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Hernández-Orts JS, Scholz T, Brabec J, Kuzmina T, Kuchta R. Does the number of genital organs matter? Case of the seal tapeworm Diphyllobothrium (syn. Diplogonoporus) tetrapterum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The seal tapeworm Diphyllobothrium tetrapterum (von Siebold, 1848) Baer, 1932 (syn. Diplogonoporus tetrapterus) is exceptional among cestodes because it possesses two types of the strobila, one with a multiple set of genitalia per proglottid and another with a single set of reproductive organs per proglottid. In this study, Diph. tetrapterum is redescribed on the basis of extensive, well-fixed material from the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Alaska, USA. A critical morphological and molecular study of comprehensive material from several hosts throughout the Northern Hemisphere is provided. As a result, Diplogonoporus mutabilis Belopolskaia, 1960 and Diplogonoporus violettae Yurakhno, 1986 become junior synonyms of Diph. tetrapterum. Our study provides evidence of intraspecific and even individual variability of Diph. tetrapterum in the number of genital complexes, thus making this generic feature questionable for circumscription of the diphyllobothriid genera. The seal tapeworm has been found exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere and exhibits a wide (euryxenous) specificity at the level of the definitive host, having been found in a number of seals, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758)), and exceptionally, in other terrestrial mammals. Plerocercoids of Diph. tetrapterum are reported from the second (fish) intermediate host for the first time, in this case the pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) from Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús S. Hernández-Orts
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni, Güemes 1030, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brabec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kuzmina
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, 15, Bogdana Khmelnytskogo Street, 01030, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Hernández-Orts JS, Scholz T, Brabec J, Kuzmina T, Kuchta R. High morphological plasticity and global geographical distribution of the Pacific broad tapeworm Adenocephalus pacificus (syn. Diphyllobothrium pacificum): molecular and morphological survey. Acta Trop 2015; 149:168-78. [PMID: 26001974 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most important causative agent of human diphyllobothriosis in South America, Diphyllobothrium pacificum, is transferred to the original genus Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931; revised and redescribed on the basis of the evaluation of an extensive material collected mainly from northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, from St. Paul Island, Alaska. Detailed analysis of morphological and morphometrical data shows a high variability in most of the characteristics traditionally used in diagnosis of diphyllobothriid tapeworms. Phylogenetic analyses based on newly characterised sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA genes consistently reveal Adenocephalus pacificus as a sister lineage to the clade formed of the remaining Diphyllobothrium species and other genera (Digramma, Diplogonoporus, Ligula). Despite the generally similar morphology, A. pacificus can be differentiated from the closely related taxa in the presence of transverse papilla-like tegumental protuberances distributed anteriorly, separated by narrow semicircular grooves on the ventral surface of proglottids between their anterior margin and the anterior edge of the male gonopore, and relatively small eggs. A. pacificus displays a relatively low host specificity (found in 9 of 16 otariids, and in accidental hosts such as man, dog and jackal, the latter representing a new host) and a uniquely wide geographical distribution on both hemispheres. In addition, suitability of morphological criteria used in diagnostics of diphyllobothriid cestodes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Servando Hernández-Orts
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brabec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kuzmina
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, vul. B. Khmelnyts'kogo, 15, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Kuzmina TA, Hernández-Orts JS, Lyons ET, Spraker TR, Kornyushyn VV, Kuchta R. The cestode community in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:256-63. [PMID: 26101743 PMCID: PMC4468367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three species of cestodes were found in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Prevalence and intensity of cestodes collected from five haul-outs were studied. Ecology and maturity of cestodes were analyzed.
