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Vijaykumar LK, Chikkachowdappa PG, Venkatappa MH, Gowda AKJ, Jacob SS, Mani S, Bayyappa MRG. Analysis of Genetic Diversity of cytb gene from Babesia gibsoni Isolates from Naturally Infected Dogs in Karnataka, India. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:375-383. [PMID: 38133744 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate genetic diversity in Babesia gibsoni, the causative agent of canine babesiosis, and to assess the presence of atovaquone-resistant isolates in naturally infected dogs. METHODS A total of 24 blood samples confirmed for B. gibsoni infection was subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing based on cytb gene. Genetic characterization of B. gibsoni as well as attempts to detect the point mutation rendering atovaquone resistance was carried out based on the analysis of nucleotide sequence of cytb gene using bioinformatics software. RESULTS The findings indicated that the B. gibsoni isolates in the investigation exhibited a high nucleotide identity with the Asian genotype, ranging from 98.41 to 98.69%. Notably, none of the isolates carried cytb gene variants associated with atovaquone resistance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of most isolates with those from Japan and China, except for one isolate forming a distinct subclade. Haplotype network analysis indicated a high diversity with 22 distinct haplotypes among the B. gibsoni isolates, emphasizing the genetic variability within the studied population. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the cytb gene exhibited remarkable conservation among the twenty-four B. gibsoni isolates studied and the study represents the first genetic diversity assessment of B. gibsoni using the cytb gene in dogs from India. These findings shed light on the genetic characteristics of B. gibsoni in the region and provide valuable insight for addressing the challenges posed by this life-threatening disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya K Vijaykumar
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | | | | | | | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Saminathan Mani
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
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Hifumi T, Tanaka T, Suzu I, Sato M, Akioka K, Fujimata C, Shinkai R, Maeda T, Kusakisako K, Ikadai H, Miyoshi N. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis from horses raised in Canada or Japan, using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene-targeted PCR. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2024; 34:e00219. [PMID: 38298421 PMCID: PMC10827676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a larval-stage Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Geographical haplotyping targeting the parasite's mitochondrial cytochrome b (cob) gene has been reported for isolates from definitive and intermediate hosts (wild canids and rodents); however, there are limited reports on strain typing for the dead-end host, the horse, which could act as a sentinel for E. multilocularis. Accordingly, we investigated the diversity of E. multilocularis in isolates obtained from slaughtered Japanese and Canadian horses originating from the Iburi and Hidaka regions in Hokkaido and from Alberta, respectively, with PCR and haplogroup analyses targeting cob gene sequences obtained. Seventy horses were diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis based on histopathology and cob-gene PCR testing. The E. multilocularis detected in these horses was classified as either an Asian (for Hokkaido-raised horses) or a European (for Alberta-raised horses) haplogroup, based on the obtained cob-gene sequence analysis. In addition, haplotype network analysis revealed that E. multilocularis isolated from Hokkaido-raised horses is highly homologous to Kazakhstan isolates, and E. multilocularis isolated from Alberta-raised horses is highly homologous to Austrian isolates. The results of this study suggest that cob-gene-targeted PCR analysis could be useful for the geographical genetic characterization of E. multilocularis isolated from horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hifumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Suzu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Miho Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohei Akioka
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Office, 1314 Sosaki, Shichijo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Chiaki Fujimata
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Office, 1314 Sosaki, Shichijo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Ryohei Shinkai
- Fukuoka Prefecture Meat Safety Inspection Center, 4-5-34 Futsukaichichuo, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-0072, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Maeda
- Fukuoka Prefecture Meat Safety Inspection Center, 4-5-34 Futsukaichichuo, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-0072, Japan
| | - Kodai Kusakisako
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikadai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Noriaki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Alaeenovin E, Parvizi P, Ghafari SM. Two Leishmania species separation targeting the ITS-rDNA and Cyt b genes by developing and evaluating HRM- qPCR. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:S0037-86822022000100342. [PMID: 36542013 PMCID: PMC9757716 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0186-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis as an infectious and neglected disease is increasing, for the diagnosis of which several traditional methods and conventional PCR techniques have been developed, employing different genes for species identification. METHODS Leishmania parasites were sampled, DNA was extracted, and new specific and sensitive primers were designed. Two ITS-rDNA and Cyt b genes were targeted by qPCR using the High- Resolution Melting method to identify Leishmania parasites. The standard curves were drawn, compared, and identified by high-resolution melting curve analysis. RESULTS Melting temperature and Cycle of Threshold of ITS-rDNA was higher than Cyt b but Cyt b was more sensitive than ITS-rDNA when Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica were analyzed and evaluated. By aligning melt curves, normalizing fluorescence curves, and difference plotting melt curves, each Leishmania species was distinguished easily. L. major and L. tropica were separated at 83.6 °C and 84.7 °C, respectively, with less than 0.9 °C of temperature difference. Developing sensitivity and specificity of real-time PCR based on EvaGreen could detect DNA concentration to less than one pmol. CONCLUSIONS Precise identification of Leishmania parasites is crucial for strategies of disease control. Real-time PCR using EvaGreen provides rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of parasite's DNA. The modified High-Resolution Melting could determine unique curves and was able to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms according to small differences in the nucleotide content of Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Alaeenovin
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Ghafari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Tehran, Iran
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Tawfeeq HM, Ali SA. Molecular-based assay for genotyping Leishmania spp. from clinically suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in the Garmian area, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 17:e00240. [PMID: 35141432 PMCID: PMC8810569 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohammad Tawfeeq
- Nursing Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani 46001 Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Corresponding author at: Nursing Department, Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, 46001 Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Shahnaz AbdulKader Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Espada CR, Ferreira BA, Ortiz PA, Uliana SRB, Coelho AC. Full nucleotide sequencing of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer of Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil and its potential for species typing. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106093. [PMID: 34389323 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific diagnosis still represents a challenge in leishmaniasis management, particularly in regions with multiple endemic species. In Brazil, seven species have been recognized as etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The disease comprises complex clinical presentation patterns, classified as localized, diffuse, disseminated and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In this study, we characterized the full nucleotide sequence of a region comprising the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and 5.8 S gene of reference strains of Leishmania (Viannia) species reported as causative agents of human leishmaniasis in Brazil. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this region was able to discriminate species in the Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus and to determine intra- and interspecies phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Espada
