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Ortíz-Domínguez GA, Marin-Tun CG, Torres-Fajardo RA, González-Pech PG, Capetillo-Leal CM, Torres-Acosta JFDJ, Ventura-Cordero J, Sandoval-Castro CA. Selection of Forage Resources by Juvenile Goats in a Cafeteria Trial: Effect of Browsing Experience, Nutrient and Secondary Compound Content. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101317. [PMID: 35625163 PMCID: PMC9137546 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Grazing/browsing goats ingest a diverse diet selected from the forage resources available in the range/paddock intending to meet their nutritional requirements. Intake and selection of any given forage can be modified by several factors, such as its nutrient content, including secondary compounds, as well as its biomass availability in the environment. The animal’s previous browsing experience can also be an important factor driving intake and selection. Therefore, the present study evaluated all these factors as well as their interaction. The results showed that the goats’ browsing experience guided the selection and intake towards those forage resources of better nutritional quality when there was no restriction in forage supply, as is the case for cafeteria trials. Goats with browsing experience showed their ability to limit secondary compounds and optimize their selection and intake for plants with better digestibility. This cafeteria protocol made it possible to identify the selection and consumption pattern of plant species with limited availability in the natural vegetation. This methodology could help identifying the forage resources that may be useful for small ruminant feeding, versus those resources that are not consumed by goats despite having a suitable chemical composition and in vitro digestibility or a high abundance. Abstract We evaluated the effect of browsing experience, nutritional quality and secondary compounds of forage resources, and the interaction between these factors on the selection and intake of goats in a cafeteria trial. Twelve juvenile Criollo goats from 7 to 9 months of age, weighing 22 ± 3 kg, were divided into two groups: (a) browser goats group (n = 6, BG), and (b) naïve goats group (n = 6, NG), formed according to their previous browsing experience (with and without, respectively). Animals were housed in individual pens. The cafeteria experiment lasted 21 days considering pen adaptation, foliage adaptation, and measurements, which included the selection index (SI) of experimental forage resources (Chesson’s alpha) and their dry matter intake (DMI/Kg0.75), using a multiple Latin square design. Furthermore, correlation and regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the aforementioned factors. The NG did not show any selection pattern, while the BG selected Piscidia piscipula and Senegalia gaumeri (p = 0.0002). The BG consumed smaller amounts of secondary compounds compared to NG (p = 0.0001). In the BG, the flavonoids affected negatively their selection (R2 = 97.51, p = 0.0001), while the DMI was affected by in vitro DM digestibility and flavonoids (R2 = 99.85; p = 0.0001). For the NG, the crude protein and organic matter contents were associated with DMI, but none had a significant relationship with SI. The BG selected and consumed forages with suitable nutritional quality avoiding those with high content of secondary compounds such as flavonoids. Conversely, NG did not show a clear pattern for their selection or intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Andrés Ortíz-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
| | - Cindy Goretti Marin-Tun
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
| | - Rafael Arturo Torres-Fajardo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
| | - Pedro Geraldo González-Pech
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
| | - Concepción Manuela Capetillo-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
| | - Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
| | - Javier Ventura-Cordero
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5BL, UK;
| | - Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil km 15.5, Merida 97315, Mexico; (G.A.O.-D.); (C.G.M.-T.); (R.A.T.-F.); (P.G.G.-P.); (C.M.C.-L.); (J.F.d.J.T.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-999-942-3200
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Kompiš M, Ballová ZK. The influence of preferred habitat and daily range of the European hare on its contamination by heavy metals: a case study from the West Carpathians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52093-52105. [PMID: 34002308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Spišská Magura mountain range, located in the Middle Spiš, is one of the regions in Slovakia most contaminated by heavy metals resulting from mining and smelting activities. Heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements have accumulated in mountain areas via atmospheric transport. The influence of the daily range size of the European hare on its contamination by heavy metals was investigated in three habitat types (forest, woodland edge, meadow) in the Spišská Magura mountain range in the West Carpathians. Individual hares (n = 21) were traced and located by GPS following snowfall. Pair samples of their faeces (n = 64) and food (n = 64) were collected from feeding sites. The maps created were used for determination of the size of the daily range as being small or large. All hares that have a small daily range avoid meadows and open spaces due to the higher predation risk. However, individuals with a large daily range feed in all habitats, including meadows. Hares with a small daily range in a forest habitat ingested higher amounts of bio-elements Ca, Cr, S, and Mn as well as higher amounts of heavy metals Ba and Pb than hares with a large daily range. Moreover, dominant hares with a small daily range, with access to abundant food sources in a forest habitat, may gradually take on higher levels of bio-elements including heavy metals that are present in their food source. In contrast, in the woodland edge, hares with a small daily range had a smaller concentration of Ca, Cr, Mn, S, Ba, and Pb compared to hares with a large daily range. Caecotrophy plays a very significant role as far as the intake of nutrients and other elements is concerned. We found significant dependence between concentrations of the elements Cr, S, Ba, Pb, and Cd in the food of European hares and in their faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kompiš
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Javorina 7, SK-05956, Tatranská, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kompišová Ballová
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Javorina 7, SK-05956, Tatranská, Slovakia.