The diversity and ecology of cestodes from the northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus (NFS), were examined using newly collected material from 756 humanely harvested subadult males between 2011 and 2014. NFSs were collected from five different haul-outs on St. Paul Island, Alaska. A total of 14,660 tapeworms were collected with a prevalence of 98.5% and intensity up to 107 cestodes per host (mean intensity 19.7 ± 16.5 SD). Three species of tapeworms were found: Adenocephalus pacificus (Diphyllobothriidea) was the most prevalent (prevalence 97.4%), followed by Diplogonoporus tetrapterus (49.7%), and 5 immature specimens of Anophryocephalus cf. ochotensis (Tetrabothriidea) (0.5%). Most of the cestodes found in the NFS were immature (69.7%). However, only 0.9% of cestodes were in larval (plerocercoid) stages. The species composition, prevalence and intensity of cestodes from these NFSs were not statistically different between the five separate haul-outs. Significant increases in the intensity of NFS infections were observed during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana A Kuzmina
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, vul. B. Khmelnyts'kogo, 15, Kiev 01601, Ukraine
| | - Jesús S Hernández-Orts
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal CP 04510, México ; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Eugene T Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Terry R Spraker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Vadym V Kornyushyn
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, vul. B. Khmelnyts'kogo, 15, Kiev 01601, Ukraine
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
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Researches on Pseudophyllidea (Carus, 1813) in the south of Chile. IV Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzch). J Helminthol 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00026833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTExperimental infections were established with Diphyllobothrium sp. plerocercoids obtained from Salmo gairdneri. a fish introduced at the beginning of the 1900s in the lake region of Chile. These permitted us to obtain adult parasites in Larus dominicanus and Canis familiaris.The histological features of the plerocercoids, their relation to the host, adult pattern and susceptibility of hosts allowed us to determine the presence of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzch) for the first time in South America in the lacustrine region of southern Chile.It is believed that this cestode was introduced to this ecosystem by infected persons travelling from North America or Europe or, alternatively, brought by migratory birds, e.g., Sterna hirundo, S. paradisea or Larus pipixcan on their winter visits to South America.
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Saksvik M, Nylund A, Nilsen F, Hodneland K. Experimental infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with marine Eubothrium sp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea): observations on the life cycle, aspects of development and growth of the parasite. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2002; 48:118-26. [PMID: 11437125 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2001.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of marine Eubothrium sp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was experimentally completed in one year and included only one intermediate host (Acartia tonsa Dana) (Copepoda: Calanoida). Adult cestodes were collected from farmed salmon, and ripe eggs released by the cestodes were fed to Acartia tonsa. Ingested eggs hatched in the gut and the larvae developed in the haemocoel of the copepod for 15 days at 16 degrees C. A total of 170 seawater-reared salmon were exposed to infected copepods and the total prevalence of Eubothrium sp. in the salmon after infection was 95.3%, with a mean intensity of 15.0 (range 1-87). The infected salmon were kept in the laboratory where the growth of the cestodes was studied for eleven months. Mean length of the cestodes increased with time, but a large variation among the cestodes was observed. Growth and maturation of the cestodes were dependent on host size and the number of worms present in the intestine. No evidence of mortality of Eubothrium sp. was observed during the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saksvik
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Yamane Y, Bylund G, Abe K, Fukumoto S, Yazaki S. Early development of four Diphyllobothrium species in the final host. Parasitol Res 1988; 74:463-8. [PMID: 3413043 DOI: 10.1007/bf00535147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The early development of four Diphyllobothrium species, D. latum, D. dendriticum, D. ditremum, and D. vogeli, are described. D. latum sheds the entire larval body easily and shows a high shedding rate of 82.1% on average. On the other hand, D. dendriticum exhibits a different developmental pattern, with a low shedding rate of 8.7% in the hamster and a high shedding rate of 34.9% in the rat. D. ditremum is difficult to recover from hamsters but shows a high shedding rate of 42.9%. D. vogeli shows a constant recovery rate of 38.3% without shedding. The species specificity of these four diphyllobothriids is discussed briefly in relation to the early developmental pattern and the growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamane
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan
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Abstract
The larval output of Angiostrongylus cantonensis at different initial densities in rats was examined throughout the reproductive life-span of the worms using a modified dilution technique. With an initial density of 2 worms the mean duration of larval output was 414.2 days. The output was at a level above 50000 larvae/female/day from 15 to 45 weeks after infection. The mean total output was 18.9 X 10(6) larvae/female. The larval output/female decreased with an increase in the worm burden and also with the passage of time after infection. The longevity of host rats also decreased with increasing worm density and many of the heavily infected rats died early during infection. These results suggest that worm density has an effect on the fecundity of this parasite, and that the effects may be due to fibrous changes in host lung tissue but not changes in the physiology of the worms. It is also suggested that density-dependent effects on fecundity play a role in the population dynamics of both the parasite and host as regulatory mechanisms in the field.
