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Smith D, King R, Allen BL. Impacts of exclusion fencing on target and non-target fauna: a global review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1590-1606. [PMID: 32725786 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exclusion fencing is a common tool used to mitigate a variety of unwanted economic losses caused by problematic wildlife. While the potential for agricultural, ecological and economic benefits of pest animal exclusion are often apparent, what is less clear are the costs and benefits to sympatric non-target wildlife. This review examines the use of exclusion fencing in a variety of situations around the world to elucidate the potential outcomes of such fencing for wildlife and apply this knowledge to the recent uptake of exclusion fencing on livestock properties in the Australian rangelands. In Australia, exclusion fences are used to eliminate dingo (Canis familiaris dingo) predation on livestock, prevent crop-raiding by emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), and enable greater control over total grazing pressure through the reduction of macropods (Macropodidae) and feral goats (Capra hircus). A total of 208 journal articles were examined for location, a broad grouping of fence type, and the reported effects the fence was having on the study species. We found 51% of the literature solely discusses intended fencing effects, 42% discusses unintended effects, and only 7% considers both. Africa has the highest proportion of unintended effects literature (52.0%) and Australia has the largest proportion of literature on intended effects (34.2%). We highlight the potential for exclusion fencing to have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others (such as predator exclusion fencing posing a barrier to migration of other species), which remain largely unaddressed in current exclusion fencing systems. From this review we were able to identify where and how mitigation strategies have been successfully used in the past. Harnessing the potential benefits of exclusion fencing while avoiding the otherwise likely costs to both target and non-target species will require more careful consideration than this issue has previously been afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane Smith
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Rachel King
- University of Southern Queensland, School of Sciences, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6034, South Africa
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Sobratee N, Slotow R. A Critical Review of Lion Research in South Africa: The Impact of Researcher Perspective, Research Mode, and Power Structures on Outcome Bias and Implementation Gaps. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mweetwa T, Christianson D, Becker M, Creel S, Rosenblatt E, Merkle J, Dröge E, Mwape H, Masonde J, Simpamba T. Quantifying lion (Panthera leo) demographic response following a three-year moratorium on trophy hunting. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197030. [PMID: 29782514 PMCID: PMC5962075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors that limit African lion populations are manifold and well-recognized, but their relative demographic effects remain poorly understood, particularly trophy hunting near protected areas. We identified and monitored 386 individual lions within and around South Luangwa National Park, Zambia, for five years (2008-2012) with trophy hunting and for three additional years (2013-2015) during a hunting moratorium. We used these data with mark-resight models to estimate the effects of hunting on lion survival, recruitment, and abundance. The best survival models, accounting for imperfect detection, revealed strong positive effects of the moratorium, with survival increasing by 17.1 and 14.0 percentage points in subadult and adult males, respectively. Smaller effects on adult female survival and positive effects on cub survival were also detected. The sex-ratio of cubs shifted from unbiased during trophy-hunting to female-biased during the moratorium. Closed mark-recapture models revealed a large increase in lion abundance during the hunting moratorium, from 116 lions in 2012 immediately preceding the moratorium to 209 lions in the last year of the moratorium. More cubs were produced each year of the moratorium than in any year with trophy hunting. Lion demographics shifted from a male-depleted population consisting mostly of adult (≥4 years) females to a younger population with more (>29%) adult males. These data show that the three-year moratorium was effective at growing the Luangwa lion population and increasing the number of adult males. The results suggest that moratoria may be an effective tool for improving the sustainability of lion trophy hunting, particularly where systematic monitoring, conservative quotas, and age-based harvesting are difficult to enforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandiwe Mweetwa
- Zambian Carnivore Programme, Eastern Province, Mfuwe, Zambia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Christianson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matt Becker
- Zambian Carnivore Programme, Eastern Province, Mfuwe, Zambia
| | - Scott Creel
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Elias Rosenblatt
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | | | - Egil Dröge
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Tubney, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Mwape
