:123-31. [PMID: 8002780 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural as well as VP1 recombinant proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) produced in E. coli, have been used to study the specific antibody response of infected or vaccinated swine. An analysis of sera from infected pigs, using a direct ELISA, showed that polypeptide 3ABC (spanning non-structural proteins 3A, 3B and 3C) was the most antigenic among the recombinant proteins studied and allowed specific detection of FMDV infected swine from the second week after the infection. The sensitivity of this assay was comparable to that obtained when the whole FMDV was used as ELISA antigen. Conversely, use of polypeptide 3ABC did not allow detection of significant levels of antibodies in sera from vaccinated animals. This differential pattern of ELISA reactivities offers a promising approach for the distinction of infected from vaccinated pigs. In addition, a highly specific and sensitive method of diagnosis for FMDV replication was achieved using an immunoblotting assay which detected antibodies against the 3ABC polypeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neitzert E, Beck E, de Mello PA, Gomes I, Bergmann IE. Expression of the aphthovirus RNA polymerase gene in Escherichia coli and its use together with other bioengineered nonstructural antigens in detection of late persistent infections. Virology 1991; 184:799-804. [PMID: 1653502 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90456-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A plasmid has been constructed containing the DNA sequences that direct the expression of the aphthovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (virus infection-associated antigen, VIAA) in its native form. The aphthovirus polypeptide was designed to contain only a single additional amino acid, the N-terminal methionine. The recombinant protein has been purified and used in enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blots to detect aphthovirus-specific antibodies in the sera of persistently infected animals. Furthermore, studies were carried out to test the hypothesis that antibodies against other nonstructural antigens appear in the sera of these animals. It was established that antibodies against polypeptides 3A and 3B can serve as complementary markers for late aphthovirus-carrier state detection. The considerable potential of this approach to detect aphthovirus-specific antibodies, when the isolation of infectious virus is not possible, was demonstrated. Negative results were obtained in animals from virus-free areas and in vaccinated cattle. This assay has the added advantage that no infectious or noninfectious virus is involved during antigen production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Neitzert
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alonso A, Gomes M, Martins M, Sondahl M. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection-associated antigen antibodies: comparison of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agar gel immunodiffusion tests. Prev Vet Med 1990. [PMCID: PMC7133905 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(90)90069-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A liquid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with the standard agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) to identify and quantify antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection-associated (VIA) antigen. A total of 3181 cattle sera were tested. Of these sera, 1885 were from cattle which had not been exposed to FMD. A total of 1296 sera were either from cattle which were experimentally exposed to FMD virus or from cattle involved in field outbreaks. The results indicate that the ELISA has the same specificity as the AGID test, but is more efficient in detecting cattle exposed to FMD virus. The ELISA technique will probably prove to be a more satisfactory test in support of the prevention, control and eradication programs for the disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bahnemann HG. Inactivation of viral antigens for vaccine preparation with particular reference to the application of binary ethylenimine. Vaccine 1990; 8:299-303. [PMID: 2204242 PMCID: PMC7173316 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Viral antigens for human and veterinary vaccines are still inactivated with formaldehyde. This is not an ideal inactivant and the problems of formaldehyde inactivation of vaccines are discussed. Vaccines inactivated with aziridines are superior in safety and antigenicity. Aziridines inactivate viruses in a first-order reaction and the inactivation rate and endpoint can be determined. The preparation and application of the aziridine compound binary ethylenimine (BEI) and the necessary conditions for and controls of the inactivation process are described and discussed. A computer program has been written for assistance in the use of BEI for controlled inactivation of viral antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Bahnemann
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization-WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Villinger F, Mueller HK, Bruckner L, Ackermann M, Kihm U. Antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection associated (VIA) antigen: use of a bioengineered VIA protein as antigen in an ELISA. Vet Microbiol 1989; 20:235-46. [PMID: 2549685 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection associated (VIA) antigen (viral RNA polymerase) in cattle sera, was developed using a bioengineered VIA (BioVIA) protein antigen. Compared with the classical immunodiffusion test, with viral RNA polymerase purified from infected cell cultures as antigen, this ELISA was more sensitive. However, depending on the cattle population examined, sera with antibodies to viral RNA polymerase, probably due to infection with other picornaviruses, were detected. Despite these observations, the ELISA using BioVIA provided a rapid answer as to whether or not FMD virus circulated in a given herd of cattle. The main advantage of this ELISA is its absolute safety, since in no step of the antigen production was infectious or uninfectious FMD virus involved. The test can therefore be performed under normal laboratory conditions and no isolation units are needed as they are for the immunodiffusion test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Villinger
- Eidgenoessisches Vakzine-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Francis MJ, Black L. Antibody response in pig nasal fluid and serum following foot-and-mouth disease infection or vaccination. J Hyg (Lond) 1983; 91:329-34. [PMID: 6315814 PMCID: PMC2129370 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400060344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nasal fluid and serum collected from pigs after exposure to live foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus or injection of single oil emulsion (w/o) or double oil emulsion (w/o/w) vaccines were examined for FMD neutralizing activity. After virus exposure the response profiles of serum and nasal mucus were similar to one another. In both, neutralizing activity rose to a peak at one to two weeks after exposure and then subsided slowly. After vaccination with either the w/o or w/o/w preparations a neutralizing response was demonstrable in the serum three to seven days after the first injection, and this was boosted by revaccinations 56 and 117 days later. The neutralizing activity was also detectable in nasal fluid seven days after the first vaccination, but subsequent revaccinations 56 and 117 days later provoked neutralizing titres which were no greater than those observed after the initial vaccination.
Collapse
|
31
|
Antibody response in bovine pharyngeal fluid following foot-and-mouth disease vaccination and, or, exposure to live virus. Res Vet Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
32
|
Garland AJ, Baber D, Hamblin C, Rowe L, Barnett IT, Pinto AA, Collen T, Donaldson AI. The 1975 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Malta. II: The detection of carriers and inapparent infection. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1981; 137:381-7. [PMID: 7284744 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)31636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|