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Preference study of four alternative silage fodders from the Mediterranean region in Murciano-Granadina goats. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Catanese F, Fernández P, Villalba JJ, Distel RA. The physiological consequences of ingesting a toxic plant (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) influence subsequent foraging decisions by sheep (Ovis aries). Physiol Behav 2016; 167:238-247. [PMID: 27650920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxins and nutrients interact and define herbivores' experiences with toxic plants. However, there are still open questions about the mechanisms by which nutrient-toxin interactions affect experience and as a consequence foraging decisions by consumers. This study provides a deeper insight into such mechanisms by using supplemental nutrients, a toxic plant typically avoided by herbivores (wild rocket; Diplotaxis tenuifolia), and a small ruminant (sheep; Ovis aries) as models. Thirty-six sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments (n=9) where animals consumed: wild rocket ("DT"), wild rocket followed by a protein supplement ("DT+P"), wild rocket followed by a protein supplement+a mineral supplement containing iodine and copper ("DT+P+M"), or alfalfa pellets in amounts that paired the ingestion of wild rocket by DT ("CTRL"). Towards the end of the phase of exposure (day 35), DT showed the lowest intake of wild rocket, as well as reduced levels of plasma thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), alanine aminotransferase, and a trend towards reduced hemoglobin relative to DT+P and DT+P+M. Total concentration of serum proteins and albumins were greater in sheep fed the protein supplements, which have probably elicited a protective effect on toxin ingestion. Foraging behavior was then evaluated in an experimental arena where animals could select among randomly distributed buckets containing a fixed amount of wild rocket or variable amounts of barley grain (a preferred food). Regardless of barley grain availability, DT showed lower intake and lower times spent eating wild rocket than DT+P and DT+P+M. Unexpectedly, CTRL (without previous experience with wild rocket) ingested amounts of wild rocket comparable to those observed by DT+P and DT+P+M. A negative feeding experience with wild rocket is needed for animals to display the typical pattern of aversion commonly observed in grazing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Catanese
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - P Fernández
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J J Villalba
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - R A Distel
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Quantifying the response of free-ranging mammalian herbivores to the interplay between plant defense and nutrient concentrations. Oecologia 2014; 175:1167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mancilla-Leytón J, Vicente AM, Delgado-Pertíñez M. Summer diet selection of dairy goats grazing in a Mediterranean shrubland and the quality of secreted fat. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Selection of browse species and energy balance of goats grazing on forest understory vegetation in Doñana Natural Park (SW Spain). Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Meier JS, Kreuzer M, Marquardt S. Design and methodology of choice feeding experiments with ruminant livestock. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Habitat use and selection by the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna, Camelidae) during summer and winter in the High Andean Puna of Argentina. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Norscia I, Ramanamanjato JB, Ganzhorn JU. Feeding Patterns and Dietary Profile of Nocturnal Southern Woolly Lemurs (Avahi meridionalis) in Southeast Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Lamy E, Rawel H, Schweigert FJ, Capela e Silva F, Ferreira A, Costa AR, Antunes C, Almeida AM, Coelho AV, Sales-Baptista E. The effect of tannins on Mediterranean ruminant ingestive behavior: the role of the oral cavity. Molecules 2011; 16:2766-84. [PMID: 21441875 PMCID: PMC6260606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16042766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep, cattle and goat are domestic ruminants of significant economic interest in the Mediterranean region. Although sharing the same pasture ranges, they ingest different plants and plant parts and, consequently different levels of tannins. This suggests an ability to detect and adapt ingestion according to animal physiological limits of tolerance for plant secondary metabolites. This review will detail the effects of dietary tannins on feeding behavior, and the role of the oral cavity in this process, with focus on such ruminant species. The role of salivary protein profile in tannin perception in the oral cavity, and as a defense mechanism, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lamy
