1
|
Fonti N, Parisi F, Mancianti F, Freer G, Poli A. Cancerogenic parasites in veterinary medicine: a narrative literature review. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:45. [PMID: 37496079 PMCID: PMC10373346 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infection is one of the many environmental factors that can significantly contribute to carcinogenesis and is already known to be associated with a variety of malignancies in both human and veterinary medicine. However, the actual number of cancerogenic parasites and their relationship to tumor development is far from being fully understood, especially in veterinary medicine. Thus, the aim of this review is to investigate parasite-related cancers in domestic and wild animals and their burden in veterinary oncology. Spontaneous neoplasia with ascertained or putative parasite etiology in domestic and wild animals will be reviewed, and the multifarious mechanisms of protozoan and metazoan cancer induction will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romeo C, Piscitelli AP, Santicchia F, Martinoli A, Ferrari N, Wauters LA. Invading parasites: spillover of an alien nematode reduces survival in a native species. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is widely assumed that spillover of alien parasites to native host species severely impacts naïve populations, ultimately conferring a competitive advantage to invading hosts that introduced them. Despite such host-switching events occurring in biological invasions, studies demonstrating the impact of alien macroparasites on native animal hosts are surprisingly few. In Europe, native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) are replaced by introduced North American grey squirrels (S. carolinensis) mainly through resource competition, and, only in the United Kingdom and Ireland, by competition mediated by a viral disease. In Italy such disease is absent, but spillover of an introduced North American nematode (Strongyloides robustus) from grey to red squirrels is known to occur. Here, we used long-term (9 years) capture-mark-recapture and parasitological data of red squirrels in areas co-inhabited by grey squirrels in Northern Italy to investigate the impact of this alien helminth on naïve native squirrels’ body mass, local survival, and reproduction of females. We found no negative effect of the alien parasite on body mass or reproductive success, but intensity of infection by S. robustus reduced survival of both male and female squirrels. Significantly, survival of squirrels co-infected by their native nematode, Trypanoxyuris sciuri, was less affected by S. robustus, suggesting a protective effect of the native helminth against the new infection. Hence, we demonstrate that alien S. robustus spillover adds to the detrimental effects of resource competition and stress induced by grey squirrels, further reducing the fitness of the native species in the presence of the invasive competitor.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sage RB, Hoodless AN, Woodburn MIA, Draycott RAH, Madden JR, Sotherton NW. Summary review and synthesis: effects on habitats and wildlife of the release and management of pheasants and red-legged partridges on UK lowland shoots. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rufus B. Sage
- R. B. Sage , A. N. Hoodless, M. I. A. Woodburn, R. A. H. Draycott, N. W. Sotherton, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge, SP6 1EF, UK
| | - Andrew N. Hoodless
- R. B. Sage , A. N. Hoodless, M. I. A. Woodburn, R. A. H. Draycott, N. W. Sotherton, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge, SP6 1EF, UK
| | - Maureen I. A. Woodburn
- R. B. Sage , A. N. Hoodless, M. I. A. Woodburn, R. A. H. Draycott, N. W. Sotherton, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge, SP6 1EF, UK
| | - Roger A. H. Draycott
- R. B. Sage , A. N. Hoodless, M. I. A. Woodburn, R. A. H. Draycott, N. W. Sotherton, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge, SP6 1EF, UK
| | - Joah R. Madden
- J. R. Madden, Center for Research in Animal Behaviour, Exeter Univ.,, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicolas W. Sotherton
- R. B. Sage , A. N. Hoodless, M. I. A. Woodburn, R. A. H. Draycott, N. W. Sotherton, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge, SP6 1EF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Parasites directly and indirectly influence the important interactions among hosts such as competition and predation through modifications of behaviour, reproduction and survival. Such impacts can affect local biodiversity, relative abundance of host species and structuring of communities and ecosystems. Despite having a firm theoretical basis for the potential effects of parasites on ecosystems, there is a scarcity of experimental data to validate these hypotheses, making our inferences about this topic more circumstantial. To quantitatively test parasites' role in structuring host communities, we set up a controlled, multigenerational mesocosm experiment involving four sympatric freshwater crustacean species that share up to four parasite species. Mesocosms were assigned to either of two different treatments, low or high parasite exposure. We found that the trematode Maritrema poulini differentially influenced the population dynamics of these hosts. For example, survival and recruitment of the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis were dramatically reduced compared to other host species, suggesting that parasites may affect their long-term persistence in the community. Relative abundances of crustacean species were influenced by parasites, demonstrating their role in host community structure. As parasites are ubiquitous across all communities and ecosystems, we suggest that the asymmetrical effects we observed are likely widespread structuring forces.
