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Walsh P, Overmyer C, Hancock C, Heffner J, Walker N, Nguyen T, Shanholtzer L, Caldera E, Pusavat J, Mordechai E, Adelson ME, Iacono KT. Is the interpretation of rapid antigen testing for respiratory syncytial virus as simple as positive or negative? Emerg Med J 2013; 31:153-9. [PMID: 23964062 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the performance characteristics of an immunochromatographic rapid antigen test for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and determine how its interpretation should be contextualised in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with bronchiolitis. DESIGN Diagnostic accuracy study of a rapid RSV test. SETTING County hospital ED. INTERVENTION We took paired nasal samples from consecutively enrolled infants with bronchiolitis and tested them with a rapid immunochromatographic antigen test and reverse transcriptase PCR gold standard. OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity, specificity, the effect of point prevalence, clinical findings and overall context on predictive values. We used these to construct a graphical contextual model to show how the results of RSV antigen tests from infants presenting within 24 h should influence interpretation of subsequent antigen tests. RESULTS We analysed 607 patients. The sensitivity and specificity for immunochromatographic testing was 79.4% (95% CI 73.9% to 84.2%) and 67.1% (95% CI 61.9% to 72%) respectively. We found little evidence of spectrum bias. In our contextual model the best predictor of a positive RT-PCR test was a positive antigen test OR 5.47 (95% CI 3.65 to 8.18) and the number of other infants having positive tests within 24 h OR 1.48 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.72) per infant. Increasing numbers presenting to the ED with bronchiolitis in a given day increases the probability of RSV infection. CONCLUSIONS The RSV antigen test we examined had modest performance characteristics. The results of the antigen test should be interpreted in the context of the results of previous tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis, , Sacramento, California, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe what is currently known about the role of virus vaccines in the pathogenesis of asthma and atopy and summarize their role in the prevention of morbidity due to childhood asthma. RECENT FINDINGS The development of virus vaccines and their incorporation into infant and childhood immunization programmes over the last few decades of the twentieth century have been accompanied by a striking concomitant rise in the incidence of asthma and atopy. However, a causal relationship is not supported by the majority of observational studies. The role of childhood immunization against respiratory viruses in the reduction of morbidity from asthma is another important public health issue. Recent findings suggest that influenza is not strongly associated with exacerbations of asthma in children, despite recommendations that this group should be immunized against it. SUMMARY Current evidence suggests that virus vaccination is well tolerated and does not lead to an increased incidence of asthma or atopy in children receiving vaccines. Debate continues regarding the place of respiratory virus vaccination in the therapeutic armamentarium for children with asthma. In the case of influenza, there appears to be an absence of harm, but benefit seems to be limited to younger children.
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Murai H, Terada A, Mizuno M, Asai M, Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu S, Morishita T, Kakita H, Hussein MH, Ito T, Kato I, Asai K, Togari H. IL-10 and RANTES are elevated in nasopharyngeal secretions of children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Allergol Int 2007; 56:157-63. [PMID: 17460443 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-06-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes asthma-like symptoms in infants and young children. Although an increase in several mediators in the airway during RSV infection has been reported, the mechanisms involved in airway inflammation are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological deviation associated with airway inflammation by measuring cytokine and chemokine levels in the airway during RSV infection. METHODS One hundred and ten children under 3 years of age with respiratory symptoms were enrolled in this study from November 2004 through January 2005. Nasopharyngeal secretions (NPAs) were gently aspirated and analyzed with RSV antigen, thereafter the concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and RANTES were measured using an ELISA kit. We also investigated the prognosis of each child after 1 year by reference to clinical records or by interviews and re-evaluated the cytokine and chemokine levels. RESULTS Of the subjects, 70 children were RSV positive and 40 were negative. Only 4 children were given a diagnosis of asthma by the pediatrician when NPAs were collected. The levels of IL-4, IL-10, and RANTES were significantly higher in the RSV-positive patients than RSV-negative patients with P values at 0.0362, 0.0007, and 0.0047, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the levels of IFN-gamma. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between IL-10 and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS The increased production of IL-4, IL-10, and RANTES in the airway may play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Murai
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Aichi, Japan.