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca A Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paola A Ortiz
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Tolima, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Silvia R B Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano C Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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Behniafar H, Vaziri VM, Tabaei SJS, Taghipour N. Comparison of Three Commonly Used Genetic Markers for Detection of Leishmania Major: An Experimental Study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:725-730. [PMID: 34703171 PMCID: PMC8512936 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite called Leishmania spp. Different species produce different clinical outcomes; the majority of cases are cutaneous forms. Leishmania major is one of the main causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Various methods are being using to diagnose CL, including microscopic examination, culture, and molecular detection of the parasite genome. Method In the current study, we tried to compare three common molecular markers, including Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), Cytochrome b (Cyt b), and Internal transcribed space 1 (ITS1), for the detection of Leishmania major. After cultivation of standard strain of L. major MHOM/IR/75/ER in RPMI 1640, certain number of promastigotes was subjected to DNA extraction and different PCR reactions. Results The lowest number of the parasite (5 promastigotes) can be detected by kDNA-PCR, followed by Cyt b-PCR (10 promastigotes), and ITS1-PCR (50 promastigotes). Conclusion In conclusion, kDNA-PCR was the most sensitive marker and may provide more reliable data in the initial screening, especially in false-negative results provided by parasitological methods due to the low number of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Behniafar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
| | - Vahideh Moin Vaziri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aissaoui N, Hamane S, Gits-Muselli M, Petit A, Benderdouche M, Denis B, Alanio A, Dellière S, Bagot M, Bretagne S. Imported leishmaniasis in travelers: a 7-year retrospective from a Parisian hospital in France. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:953. [PMID: 34525963 PMCID: PMC8442464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniases are regularly seen in non-endemic areas due to the increase of international travels. They include cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) and mucocutaneous (MC) caused by different Leishmania species, and visceral leishmaniases (VL) which present with non-specific symptoms. METHODS We reviewed all consecutive leishmaniasis cases seen between September 2012 and May 2020. The diagnostic strategy included microscopy after May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining, a diagnostic quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, and species identification based on sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients had a definitive leishmaniasis diagnosis. Nine patients had VL with Leishmania infantum. Eighty patients had CL. Twelve patients acquired CL after trips in Latin America (7 Leishmania guyanensis, 2 Leishmania braziliensis, 2 Leishmania mexicana, and 1 Leishmania panamensis). Species could be identified in 63 of the 68 CLs mainly after travel in North Africa (59%) with Leishmania major (65%), Leishmania tropica/killicki (24%), and L. infantum (11%), or in West Sub-Saharan Africa (32%), all due to L. major. The median day between appearance of the lesions and diagnosis was 90 [range 60-127]. CONCLUSIONS Our diagnostic strategy allows both positive diagnoses and species identifications. Travelers in West Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa should be better aware of the risk of contracting leishmananiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Aissaoui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France
| | - Samia Hamane
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France
| | - Maud Gits-Muselli
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Petit
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Mazouz Benderdouche
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Denis
- Département de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Dellière
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bretagne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Hifumi T, Akioka K, Tanaka T, Miyoshi N. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for the rapid detection of alveolar echinococcosis in hepatic nodules of horses. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109573. [PMID: 34521042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, which is caused by a larval-stage infection of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonosis with public health importance. Recently, alveolar echinococcosis in slaughtered horses has been reported in Japan and Poland. In terms of public health, a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method is essential for early detection during meat inspection. In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated to target the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cob) gene of E. multilocularis. Forty-one hepatic solid nodules obtained from each horse were evaluated based on histopathological examination and cob-targeted PCR and then submitted to the LAMP assay. The optimal condition of the developed LAMP assay was 64℃ for 30 min. The results of the developed LAMP assay were completely consistent with those of cob PCR. In addition, the detection limit for the number of copies of the cob gene was 135 copies/μL in the LAMP assay. These findings suggest that the ability of the LAMP assay developed in this study is equivalent to that of the conventional PCR testing. The LAMP assay developed in this study can be used as an alternative to PCR testing for the routine genetic diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hifumi
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohei Akioka
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Center, 1314 Sosaki, Shichijo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Bel Hadj Ali I, Chouaieb H, Saadi Ben Aoun Y, Harigua-Souiai E, Souguir H, Yaacoub A, El Dbouni O, Harrat Z, Mukhtar MM, Ben Said M, Haddad N, Fathallah-Mili A, Guizani I. Dipeptidyl peptidase III as a DNA marker to investigate epidemiology and taxonomy of Old World Leishmania species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009530. [PMID: 34310607 PMCID: PMC8341715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPPIII) member of M49 peptidase family is a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase that cleaves dipeptides sequentially from the N-terminus of its substrates. In Leishmania, DPPIII, was reported with other peptidases to play a significant role in parasites' growth and survival. In a previous study, we used a coding sequence annotated as DPPIII to develop and evaluate a PCR assay that is specific to dermotropic Old World (OW) Leishmania species. Thus, our objective was to further assess use of this gene for Leishmania species identification and for phylogeny, and thus for diagnostic and molecular epidemiology studies of Old World Leishmania species. METHODOLOGY Orthologous DDPIII genes were searched in all Leishmania genomes and aligned to design PCR primers and identify relevant restriction enzymes. A PCR assays was developed and seventy-two Leishmania fragment sequences were analyzed using MEGA X genetics software to infer evolution and phylogenetic relationships of studied species and strains. A PCR-RFLP scheme was also designed and tested on 58 OW Leishmania strains belonging to 8 Leishmania species and evaluated on 75 human clinical skin samples. FINDINGS Sequence analysis showed 478 variable sites (302 being parsimony informative). Test of natural selection (dN-dS) (-0.164, SE = 0.013) inferred a negative selection, characteristic of essential genes, corroborating the DPPIII importance for parasite survival. Inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity was used to develop universal amplification of a 662bp fragment. Sequence analyses and phylogenies confirmed occurrence of 6 clusters congruent to L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. turanica, L. tarentolae species, and one to the L. infantum and L. donovani species complex. A PCR-RFLP algorithm for Leishmania species identification was designed using double digestions with HaeIII and KpnI and with SacI and PvuII endonucleases. Overall, this PCR-RFLP yielded distinct profiles for each of the species L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. arabica and L. turanica and the L. (Sauroleishmania) L. tarentolae. The species L. donovani, and L. infantum shared the same profile except for strains of Indian origin. When tested on clinical samples, the DPPIII PCR showed sensitivities of 82.22% when compared to direct examination and was able to identify 84.78% of the positive samples. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that DPPIII gene is suitable to detect and identify Leishmania species and to complement other molecular methods for leishmaniases diagnosis and epidemiology. Thus, it can contribute to evidence-based disease control and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Bel Hadj Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hamed Chouaieb