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Kumazawa H, Suzuki N. Kinetics of proglottid formation, maturation and shedding during development of Hymenolepis nana. Parasitology 1983; 86 (Pt 2):275-89. [PMID: 6856332 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth of Hymenolepis nana in mice is analysed by identifying designated stages of proglottid maturation in the strobila, and by determining the numbers of proglottids between them and the posterior terminus of the worm, as a function of time after cysticercoid infection. The proglottid maturation rate was fairly constant between stage A (onset of the somatic primordium formation) and stage B (first appearance of sperms in the seminal vesicle), but gradually fell after stage B, during pre-patent development of the worm. The actual rate of proglottization during this period coincided well with that estimated from the number of proglottids between stages A and B on an assumption of a certain maturation rate. This procedure is extended to estimate the rates of proglottid formation and shedding during later development. It is deduced that the absolute rate of proglottization increases until day 12, gradually decreasing afterwards, and that from 2300 to 2800 proglottids are shed by day 20, until which from 4000 to 4500 proglottids have passed stage A. It is shown that the proportionate increase of the gravid region in older worms depends not only on a decrease in the rate of proglottization, but also on the prolonged period during which proglottids stay in the strobila.
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Abstract
The regulation of helminth populations tends to occur primarily as a result of limitations imposed on the build up of parasite subpopulations within individual hosts (Anderson & May, 1979; May & Anderson, 1979). Considering the relevance of these factors to the success or otherwise of intestinal helminth control programmes, it is perhaps surprising that more information is not yet available concerning the particular mechanisms which may be responsible, and in particular, the population consequences of the immune responses which such parasites may precipitate. Density-dependence in a single rate parameter, if operative over the naturally observed numerical range, is sufficient to regulate parasite population flow throughout the life-cycle, whether direct or indirect (Anderson, 1976). For the genera given in Table 1, this could be provided by the observed pattern of parasite mortality and/or fecundity. It is of interest to note, however, that circumstantial evidence cited in the Table suggests that each of the 6 genera is also potentially able to induce host mortality under certain conditions. Whether this acts in a density-dependent manner in natural infections is almost entirely unknown. Rapid reproduction may be of great selective advantage to intestinal helminths, even if it is necessarily accompanied by pathogenicity (see Anderson, 1981). If the manner in which this pathogenicity acts in any way enhances the stability of the host-parasite interaction, then perhaps it may have contributed to the selection pressures which have led so many genera to continue to break the rules of the ‘well-adapted’ parasite (see, for example, Noble & Noble, 1971).
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Parmeter S, Heath D, Twaalfhoven H. Effect of population density on growth and development of Taenia hydatigena in dogs. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gustafsson MKS, Vaihela B. Two types of frontal glands inDiphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) and their fate during the maturation of the worm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00925721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Andersen K. The development of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum (L. 1756) (Cestoda; Pseudophyllidea) in its definitive hosts, with special references to the growth patterns of D. dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1827). Parasitology 1978; 77:111-20. [PMID: 756522 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000048770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When Diphyllobothrium latum develops from larva to adult in a definitive host, it first sheds the entire larval 'body' before growth of an adult strobila starts. This process of shedding off the entire larval abothrial extremity, piece by piece, takes about 48 h. By this time the larva has usually reached the anterior third of the small intestine of the host. D. dendriticum and D. ditremum develop quite differently, although exhibiting similar anterior migrations. In these two species the larvae develop directly into adults without the larval 'body' first being shed. The implications of the observed differences in growth pattern between these three species of Diphyllobothrium to the classification of diphyllobothriid cestodes is discussed briefly.
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Andersen K. Comparison of surface topography of three species of Diphyllobothrium (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) by scanning electron microscopy. Int J Parasitol 1975; 5:293-300. [PMID: 1126784 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(75)90077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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