Collapse
|
5
|
Miller MA, Kinsella JM, Snow RW, Hayes MM, Falk BG, Reed RN, Mazzotti FJ, Guyer C, Romagosa CM. Parasite spillover: indirect effects of invasive Burmese pythons. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:830-840. [PMID: 29375757 PMCID: PMC5773325 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the origin of parasites of nonindigenous species (NIS) can be complex. NIS may introduce parasites from their native range and acquire parasites from within their invaded range. Determination of whether parasites are non-native or native can be complicated when parasite genera occur within both the NIS' native range and its introduced range. We explored potential for spillover and spillback of lung parasites infecting Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) in their invasive range (Florida). We collected 498 indigenous snakes of 26 species and 805 Burmese pythons during 2004-2016 and examined them for lung parasites. We used morphology to identify three genera of pentastome parasites, Raillietiella, a cosmopolitan form, and Porocephalus and Kiricephalus, both New World forms. We sequenced these parasites at one mitochondrial and one nuclear locus and showed that each genus is represented by a single species, R. orientalis, P. crotali, and K. coarctatus. Pythons are host to R. orientalis and P. crotali, but not K. coarctatus; native snakes are host to all three species. Sequence data show that pythons introduced R. orientalis to North America, where this parasite now infects native snakes. Additionally, our data suggest that pythons are competent hosts to P. crotali, a widespread parasite native to North and South America that was previously hypothesized to infect only viperid snakes. Our results indicate invasive Burmese pythons have affected parasite-host dynamics of native snakes in ways that are consistent with parasite spillover and demonstrate the potential for indirect effects during invasions. Additionally, we show that pythons have acquired a parasite native to their introduced range, which is the initial condition necessary for parasite spillback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ray W. Snow
- Everglades National ParkNational Park ServiceHomesteadFLUSA
| | | | - Bryan G. Falk
- Fort Collins Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Robert N. Reed
- Fort Collins Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationFt. Lauderdale Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaFt. LauderdaleFLUSA
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - Christina M. Romagosa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clarke LL, Beckstead RB, Hayes JR, Rissi DR. Pathologic and molecular characterization of histomoniasis in peafowl ( Pavo cristatus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:237-241. [PMID: 28065124 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716687002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis is a flagellate protozoan organism that can cause severe necrotizing typhlitis and hepatitis in gallinaceous birds. Peafowl ( Pavo spp.) have been shown to be susceptible to histomoniasis in experimental settings, but there are few reports of natural histomoniasis in this species. A retrospective study of the archived cases at 2 veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States yielded 5 cases of peafowl with gross and histologic findings characteristic of histomoniasis. Lesions included bilateral, transmural fibrinonecrotic typhlitis and multifocal necrotizing hepatitis with associated trophozoites morphologically consistent with H. meleagridis. There was no evidence of Heterakis gallinarum infestation in the studied cases. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver and ceca from all 5 cases and was analyzed using multiple sets of primers with subsequent sequencing and genotyping. Four samples were positive for H. meleagridis, and 1 sample was positive for both H. meleagridis and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum. These results confirm that peafowl develop clinical disease similar to that described previously in other gallinaceous birds infected by H. meleagridis. The role of T. gallinarum remains unknown and further research is necessary to elucidate its role, if any, in the pathogenesis of the observed lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei L Clarke
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine (Clarke, Rissi), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Beckstead), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH (Hayes)
| | - Robert B Beckstead
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine (Clarke, Rissi), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Beckstead), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH (Hayes)
| | - Jeffrey R Hayes
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine (Clarke, Rissi), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Beckstead), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH (Hayes)
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine (Clarke, Rissi), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Beckstead), University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH (Hayes)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martin-Albarracin VL, Amico GC, Simberloff D, Nuñez MA. Impact of Non-Native Birds on Native Ecosystems: A Global Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143070. [PMID: 26576053 PMCID: PMC4648570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and naturalization of non-native species is one of the most important threats to global biodiversity. Birds have been widely introduced worldwide, but their impacts on populations, communities, and ecosystems have not received as much attention as those of other groups. This work is a global synthesis of the impact of nonnative birds on native ecosystems to determine (1) what groups, impacts, and locations have been best studied; (2) which taxonomic groups and which impacts have greatest effects on ecosystems, (3) how important are bird impacts at the community and