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Yusr Saadi Ben Aoun
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Souguir
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Alia Yaacoub
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Oussaïma El Dbouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rafik Hariri Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Moncef Ben Said
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Haddad
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Akila Fathallah-Mili
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
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Davila M, Pineda V, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Samudio F. Evaluation of cytochrome b sequence to identify Leishmania species and variants: the case of Panama. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200572. [PMID: 33886871 PMCID: PMC8061342 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic heterogeneity of Leishmania parasites is a major factor responsible for the wide variety of Leishmania-associated manifestations. Consequently, understanding the genetic make-up of Leishmania species using suitable molecular markers is an important component of realising local and regional scale disease risk. The cytochrome b (cytb) is frequently used to type New World Leishmania species. However, its potential to discriminate Leishmania species and variants requires further evaluation. OBJECTIVES To explore the capacity of cytb gene to identify New World Leishmania species and variants and to develop an approach able to type local Leishmania species and variants. METHODS We retrieved 360 partial and complete Leishmania cytb gene sequences publicly available in GenBank database to study all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the cytb gene that differentiate New World Leishmania species. This information was used to develop an approach based upon the polymorphisms found in a DNA segment of 948bp. We also compared the typing results found with this technique with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) profiling obtained using HSP70 gene as target. One hundred Panamanian isolates were used to both typed Leishmania species and assess local genetic variability. FINDINGS We found complete agreement between our cytb approach and the PCR-RFLP profiling method based on HSP70 for Leishmania species identification. Ninety-two isolates were identified as L. panamensis, although other Viannia species were found circulating at a lower frequency. Three L. panamensis haplotypes were identified in Panamanian provinces. We also provide an initial report of L. guyanensis haplotypes circulating in Panama. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Cytb gene sequence encompasses key main SNPs that aid to identify Leishmania species. The cytb approach developed with this information was able to identify and assess genetic variability of local Leishmania species found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Davila
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Panama, Panama
| | - Vanessa Pineda
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología, Panama, Panama
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología, Panama, Panama
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología, Panama, Panama.,Universidad de Panamá, Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Panama, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Universidad de Panamá, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Panama, Panama.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología, Panama, Panama
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11
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Kato H, Cáceres AG, Gomez EA, Tabbabi A, Mizushima D, Yamamoto DS, Hashiguchi Y. Prevalence of Genetically Complex Leishmania Strains With Hybrid and Mito-Nuclear Discordance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625001. [PMID: 33732663 PMCID: PMC7959773 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20 Leishmania species are known to cause cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral disorders in humans. Identification of the causative species in infected individuals is important for appropriate treatment and a favorable prognosis because infecting species are known to be the major determinant of clinical manifestations and may affect treatments for leishmaniasis. Although Leishmania species have been conventionally identified by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, genetic analysis targeting kinetoplast and nuclear DNA (kDNA and nDNA, respectively) is now widely used for this purpose. Recently, we conducted countrywide epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis in Ecuador and Peru to reveal prevalent species using PCR-RFLP targeting nDNA, and identified unknown hybrid parasites in these countries together with species reported previously. Furthermore, comparative analyses of kDNA and nDNA revealed the distribution of parasites with mismatches between these genes, representing the first report of mito-nuclear discordance in protozoa. The prevalence of an unexpectedly high rate (~10%) of genetically complex strains including hybrid strains, in conjunction with the observation of mito-nuclear discordance, suggests that genetic exchange may occur more frequently than previously thought in natural Leishmania populations. Hybrid Leishmania strains resulting from genetic exchanges are suggested to cause more severe clinical symptoms when compared with parental strains, and to have increased transmissibility by vectors of the parental parasite species. Therefore, it is important to clarify how such genetic exchange influences disease progression and transmissibility by sand flies in nature. In addition, our aim was to identify where and how the genetic exchange resulting in the formation of hybrid and mito-nuclear discordance occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Abraham G Cáceres
- Sección de Entomología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel A. Carrión" y Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ahmed Tabbabi
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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12
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Ducharme O, Simon S, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Couppie P, Demar M, Blaizot R. Leishmania naiffi and lainsoni in French Guiana: Clinical features and phylogenetic variability. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008380. [PMID: 32797078 PMCID: PMC7449503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, five species are associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Though infections with Leishmania guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis have been extensively described, there are few available clinical and genetic data on L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) naiffi. We determined the clinical and epidemiological features of all cases of CL due to L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni diagnosed in French Guiana between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by sequencing a portion of HSP70 and cyt b genes. Five cases of L. naiffi and 25 cases of L. lainsoni were reported. Patients infected by L. (V.) lainsoni were usually infected on gold camps, mostly along the Maroni river (60%), while L. naiffi was observed in French patients infected on the coast (100%). A high number of pediatric cases (n = 5; 20%) was observed for L. (V.) lainsoni. A mild clinical course was observed for all cases of L. (V.) naiffi. HSP70 and cyt b partial nucleotide sequence analysis revealed different geographical clusters within L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni but no association were found between phylogenetic and clinical features. Our data suggest distinct socio-epidemiological features for these two Leishmania species. Patients seem to get infected with L. (V.) naiffi during leisure activities in anthropized coastal areas, while L. (V.) lainsoni shares common features with L. (V.) guyanensis and braziliensis and seems to be acquired during professional activities in primary forest regions. Phylogenetic analysis has provided information on the intraspecific genetic variability of L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni and how these genotypes are distributed at the geographic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Ducharme