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril (ESHTE), Estoril, Portugal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Harshadrai Rawel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal (OT Bergholz-Rehbrücke), Germany; E-Mails: (H.R.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Florian J. Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal (OT Bergholz-Rehbrücke), Germany; E-Mails: (H.R.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Fernando Capela e Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Rodrigues Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Célia Antunes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNBC), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - André Martinho Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT) & CIISA – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal. CVZ - Centro de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB/UNL), Oeiras, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB/UNL), Oeiras, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Elvira Sales-Baptista
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
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Alonso-Díaz M, Torres-Acosta J, Sandoval-Castro C, Hoste H, Aguilar-Caballero A, Capetillo-Leal C. Sheep preference for different tanniniferous tree fodders and its relationship with in vitro gas production and digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Turunen M, Soppela P, Kinnunen H, Sutinen ML, Martz F. Does climate change influence the availability and quality of reindeer forage plants? Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baraza E, Hódar JA, Zamora R. Consequences of plant–chemical diversity for domestic goat food preference in Mediterranean forests. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Is goats’ preference of forage trees affected by their tannin or fiber content when offered in cafeteria experiments? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jansen DA, van Langevelde F, de Boer WF, Kirkman KP. Optimisation or satiation, testing diet selection rules in goats. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Norscia I, Carrai V, Borgognini-Tarli SM. Influence of Dry Season and Food Quality and Quantity on Behavior and Feeding Strategy of Propithecus verreauxi in Kirindy, Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-006-9056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yearsley JM, Kyriazakis I, Gordon IJ, Johnston SL, Speakman JR, Tolkamp BJ, Illius AW. A life history model of somatic damage associated with resource acquisition: damage protection or prevention? J Theor Biol 2005; 235:305-17. [PMID: 15882693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A resource acquisition-allocation model is developed to examine the trade-off between reproduction and somatic protection. Unlike previous studies, resource intake is not assumed to be constrained: instead, resource intake is free to vary, with increased intake being associated with an increased risk of somatic damage. This gives rise to an optimal resource intake as well as an optimal allocation strategy. This paper studies the relative importance of acquisition and allocation strategies in regulating acquisition-related mortality. Under the optimal allocation strategy mortality rate increases with age, in accordance with the disposable soma theory of aging. Contrary to the usual interpretation of the disposable soma theory, this increase in mortality can arise from an increase in the resource acquisition effort rather than a decrease in the resources allocated to protection. At early ages resource acquisition is found to be the primary path for regulating life history costs, whilst allocating resources to protection becomes more important later in life. Models for targeted and non-targeted damage repair are considered and the robustness of our results to the structure and parameterization of the model is discussed. The results from our models are discussed in light of published data. Resource acquisition is shown to be a potentially important mechanism for controlling somatic damage which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E Finch
- Andrus Gerontology Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Yearsley J, Hastings IM, Gordon IJ, Kyriazakis I, Illius AW. A lifetime perspective on foraging and mortality. J Theor Biol 2002; 215:385-97. [PMID: 12069483 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2002.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food intake carries many potential risks which may impair an animal's reproductive success not only in the current breeding cycle, but also for the rest of its lifetime. We examine the lifetime trade-off between the costs and benefits of food intake by presenting a simple animal foraging model, where each unit of food eaten carries with it a risk of mortality. We show that the optimal food intake rate over an animal's lifetime, for both semelparous and iteroparous animals, is not maximal. Instead, animals are required to strike a balance between the immediate reproductive benefits of gathering food and the future reproductive costs incurred by the food's mortality risk. This balance depends upon the lifespan of the animal as well as the nature of the risk. Different mortality risks are compared and it is shown that a mortality risk per unit time spent foraging is not, in general, equivalent to a mortality risk per unit of food consumed. The results suggest that a mortality risk per unit of food consumed, such as that presented by the presence of a toxin or of a parasite in the diet, has important consequences for feeding behaviour and is a possible factor involved in food intake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yearsley
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
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