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Al-Shawwa B, Al-Huniti N, Abu-Hasan M. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis and Risk of Subsequent Wheezing: A Matter of Severity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/pai.2006.19.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Collins RA, Gualano RC, Zosky GR, Atkins CL, Turner DJ, Colasurdo GN, Sly PD. Hyperresponsiveness to inhaled but not intravenous methacholine during acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Respir Res 2005; 6:142. [PMID: 16324223 PMCID: PMC1325022 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To characterise the acute physiological and inflammatory changes induced by low-dose RSV infection in mice. Methods BALB/c mice were infected as adults (8 wk) or weanlings (3 wk) with 1 × 105 pfu of RSV A2 or vehicle (intranasal, 30 μl). Inflammation, cytokines and inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway and tissue responses to inhaled methacholine (MCh; 0.001 – 30 mg/ml) were measured 5, 7, 10 and 21 days post infection. Responsiveness to iv MCh (6 – 96 μg/min/kg) in vivo and to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and MCh in vitro were measured at 7 d. Epithelial permeability was measured by Evans Blue dye leakage into BALF at 7 d. Respiratory mechanics were measured using low frequency forced oscillation in tracheostomised and ventilated (450 bpm, flexiVent) mice. Low frequency impedance spectra were calculated (0.5 – 20 Hz) and a model, consisting of an airway compartment [airway resistance (Raw) and inertance (Iaw)] and a constant-phase tissue compartment [coefficients of tissue damping (G) and elastance (H)] was fitted to the data. Results Inflammation in adult mouse BALF peaked at 7 d (RSV 15.6 (4.7 SE) vs. control 3.7 (0.7) × 104 cells/ml; p < 0.001), resolving by 21 d, with no increase in weanlings at any timepoint. RSV-infected mice were hyperresponsive to aerosolised MCh at 5 and 7 d (PC200 Raw adults: RSV 0.02 (0.005) vs. control 1.1 (0.41) mg/ml; p = 0.003) (PC200 Raw weanlings: RSV 0.19 (0.12) vs. control 10.2 (6.0) mg/ml MCh; p = 0.001). Increased responsiveness to aerosolised MCh was matched by elevated levels of cysLT at 5 d and elevated VEGF and PGE2 at 7 d in BALF from both adult and weanling mice. Responsiveness was not increased in response to iv MCh in vivo or EFS or MCh challenge in vitro. Increased epithelial permeability was not detected at 7 d. Conclusion Infection with 1 × 105 pfu RSV induced extreme hyperresponsiveness to aerosolised MCh during the acute phase of infection in adult and weanling mice. The route-specificity of hyperresponsiveness suggests that epithelial mechanisms were important in determining the physiological effects. Inflammatory changes were dissociated from physiological changes, particularly in weanling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Collins
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
| | - Rosa C Gualano
- Department of Pharmacology, Co-Operative Research Centre (CRC) for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
| | - Constance L Atkins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center – Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Debra J Turner
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
| | - Giuseppe N Colasurdo
- Department of Pharmacology, Co-Operative Research Centre (CRC) for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia
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Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Laatikainen A, Waris M, Reijonen TM, Vainionpää R, Korppi M. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children hospitalized for wheezing: virus-specific studies from infancy to preschool years. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94:159-65. [PMID: 15981748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in early childhood is associated with later asthma, and to evaluate a new diagnostic test for RSV, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), comparing it to the antigen and antibody assays initially used in RSV diagnostics in the present cohort. METHODS At the start of the study in 1992-1993, RSV was studied by antigen detection (using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay) and complement-fixing antibody assay. Advances in methodology allowed us to supplement RSV studies by RT-PCR in frozen nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained on admission, and by specific IgG antibodies (using enzyme immunoassay) in frozen serum samples obtained during the follow-up. RESULTS On admission, 29 of the 100 children hospitalized for wheezing at <2 y of age were RSV positive. When compared with conventional methods, the sensitivity of RT-PCR was 83% (100% w.r.t. antigen detection) and its specificity was 92% in diagnosing RSV infection. RSV-specific IgG antibody concentrations rose with age, but were not predictive of asthma at any age. In the present cohort, wheezing without RSV was particularly associated with increased risk for later childhood asthma. CONCLUSION Hospitalization for wheezing in infancy is associated with increased risk for later childhood asthma, particularly in children without RSV infection on admission, although children with RSV have also slightly increased risk for later asthma. However, mere serological evidence of RSV infection is not associated with the development of asthma. In addition to RSV, more attention should be paid to less virulent agents in order to find those wheezing infants who are at particular risk of later childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kotaniemi-Syrjänen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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van Benten I, Koopman L, Niesters B, Hop W, van Middelkoop B, de Waal L, van Drunen K, Osterhaus A, Neijens H, Fokkens W. Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14:363-70. [PMID: 14641606 PMCID: PMC7168036 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections in infancy may protect against developing Th2-mediated allergic disease (hygiene hypothesis). To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty-six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0- to 2-year-old infants ( approximately 40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus ( approximately 20%) and coronavirus ( approximately 10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day-care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast-feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inesz van Benten
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sigurs N. Epidemiologic and clinical evidence of a respiratory syncytial virus-reactive airway disease link. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:S2-6. [PMID: 11254543 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.supplement_1.2011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Sigurs
- Department of Pediatrics, Borås Central Hospital, Borås, Sweden.
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Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1501-7. [PMID: 10806145 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9906076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 745] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported an increased risk for bronchial obstructive disease and allergic sensitization up to age 3 in 47 children hospitalized with a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy compared with 93 matched control subjects recruited during infancy. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the occurrences of bronchial obstructive disease and allergic sensitization in these children at age 7(1)/ (2). All 140 children reported for the follow-up, which included physical examination, skin prick tests, and serum IgE tests for common food and inhaled allergens. The cumulative prevalence of asthma was 30% in the RSV group and 3% in the control group (p < 0.001), and the cumulative prevalence of "any wheezing" was 68% and 34%, respectively (p < 0.001). Asthma during the year prior to follow-up was seen in 23% of the RSV children and 2% in the control subjects (p < 0.001). Allergic sensitization was found in 41% of the RSV children and 22% of the control subjects (p = 0.039). Multivariate evaluation of possible risk factors for asthma and sensitization using a stepwise logistic statistical procedure for all 140 children showed that RSV bronchiolitis had the highest independent risk ratio for asthma (OR: 12.7, 95% CI 3.4 to 47.1) and a significantly elevated independent risk ratio for allergic sensitization (OR: 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.5). In conclusion, RSV bronchiolitis in infancy severe enough to cause hospitalization was highly associatied with the development of asthma and allergic sensitization up to age 7(1)/ (2). The results support the theory that the RSV influences the mechanisms involved in the development of asthma and allergy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sigurs
- Department of Pediatrics, Borâs Central Hospital, Borâs, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ruuskanen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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11
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Harsten G, Prellner K, Löfgren B, Kalm O. Serum antibodies against respiratory tract viruses in episodes of acute otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105:337-40. [PMID: 1645761 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100115920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the findings of epidemiological studies have suggested viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) to be crucially involved in the development of acute otitis media (AOM), the relationship between AOM and viral RTI remains unclear. Serum samples, obtained in the acute and convalescent phases of 57 AOM episodes (in 35 children during the first three years of life) were analysed for IgG antibodies against influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses, parainfluenza virus type 1, respiratory syncytial virus and adenoviruses. One third of the AOM episodes (18/57) could be related to viral RTI, as evidenced by significant increases in viral serum antibody activity. Treatment failure occurred in four AOM episodes where increases in serum viral antibody activity were noted. In three of these failures, antibiotic treatment was unsuccessful despite the bacterial strains not being resistant to the drug used. This suggests that concomitant viral infection may be a determinant of treatment outcome in some AOM episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harsten
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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