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouves
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppie
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Equipe EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, laboratoire associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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13
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Kosaka A, Sakamoto N, Hikone M, Imai K, Ota M, Washino T, Maeda T, Iwabuchi S. Failure of Liposomal-amphotericin B Treatment for New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis. Intern Med 2020; 59:1227-1230. [PMID: 32378656 PMCID: PMC7270753 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4096-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal-amphotericin B (L-AmB) is used for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); however, its treatment failure has not yet been described in detail. A 58-year-old man returned from the Republic of Venezuela with a cutaneous ulcer on his left lower leg. The causative pathogen was Leishmania braziliensis. We started L-AmB 3 mg/kg/day for 6 days; however, the ulcer did not resolve. The patient was successfully retreated with a higher dose L-AmB 4 mg/kg/day 9 times (total, 36 mg/kg). If L-AmB fails to treat CL and other therapeutics cannot be used, increasing the L-AmB dose is a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kosaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
| | - Mayu Hikone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Japan
- Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ota
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
| | - Takuya Washino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Sentarou Iwabuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Japan
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14
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Zhang JR, Guo XG, Chen H, Liu JL, Gong X, Chen DL, Chen JP. Pathogenic Leishmania spp. detected in lizards from Northwest China using molecular methods. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:446. [PMID: 31818287 PMCID: PMC6902407 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniosis, a disease caused by pathogenic Leishmania parasites, remains an unresolved health problem in the New World and the Old World. It is well known that lizards can be infected by a subgenus of Leishmania parasites, i.e. Sauroleishmania, which is non-pathogenic to humans. However, evidence suggests that lizards may also harbor pathogenic Leishmania species including the undetermined Leishmania sp., discovered in our previous work. Leishmania DNA in lizard blood can be detected by using molecular methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Three hundred and sixteen lizards, representing 13 species of four genera, were captured for blood samples collection in Northwest China. Two reliable molecular markers (cytochrome b and heat shock protein 70 genes) were used for detection in the lizard blood samples, to confirm a widespread presence of pathogenic Leishmania parasites and the distribution pattern of Leishmania spp. in lizards from Northwest China. The PCR data indicated positive detection rate for Leishmania in all the tested lizards with an overall prevalence of 57.91% (183/316). Apart from lizard parasites like Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania sp., several pathogenic Leishmania including L. turanica, L. tropica and L. donovani complex were identified by using phylogenetic analysis. Co-existence of different haplotypes was observed in most Leishmania DNA-positive lizards with an overall rate of 77.6% (142/183). Even mixed infections with different Leishmania species appeared to occur in the lizards with an overall rate of 37.7% (69/183). CONCLUSIONS Lizards can harbor pathogenic Leishmania spp. Co-existence of different haplotypes or even species of Leishmania indicates mixed infections in natural lizard host. Lizards may contribute to the spread of Leishmania parasites. The pathogenic Leishmania species detected in lizards from Northwest China may be of great eco-epidemiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian-Guang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin-Long Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Gong
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Da-Li Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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15
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da Silva RE, Sampaio BM, Tonhosolo R, da Costa APR, da Silva Costa LE, Nieri-Bastos FA, Sperança MA, Marcili A. Exploring Leishmania infantum cathepsin as a new molecular marker for phylogenetic relationships and visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:895. [PMID: 31660874 PMCID: PMC6819481 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, is a neglected zoonosis that requires validation and standardization of satisfactory diagnostic methodologies. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cathepsin L-like protease as a target for making molecular diagnoses and as a phylogenetic marker enabling to understand the intraspecies variations and evolutionary history of L. infantum in Brazil. Methods We used 44 isolates of L. infantum. The cathepsin L-like gene fragments were amplified, sequenced, manually aligned and analyzed using inference methods. The sequences generated were used to search and design oligonucleotide primers to be used in reactions specific to the target parasite. Results The cathepsin L-like gene did not show any intraspecies variability among the isolates analyzed. The pair of primers proposed amplified the target deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of L. infantum isolates and were effective for DNA amplification at concentrations of as low as 10− 11 ng/μl. The proposed marker did not present cross-reactions with other hemoparasites. When used for making the diagnosis in a panel of clinical samples from dogs, a positivity rate of 49.03% (102/208) was obtained, versus 14.42% (30/208) for a ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker. In samples from sandflies, the rate was 6.25% and from humans, 14.28%. Conclusions The results described in this work allow us to infer that CatLeish-PCR is a sensitive and specific marker for use in diagnostic trials of L. infantum and in clinical and epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Emiliano da Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Bruna Matarucco Sampaio
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Renata Tonhosolo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Eduardo da Silva Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ap Nieri-Bastos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Márcia Aparecida Sperança
- Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arlei Marcili
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil. .,Medicina Veterinária e Bem estar animal, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, Fernandes ACBS, Demarchi IG, de Castro KRR, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107773. [PMID: 31605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the primers that were designed to detect New World Leishmania were systematically reviewed to report the characteristics of each target, detection limit, specificity of the primers designed and diagnostic sensibility. The papers identified in the databases PubMed and Web of Science involved 50 studies. Minicircle is the most applied target in molecular research for diagnosis, due to its high sensitivity in detecting Leishmania in different clinical samples, a characteristic that can be partially attributed to the higher number of copies of the minicircle per cell. The other molecular targets shown in this review were less sensitive to diagnostic use because of the lower number of copies of the target gene per cell, but more specific for identification of the subgenus and/or species. The choice of the best target is an important step towards the result of the research. The target allows the design of primers that are specific to the genus, subgenus or a particular species and also imparts sensitivity to the method for diagnosis. The findings of this systematic review provide the advantages and disadvantages of the main molecular targets and primers designed for New World Leishmania, offering information so that the researcher can choose the PCR system best suited to their research need. This is a timely and extremely thorough review of the primers designed for New World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cella Conter