ecosystem levels, and (4) what are the known benefits of nonnative birds to natural ecosystems. We conducted an extensive literature search that yielded 148 articles covering 39 species belonging to 18 families -18% of all known naturalized species. Studies were classified according to where they were conducted: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South America, Islands of the Indian, of the Pacific, and of the Atlantic Ocean. Seven types of impact on native ecosystems were evaluated: competition, disease transmission, chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystem, grazing/ herbivory/ browsing, hybridization, predation, and interaction with other non-native species. Hybridization and disease transmission were the most important impacts, affecting the population and community levels. Ecosystem-level impacts, such as structural and chemical impacts were detected. Seven species were found to have positive impacts aside from negative ones. We provide suggestions for future studies focused on mechanisms of impact, regions, and understudied taxonomic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria L. Martin-Albarracin
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillermo C. Amico
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gómez A, Nichols E. Neglected wild life: Parasitic biodiversity as a conservation target. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2013; 2:222-7. [PMID: 24533340 PMCID: PMC3862516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasites appropriate host resources to feed and/or to reproduce, and lower host fitness to varying degrees. As a consequence, they can negatively impact human and animal health, food production, economic trade, and biodiversity conservation. They can also be difficult to study and have historically been regarded as having little influence on ecosystem organization and function. Not surprisingly, parasitic biodiversity has to date not been the focus of much positive attention from the conservation community. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that parasites are extremely diverse, have key roles in ecological and evolutionary processes, and that infection may paradoxically result in ecosystem services of direct human relevance. Here we argue that wildlife parasites should be considered meaningful conservation targets no less relevant than their hosts. We discuss their numerical and functional importance, current conservation status, and outline a series of non-trivial challenges to consider before incorporating parasite biodiversity in conservation strategies. We also suggest that addressing the key knowledge gaps and communication deficiencies that currently impede broad discussions about parasite conservation requires input from wildlife parasitologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gómez
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nichols
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Exclusion and spatial segregation in the apparent competition between two hosts sharing macroparasites. Theor Popul Biol 2013; 86:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Strauss A, White A, Boots M. Invading with biological weapons: the importance of disease-mediated invasions. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Strauss
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Andy White
- Department of Mathematics; Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Mike Boots
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santilli F, Bagliacca M. Occurrence of eggs and oocysts of intestinal parasites of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in droppings collected in differently managed protected areas of Tuscany (Italy). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Díaz-Sánchez S, Moriones AM, Casas F, Höfle U. Prevalence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Campylobacter sp. in the intestinal flora of farm-reared, restocked and wild red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa): is restocking using farm-reared birds a risk? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Ricklefs RE. Host-pathogen coevolution, secondary sympatry and species diversification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1139-47. [PMID: 20194175 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The build-up of species locally within a region by allopatric speciation depends on geographically separated (allopatric) sister populations becoming reproductively incompatible followed by secondary sympatry. Among birds, this has happened frequently in remote archipelagos, spectacular cases including the Darwin's finches (Geospizinae) and Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae), but similar examples are lacking in archipelagos nearer to continental landmasses. Of the required steps in the speciation cycle, achievement of secondary sympatry appears to be limiting in near archipelagos and, by extension, in continental regions. Here, I suggest that secondary sympatry might be prevented by apparent competition mediated through pathogens that are locally coevolved with one population of host and are pathogenic in sister populations. The absence of numerous pathogens in remote archipelagos might, therefore, allow sister populations to achieve secondary sympatry more readily and thereby accelerate diversification. By similar reasoning, species should accumulate relatively slowly within continental regions. In this essay, I explore the assumptions and some implications of this model for species diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Decline and potential recovery of the European grey partridge (Perdix perdix) population—a review. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-009-0311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Kutz SJ, Jenkins EJ, Veitch AM, Ducrocq J, Polley L, Elkin B, Lair S. The Arctic as a model for anticipating, preventing, and mitigating climate change impacts on host–parasite interactions. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:217-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