- Zambian Carnivore Programme, Eastern Province, Mfuwe, Zambia
| | - Jones Masonde
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia
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Snyman A, Raynor E, Chizinski C, Powell L, Carroll J. African Lion (Panthera leo) Space Use in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3957/056.048.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Snyman
- Mashatu Research, Northern Tuli Game Reserve, P.O. Box 26, Lentswe Le Moriti, Botswana
| | - Edward Raynor
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Chris Chizinski
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Larkin Powell
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - John Carroll
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Spatial variation in anthropogenic mortality induces a source–sink system in a hunted mesopredator. Oecologia 2018; 186:939-951. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Satterfield LC, Thompson JJ, Snyman A, Candelario L, Rode B, Carroll JP. Estimating Occurrence and Detectability of a Carnivore Community in Eastern Botswana using Baited Camera Traps. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3957/056.047.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Satterfield
- University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey J. Thompson
- Guyra Paraguay, Parque Ecológico Asunción Verde, Avda, Carlos Bóveda, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Andrei Snyman
- Northern Tuli Predator Project, Mashatu Private Game Reserve, Northern Tuli, P.O. Box 26, Lentswe Le Moriti, Botswana
| | - Luis Candelario
- University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Brian Rode
- BC Field Guide Services (Pty) Ltd., Private Bag X3008, Suite 75, Hoedspruit, 1380 South Africa
| | - John P. Carroll
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources, 3310 Holdrege St., P.O. Box 830989, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Groom RJ, Lannas K, Jackson CR. The impact of lions on the demography and ecology of endangered African wild dogs. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Groom
- Department of Zoology; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
- African Wildlife Conservation Fund; Chishakwe Ranch; Savé Valley Conservancy Bikita Zimbabwe
| | - K. Lannas
- African Wildlife Conservation Fund; Chishakwe Ranch; Savé Valley Conservancy Bikita Zimbabwe
| | - C. R. Jackson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA); Trondheim Norway
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SURVEILLANCE FOR VIRAL AND PARASITIC PATHOGENS IN A VULNERABLE AFRICAN LION (PANTHERA LEO) POPULATION IN THE NORTHERN TULI GAME RESERVE, BOTSWANA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 53:54-61. [PMID: 27669009 DOI: 10.7589/2015-09-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
African lion ( Panthera leo ) numbers are decreasing rapidly and populations are becoming smaller and more fragmented. Infectious diseases are one of numerous issues threatening free-ranging lion populations, and low-density populations are particularly at risk. We collected data on the prevalence and diversity of viral and parasitic pathogens in a small lion population in eastern Botswana. During 2012 and 2014, blood samples were collected from 59% (n=13) of the adult-subadult lions in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve in eastern Botswana. One lion had antibodies to feline panleukopenia virus, two had antibodies to canine distemper virus, and two had feline calicivirus antibodies. Ten of the 13 had antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus and 11 had feline herpesvirus antibodies. All lions were negative for antibodies to feline coronavirus. Blood samples from all lions were negative for Trypanosoma, Anaplasma, Theileria, and Ehrlichia spp. by molecular testing; however, all lions were positive for Babesia spp. by reverse line blot hybridization assay. Sequencing of amplicons from four lions revealed four groups of Babesia spp. including several genetic variants of Babesia felis , Babesia lengau, and Babesia canis and a group of novel Babesia sequences which were only 96% similar to other Babesia spp. Six lions were infested with four species of ticks (Rhipicentor nuttalli, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus sulcatus, and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). These data provide the first health assessment of this population and can be used to identify management and conservation strategies to decrease the impact of pathogens on this population. This is particularly important as there is an initiative to incorporate this population into a larger metapopulation of lions from adjacent South Africa and Zimbabwe.
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Minnie L, Gaylard A, Kerley GIH. Compensatory life-history responses of a mesopredator may undermine carnivore management efforts. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liaan Minnie
- Department of Zoology; Centre for African Conservation Ecology; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; PO Box 77000 6031 Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Angela Gaylard
- Scientific Services Division; South African National Parks; PO Bo 2780 Knysna 6570 South Africa
| | - Graham I. H. Kerley
- Department of Zoology; Centre for African Conservation Ecology; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; PO Box 77000 6031 Eastern Cape South Africa
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