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Souza Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Taísa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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17
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Klatt S, Simpson L, Maslov DA, Konthur Z. Leishmania tarentolae: Taxonomic classification and its application as a promising biotechnological expression host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007424. [PMID: 31344033 PMCID: PMC6657821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the eukaryotic protozoan parasite Leishmania tarentolae, with a main focus on its potential for biotechnological applications. We will also discuss the genus, subgenus, and species-level classification of this parasite, its life cycle and geographical distribution, and similarities and differences to human-pathogenic species, as these aspects are relevant for the evaluation of biosafety aspects of L. tarentolae as host for recombinant DNA/protein applications. Studies indicate that strain LEM-125 but not strain TARII/UC of L. tarentolae might also be capable of infecting mammals, at least transiently. This could raise the question of whether the current biosafety level of this strain should be reevaluated. In addition, we will summarize the current state of biotechnological research involving L. tarentolae and explain why this eukaryotic parasite is an advantageous and promising human recombinant protein expression host. This summary includes overall biotechnological applications, insights into its protein expression machinery (especially on glycoprotein and antibody fragment expression), available expression vectors, cell culture conditions, and its potential as an immunotherapy agent for human leishmaniasis treatment. Furthermore, we will highlight useful online tools and, finally, discuss possible future applications such as the humanization of the glycosylation profile of L. tarentolae or the expression of mammalian recombinant proteins in amastigote-like cells of this species or in amastigotes of avirulent human-pathogenic Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klatt
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (ZK)
| | - Larry Simpson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dmitri A. Maslov
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Zoltán Konthur
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (ZK)
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18
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Banu SS, Meyer W, Ferreira-Paim K, Wang Q, Kuhls K, Cupolillo E, Schönian G, Lee R. A novel multilocus sequence typing scheme identifying genetic diversity amongst Leishmania donovani isolates from a genetically homogeneous population in the Indian subcontinent. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:555-567. [PMID: 31108098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the Indian subcontinent, infection with Leishmania donovani can cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Genetic variation in L. donovani is believed to occur rapidly from environmental changes and through selective drug pressures, thereby allowing continued disease occurrence in this region. All previous molecular markers that are commonly in use multilocus microsatellite typing and multilocus sequence typing, were monomorphic in L. donovani originating from the Indian subcontinent (with only a few exceptions) and hence are not suitable for this region. An multilocus sequence typing scheme consisting of a new set of seven housekeeping genes was developed in this study, based on recent findings from whole genome sequencing data. This new scheme was used to assess the genetic diversity amongst 22 autochthonous L. donovani isolates from Bangladesh. Nineteen additional isolates of the L. donovani complex (including sequences of L. donovani reference strain BPK282A1) from other countries were included for comparison. By using restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1-RFLP) and ITS1 sequencing, all Bangladeshi isolates were confirmed to be L. donovani. Population genetic analyses of 41 isolates using the seven new MLST loci clearly separated L. donovani from Leishmania infantum. With this multilocus sequence typing scheme, seven genotypes were identified amongst Bangladeshi L. donovani isolates, and these isolates were found to be phylogenetically different compared with those from India, Nepal, Iraq and Africa. This novel multilocus sequence typing approach can detect intra- and inter-species variations within the L. donovani complex, but most importantly these molecular markers can be applied to resolve the phylogenetically very homogeneous L. donovani strains from the Indian subcontinent. Four of these markers were found suitable to differentiate strains originating from Bangladesh, with marker A2P being the most discriminative one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Shahana Banu
- Parasitology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services (CIDMLS), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kennio Ferreira-Paim
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Qinning Wang
- Parasitology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services (CIDMLS), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratory on Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene CC05, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rogan Lee
- Parasitology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services (CIDMLS), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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19
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Kato H, Gomez EA, Seki C, Furumoto H, Martini-Robles L, Muzzio J, Calvopiña M, Velez L, Kubo M, Tabbabi A, Yamamoto DS, Hashiguchi Y. PCR-RFLP analyses of Leishmania species causing cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis revealed distribution of genetically complex strains with hybrid and mito-nuclear discordance in Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007403. [PMID: 31059516 PMCID: PMC6522058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analyses targeting multiple nuclear genes were established for the simple and practical identification of Leishmania species without using expensive equipment. This method was applied to 92 clinical samples collected at 33 sites in 14 provinces of Ecuador, which have been identified at the species level by the kinetoplast cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequence analysis, and the results obtained by the two analyses were compared. Although most results corresponded between the two analyses, PCR-RFLP analyses revealed distribution of hybrid strains between Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis and between L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis, of which the latter was firstly identified in Ecuador. Moreover, unexpected parasite strains having the kinetoplast cyt b gene of L. (V.) braziliensis and nuclear genes of L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, or a hybrid between L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis were identified. This is the first report of the distribution of a protozoan parasite having mismatches between kinetoplast and nuclear genes, known as mito-nuclear discordance. The result demonstrated that genetically complex Leishmania strains are present in Ecuador. Since genetic exchanges such as hybrid formation were suggested to cause higher pathogenicity in Leishmania and may be transmitted by more species of sand flies, further country-wide epidemiological studies on clinical symptoms, as well as transmissible vectors, will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eduardo A. Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Chisato Seki
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hayato Furumoto
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Luiggi Martini-Robles
- Hospital de Especialidades Guayaquil “Dr. Abel Gilberto Pinton”, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jenny Muzzio