17
|
Brown SP, Fredrik Inglis R, Taddei F. Evolutionary ecology of microbial wars: within-host competition and (incidental) virulence. Evol Appl 2009; 2:32-9. [PMID: 25567845 PMCID: PMC3352407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading an occupied niche is a formidable ecological challenge, and one of particular human importance in the context of food-borne microbial pathogens. We discuss distinct categories of invader-triggered environmental change that facilitate invasion by emptying their niche of competitors. Evidence is reviewed that gut bacteria use such strategies to manipulate their environment (via bacteriocins, temperate phage viruses or immuno-manipulation) at the expense of their competitors are reviewed. The possible virulence implications of microbial warfare among multiple co-infecting strains are diverse. Killing competitors can reduce virulence by reducing overall microbial densities, or increase virulence if for example the allelopathic mechanism involves immuno-manipulation. Finally, we place microbial anti-competitor strategies in a social evolution framework, highlighting how costly anti-competitor strategies can be understood as examples of microbial spite. We conclude by discussing other invasive species that have also developed such proactive strategies of invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam P Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - R Fredrik Inglis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - François Taddei
- University of Paris, Faculty of Medicine INSERM, U571, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lefèvre T, Lebarbenchon C, Gauthier-Clerc M, Missé D, Poulin R, Thomas F. The ecological significance of manipulative parasites. Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 24:41-8. [PMID: 19026461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of ways in which host manipulation by parasites interferes with ecological and evolutionary processes governing biotic interactions has been recently documented, and indicates that manipulative parasites are full participants in the functioning of ecosystems. Phenotypic alterations in parasitised hosts modify host population ecology, apparent competition processes, food web structure and energy and nutrient flow between habitats, as well as favouring habitat creation. As is usually the case in ecology, these phenomena can be greatly amplified by a series of secondary consequences (cascade effects). Here we review the ecological relevance of manipulative parasites in ecosystems and propose directions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefèvre
- GEMI/UMR CNRS-IRD 2724, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Greenman J, Hoyle A. Exclusion of Generalist Pathogens in Multihost Communities. Am Nat 2008; 172:576-84. [DOI: 10.1086/590967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
20
|
Kuo CH, Corby-Harris V, Promislow DEL. The unavoidable costs and unexpected benefits of parasitism: population and metapopulation models of parasite-mediated competition. J Theor Biol 2007; 250:244-56. [PMID: 18023820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
When faced with limited resources, organisms have to determine how to allocate their resources to maximize fitness. In the presence of parasites, hosts may be selected for their ability to balance between the two competing needs of reproduction and immunity. These decisions can have consequences not only for host fitness, but also for the ability of parasites to persist within the population, and for the competitive dynamics between different host species. We develop two mathematical models to investigate how resource allocation strategies evolve at both population and metapopulation levels. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) at the population level is a balanced investment between reproduction and immunity that maintains parasites, even though the host has the capacity to eliminate parasites. The host exhibiting the ESS can always invade other host populations through parasite-mediated competition, effectively using the parasites as biological weapons. At the metapopulation level, the dominant strategy is sometimes different from the population-level ESS, and depends on the ratio of local extinction rate to host colonization rate. This study may help to explain why parasites are as common as they are, and can serve as a modeling framework for investigating parasite-mediated ecological invasions. Furthermore, this work highlights the possibility that the 'introduction of enemies' process may facilitate species invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Horng Kuo
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Villanúa D, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Casas F, Alzaga V, Acevedo P, Viñuela J, Gortázar C. Sanitary risks of red-legged partridge releases: introduction of parasites. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-007-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
P. Møller A, Martín-Vivaldi M, Merino S, J. Soler J. Density-dependent and geographical variation in bird immune response. OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Polley L. Navigating parasite webs and parasite flow: emerging and re-emerging parasitic zoonoses of wildlife origin. Int J Parasitol 2006; 35:1279-94. [PMID: 16168994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife are now recognised as an important source of emerging human pathogens, including parasites. This paper discusses the linkages between wildlife, people, zoonotic parasites and the ecosystems in which they co-exist, revisits definitions for 'emerging' and 're-emerging', and lists zoonotic parasites that can be acquired from wildlife including, for some, estimates of the associated global human health burdens. The paper also introduces the concepts of 'parasite webs' and 'parasite flow', provides a context for parasites, relative to other infectious agents, as causes of emerging human disease, and discusses drivers of disease emergence and re-emergence, especially changes in biodiversity and climate. Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the Caribbean and the southern United States, Baylisascaris procyonis in California and Georgia, Plasmodium knowlesi in Sarawak, Malaysia, Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sarcoptes scabiei in carnivores, and Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Toxoplasma in marine ecosystems are presented as examples of wildlife-derived zoonotic parasites of particular recent interest. An ecological approach to disease is promoted, as is a need for an increased profile for this approach in undergraduate and graduate education in the health sciences. Synergy among scientists and disciplines is identified as critical for the study of parasites and parasitic disease in wildlife populations. Recent advances in techniques for the investigation of parasite fauna of wildlife are presented and monitoring and surveillance systems for wildlife disease are discussed. Some of the limitations inherent in predictions for the emergence and re-emergence of infection and disease associated with zoonotic parasites of wildlife are identified. The importance of public awareness and public education in the prevention and control of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infection and disease are emphasised. Finally, some thoughts for the future are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydden Polley
- Research Group for Arctic Parasitology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Huang Y, Rohani P. The dynamical implications of disease interference: correlations and coexistence. Theor Popul Biol 2005; 68:205-15. [PMID: 16040069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ecological interference between unrelated diseases, caused by the temporary or permanent removal of individuals susceptible to one disease following infection with another, might be an important mechanism underlying epidemics. In this paper, we explore the potential dynamic consequences of interference by analyzing a two-disease model. By studying the stability domain of the model's equilibria, we find that the stable region of the two-disease endemic state becomes increasingly smaller as the strength of interference (largely determined by the disease-induced mortality) increases. When seasonal changes are included in the transmission rates, the bifurcation structure of the model's periodic cycles reveals that when the two diseases have similar mean transmission rates, multiple attractors in which the two diseases are strongly correlated can coexist, and that when the two diseases have very different mean transmission rates, the one with higher mean transmission rate may determine the dynamics of the system, with the other infection mimicking the behavior. We conclude that ecological interference can have important effects on the dynamical pattern of interacting diseases, the extent of which is determined by the epidemiological features of the diseases, their mean transmission rates in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Huang
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Biological invasions are global threats to biodiversity and parasites might play a role in determining invasion outcomes. Transmission of parasites from invading to native species can occur, aiding the invasion process, whilst the 'release' of invaders from parasites can also facilitate invasions. Parasites might also have indirect effects on the outcomes of invasions by mediating a range of competitive and predatory interactions among native and invading species. Although pathogen outbreaks can cause catastrophic species loss with knock-on effects for community structure, it is less clear what impact persistent, sub-lethal parasitism has on native-invader interactions and community structure. Here, we show that the influence of parasitism on the outcomes of animal invasions is more subtle and wide ranging than has been previously realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Prenter
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK, BT9 7BL.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Menezes RC, Tortelly R, Gomes DC, Pinto RM. Nodular typhlitis associated with the nematodes Heterakis gallinarum and Heterakis isolonche in pheasants: frequency and pathology with evidence of neoplasia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 98:1011-6. [PMID: 15049081 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation related to the frequency and pathology of Heterakis gallinarum and pathology of Heterakis isolonche in pheasants from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was conducted by means of clinical examinations, necropsies, and histopathological analysis in 50 ring-necked pheasants from backyard flocks of 11 localities; also, histological sections of caeca of golden pheasants deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC) have been considered in the present study. During necropsies, only specimens of H. gallinarum were recovered with a prevalence of 90%, mean intensity of 81.9 and range of infection of 1-413. Gross lesions were characterized by congestion, thickening, petechial haemorrhages of the mucosa, intussusception, and nodules in the cecal wall. Under microscopy, chronic diffuse typhlitis, haemosiderosis, granulomas with necrotic center in the submucosa and leiomyomas in the submucosa, muscular and serosa associated with immature H. gallinarum worms were observed. The examination of histological sections previously deposited in the CHIOC, revealed more severe alterations associated with concomitant infections with H. gallinarum and H. isolonche in golden pheasants, and were characterized by several necrotic areas with cholesterol clefts in the submucosa, giant cell granulomas in the submucosa, and serosa centralized by necrosis and worm sections and neoplastic nodules in the muscular and submucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Departamento de Helmintologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 43561, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|