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Insitituto de Investigacion de Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad De Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lenin Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Division of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ahmed Tabbabi
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke S. Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Chen H, Li J, Zhang J, Guo X, Liu J, He J, Song Q, Zhang J, Chen M, Zheng Z, Chen D, Chen J. Multi-locus characterization and phylogenetic inference of Leishmania spp. in snakes from Northwest China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210681. [PMID: 31022192 PMCID: PMC6483563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania is a neglected disease which is endemic in the northwest of China. Reptiles were considered to be the potential reservoir hosts for mammalian Leishmaniasis, and Leishmania had been detected in lizards from the epidemic area in the northwest of China. To date, few studies are focused on the natural infection of snakes with Leishmania. METHODS In this study, 15 snakes captured from 10 endemic foci in the northwest of China were detected Leishmania spp. on the base of mitochondrial cytochrome b, heat shock protein 70 gene and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions, and identified with phylogenetic and network analyses. RESULT In total, Leishmania gene was found in 7 snakes. The phylogenetic inference trees and network analysis suggests that the species identification was confirmed as Leishmania donovani, L. turanica and L. (Sauroleishmania) sp. CONCLUSION Our work is the first time to investigate the natural Leishmania spp. infection of snakes in the northwest of China. Mammalian Leishmania (L. donovani and L. turanica) was discovered in snakes and the reptilian Leishmania (Sauroleishmania sp.) was closely related to the clinical strains both prompt the importance of snakes in the disease cycle. To indicate the epidemiological involvement of snakes, a wide sample size in epidemic area and the pathogenic features of reptilian Leishmania promastigotes are recommended in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianguang Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Song
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minli Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Mohammadpour I, Hatam GR, Handjani F, Bozorg-Ghalati F, PourKamal D, Motazedian MH. Leishmania cytochrome b gene sequence polymorphisms in southern Iran: relationships with different cutaneous clinical manifestations. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:98. [PMID: 30696426 PMCID: PMC6352432 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania species, is a geographically extensive disease that infects humans and animals. CL is endemic in half of the 31 provinces of Iran, with 29,201 incidence cases reported in Fars province from 2010 to 2015. CL is polymorphic and may result in lesions characterized by different clinical features. Parasite genetic diversity is proposed to be one of the factors affecting the clinical outcome and lesion characteristics in CL patients. However, there is still very limited data regarding the genetic variation of Leishmania spp. based on the sequencing of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Methods All patients originated from endemic regions in Fars province. The amplification of the Cyt b gene from isolates of 100 patients with disparate clinical forms of CL was accomplished using Nested-PCR. Sequence analysis of the amplified Cyt b was used to scrutinize the genetic variations among Leishmania isolates and connect the results with clinical pictures. The clinical demonstrations were basically of two types, typical and atypical lesions. Molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method, with species/strains from this study compared to species/strains from other geographical regions. Results Leishmania major was identified as the predominant infecting Leishmania spp. (86% of cases), with the remainder of cases being infected by Leishmania tropica. Clinical examination of patients revealed 12 different clinical CL forms. Among Leishmania samples analyzed, five distinct haplotypes were recognized: three in L. major and two in L. tropica. We found a correlation between clinical outcomes and Cyt b sequence variation of Leishmania spp. involved. Moreover, we observed a higher presence of polymorphisms in L. major compared with L. tropica. This difference may be due to the different eco-epidemiologies of both species, with L. tropica being an anthroponosis compared to L. major, which is a zoonosis. Conclusions The sequence analysis of Cyt b gene from 25 L. major and L. tropica strains demonstrated genetic variability of L. major and L. tropica causing CL in southern Iran, and a feasible connection amid the genetic heterogeneity of the parasite, geographical source and clinical appearance of the disease in human was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mohammadpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Handjani
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati
- Department of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Daniel PourKamal
- Fajr Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Abstract
Phylogenetics is an important component of the systems biology approach. Knowledge about evolution of the genus Leishmania is essential to understand various aspects of basic biology of these parasites, such as parasite-host or parasite-vector relationships, biogeography, or epidemiology. Here, we present a comprehensive guideline for performing phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequence data, but with principles that can be adapted to protein sequences or other molecular markers. It is presented as a compilation of the most commonly used genetic targets for phylogenetic studies of Leishmania, including their respective primers for amplification and references, as well as details of PCR assays. Guidelines are, then, presented to choose the best targets in relation to the types of samples under study. Finally, and importantly, instructions are given to obtain optimal sequences, alignments, and datasets for the subsequent data analysis and phylogenetic inference. Different bioinformatics methods and software for phylogenetic inference are presented and explained. This chapter aims to provide a compilation of methods and generic guidelines to conduct phylogenetics of Leishmania for nonspecialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Molekulare Biotechnologie und Funktionelle Genomik, Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, Germany.
| | - Isabel Mauricio
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly parasitic disease, is a major public health concern globally. Countries affected by VL have signed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases and committed to eliminate VL as a public health problem by 2020. To achieve and sustain VL elimination, it will become progressively important not to miss any remaining cases in the community who can maintain transmission. This requires accurate identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers using highly sensitive diagnostic tools at the primary health service setting. The rK39 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is the most widely used tool and with its good sensitivity and specificity is the first choice for decentralized diagnosis of VL in endemic areas. However, this test cannot discriminate between current, subclinical, or past infections and is useless for diagnosis of relapses and as a prognostic (cure) test. Importantly, as the goal of elimination of VL as a public health problem is approaching, the number of people susceptible to infection will increase. Therefore, correct diagnosis using a highly sensitive diagnostic test is crucial for applying appropriate treatment and management of cases. Recent advances in molecular techniques have improved Leishmania detection and quantification, and therefore this technology has become increasingly relevant due to its possible application in a variety of clinical sample types. Most importantly, given current problems in identifying asymptomatic individuals because of poor correlation between the main methods of detection, molecular tests are valuable for VL elimination programs, especially to monitor changes in burden of infection in specific communities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available VL diagnostics and discusses the usefulness of molecular methods in the diagnosis, quantification, and species differentiation as well as their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India.
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Population Structure of Leishmania tropica Causing Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Iran by PCR-RFLP of Kinetoplastid DNA. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6049198. [PMID: 29984240 PMCID: PMC6011176 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6049198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iran is one of the six countries with the most cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients. Understanding better the genotypes of the parasite population in relation to geography and climate is critical to achieving better CL control. We aimed to characterise the population structure of Leishmania tropica, the cause of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), from important foci in southeast (Bam and Kerman) and southwest (Shiraz) Iran. A total of 39 L. tropica isolates from ACL patients from southeast (Bam 14, Kerman 12) and southwest (Shiraz 13) Iran were analysed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) using restriction enzymes MspI (HpaII) and ClaI. 37 genotypes were identified among south Iran L. tropica isolates. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree obtained from the banding patterns of ClaI digested kDNA RFLP distinguished southeast from and southwest L. tropica isolates with some subclustering but the MspI derived tree showed greater discrimination with greater subclustering and divergence of the two foci of southeast region but with some overlapping. Although a monophyletic structure has been defined for southeast L. tropica, isolates from two foci of southeast Iran were partly discriminated in the current study.
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Mirahmadi H, Rezaee N, Mehravaran A, Heydarian P, Raeghi S. Detection of species and molecular typing of Leishmania in suspected patients by targeting cytochrome b gene in Zahedan, southeast of Iran. Vet World 2018; 11:700-705. [PMID: 29915511 PMCID: PMC5993770 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.700-705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important health problems that are capable of involving both tropical and subtropical areas, especially in Iran. This cross-sectional study aimed to differentiate the species that are able to cause CL in Zahedan city by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Materials and Methods: It was conducted on 145 suspected CL patients in Zahedan city between 2014 and 2016. The smears were initially prepared, air-dried, fixed with absolute methanol, and stained with 10% Giemsa. Then, we examined the stained samples by a light microscope under 1000× magnifications. PCR assay targeted cytochrome b(cyt b) gene using LCBF1 and LCBR2 primers and the products digested by Ssp1 enzymes. Results: From 145 suspected CL patients, 76 (52.4%) were positive in microscopic examination. In addition, we detected gene of interest (cyt b) in 98 (67.5%). The results of PCR-RFLP indicated that 53/98 (54%) cases were Leishmania major and 45/98 (46%) were Leishmania tropica, and the main species in these areas was L. major. Conclusion: We concluded that the microscopic examination is not sensitive enough and is not able to distinguish between different Leishmania species. Instead, molecular methods like PCR-RFLP can be appropriately used with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mirahmadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Rezaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehravaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
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Al-Bajalan MMM, Al-Jaf SMA, Niranji SS, Abdulkareem DR, Al-Kayali KK, Kato H. An outbreak of Leishmania major from an endemic to a non-endemic region posed a public health threat in Iraq from 2014-2017: Epidemiological, molecular and phylogenetic studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006255. [PMID: 29494612 PMCID: PMC5832184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected worldwide, zoonotic, vector-borne, tropical disease that is a threat to public health. This threat may spread from endemic to non-endemic areas. Current research has exploited epidemiological, molecular and phylogenetical studies to determine the danger of an outbreak of CL in the borderline area between northern and central Iraq from 2014–2017. Methodology/Principal findings For the first time, using sequence analysis of the cytochrome b gene, the occurrence of CL in the borderline area between northern and central Iraq was confirmed to be due to Leishmania major. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was closely related to the L. major MRHO/IR/75/ER strain in Iran. Conclusions and significance In conclusion, the genotype confirmation of the L. major strain will improve our understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. This is important for facilitating control programs to prevent the further spread of CL. Furthermore, this area could be considered as a model for further research on the risk of global CL epidemics in other non-endemic countries where both reservoir hosts and sandfly vectors are present. Leishmaniasis refers to a disease with three main types of clinical manifestation in infected individuals including cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms. It is caused by several species of a parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by a small blood-sucking insect called a sandfly. The disease is mostly confined to the majority of the poorest countries worldwide, including Iraq, and is categorized as a low priority public health concern. The risk of the disease is exacerbated especially when suitable environments assist the sandfly and reservoir host to breed and spread and help the parasite to transfer from high incidence areas to places free from the disease. Therefore, we investigated the risk of the CL form of the disease after an outbreak in a borderline between northern and central of Iraq using the most sensitive diagnostic techniques including PCR and gene sequencing. The epidemiological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the parasites were studied, and we found that the parasite species Leishmania major was associated with the outbreak. Phylogeny analysis confirmed that the identified strain of the parasite matched an Iranian strain. These results indicate the risk of the disease spreading from endemic to non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariwan M M Al-Bajalan
- Department of Biology- College of Education and Research Centre, University of Garmian, Kalar- Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sirwan M A Al-Jaf
- Department of Biology- College of Education and Research Centre, University of Garmian, Kalar- Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sherko S Niranji
- Department of Biology- College of Education and Research Centre, University of Garmian, Kalar- Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Dler R Abdulkareem
- Department of Dermatology, Kalar General Hospital, Kalar- Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Khudhair K Al-Kayali
- Department of Dermatology, Kalar General Hospital, Kalar- Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Dermatology- College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baquba- Diyala, Iraq
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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First identification of L. major in a dog in an endemic area of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq: molecular and phylogenetic studies. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:585-590. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bilbao-Ramos P, Dea-Ayuela MA, Cardenas-Alegría O, Salamanca E, Santalla-Vargas JA, Benito C, Flores N, Bolás-Fernández F. Leishmaniasis in the major endemic region of Plurinational State of Bolivia: Species identification, phylogeography and drug susceptibility implications. Acta Trop 2017; 176:150-161. [PMID: 28751163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Plurinational State of Bolivia is one of the Latin American countries with the highest prevalence of leishmaniasis, highlighting the lowlands of the Department of La Paz where about 50% of the total cases were reported. The control of the disease can be seriously compromised by the intrinsic variability of the circulating species that may limit the efficacy of treatment while favoring the emergence of resistance. Fifty-five isolates of Leishmania from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions from patients living in different provinces of the Department of La Paz were tested. Molecular characterization of isolates was carried out by 3 classical markers: the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1), the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b). These markers were amplified by PCR and their products digested by the restriction endonuclease enzymes AseI and HaeIII followed by subsequent sequencing of Cyt-b gene and ITS-1 region for subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The combined use of these 3 markers allowed us to assign 36 isolates (65.5%) to the complex Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, 4 isolates (7, 27%) to L. (Viannia) lainsoni. and the remaining 15 isolates (23.7%) to a local variant of L. (Leishmania) mexicana. Concerning in vitro drug susceptibility the amastigotes from all isolates where highly sensitive to Fungizone® (mean IC50 between 0.23 and 0.5μg/mL) whereas against Glucantime® the sensitivity was moderate (mean IC50 ranging from 50.84μg/mL for L. (V.) braziliensis to 18.23μg/mL for L. (L.) mexicana. L. (V.) lainsoni was not sensitive to Glucantime®. The susceptibility to miltefosine was highly variable among species isolates, being L. (L.) mexicana the most sensitive, followed by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) lainsoni (mean IC50 of 8.24μg/mL, 17.85μg/mL and 23.28μg/mL, respectively).
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of zoonotic diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which can develop in domestic as well as wild animals and humans throughout the world. Currently, this disease is spreading in rural and urban areas of non-endemic regions in Brazil. Recently, bats have gained epidemiological significance in leishmaniasis due to its close relationship with human settlements. In this study, we investigated the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA in blood samples from 448 bats belonging to four families representing 20 species that were captured in the Triangulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaiba areas of Minas Gerais State (non-endemic areas for leishmaniasis), Brazil. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected in 8·0% of the blood samples, 41·6% of which were Leishmania infantum, 38·9% Leishmania amazonensis and 19·4% Leishmania braziliensis. No positive correlation was found between Leishmania spp. and bat food source. The species with more infection rates were the insectivorous bats Eumops perotis; 22·2% (4/18) of which tested positive for Leishmania DNA. The presence of Leishmania in the bat blood samples, as observed in this study, represents epidemiological importance due to the absence of Leishmaniasis cases in the region.
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Imai K, Tarumoto N, Amo K, Takahashi M, Sakamoto N, Kosaka A, Kato Y, Mikita K, Sakai J, Murakami T, Suzuki Y, Maesaki S, Maeda T. Non-invasive diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by the direct boil loop-mediated isothermal amplification method and MinION™ nanopore sequencing. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:34-37. [PMID: 28288843 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is gaining attention as a public health problem. We present two cases of CL imported from Syria and Venezuela in Japan. We diagnosed them as CL non-invasively by the direct boil loop-mediated isothermal amplification method and an innovative sequencing method using the MinION™ sequencer. This report demonstrates that our procedure could be useful for the diagnosis of CL in both clinical and epidemiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Japan.
| | - Norihito Tarumoto
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Amo
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takahashi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kosaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Mikita
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Sakai
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Maesaki
- Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Center for Clinical Infectious Diseases and Research, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Hashiguchi Y, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Mimori T, Gomez EA, Kato H. Leishmaniases in Ecuador: Comprehensive review and current status. Acta Trop 2017; 166:299-315. [PMID: 27919688 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews current knowledge about leishmaniases in Ecuador, proceeding from 1920, when the first human case was described, to the present, mainly focusing on the recent research events published. Regarding basic situations, it appears that 23 of Ecuador's 24 provinces have leishmaniasis-case reports. The disease is one of the mandatory notification infectious diseases in the country since 2005. All the 21,305 cases notified to the Ministry of Public Health, during the period from 2001 through 2014, were said to involve different clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) but not visceral (VL). Eight Leishmania species, L. (Viannia) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (Leishmania) mexicana, L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) major-like, L. (V.) naiffiand L. (V.) lainsoni were characterized. The last two species were most recently reported from the Ecuadorian Amazon regions. Of the 73 Ecuadorian Lutzomyia species (43 man-biting species) recorded, only four, Lu. trapidoi, Lu. gomezi, Lu. ayacuchensis, and Lu. tortura were incriminated as vectors of the Leishmania parasites. Current knowledge on the reservoir hosts of Leishmania in Ecuador is extremely poor. Recently, in Ecuador different kinds of molecular techniques were developed for diagnosis and mass screening of the disease, employing various materials derived from patients and sand fly vectors. These are PCR-RFLP, colorimetric FTA-LAMP etc. Brief comments and recommendations were also given, for future research and control of leishmaniases in Ecuador.
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Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 57:1-29. [PMID: 28159546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tim Downing
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Kasbari
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Granouillac
- IRD/UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France; Intertryp UMR IRD177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Yuan D, Qin H, Zhang J, Liao L, Chen Q, Chen D, Chen J. Phylogenetic analysis of HSP70 and cyt b gene sequences for Chinese Leishmania isolates and ultrastructural characteristics of Chinese Leishmania sp. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:693-702. [PMID: 27942942 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a worldwide epidemic disease caused by the genus Leishmania, which is still endemic in the west and northwest areas of China. Some viewpoints of the traditional taxonomy of Chinese Leishmania have been challenged by recent phylogenetic researches based on different molecular markers. However, the taxonomic positions and phylogenetic relationships of Chinese Leishmania isolates remain controversial, which need for more data and further analysis. In this study, the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene and cytochrome b (cyt b) gene were used for phylogenetic analysis of Chinese Leishmania isolates from patients, dogs, gerbils, and sand flies in different geographic origins. Besides, for the interesting Leishmania sp. in China, the ultrastructure of three Chinese Leishmania sp. strains (MHOM/CN/90/SC10H2, SD, GL) were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Bayesian trees from HSP70 and cyt b congruently indicated that the 14 Chinese Leishmania isolates belong to three Leishmania species including L. donovani complex, L. gerbilli, and L. (Sauroleishmania) sp. Their identity further confirmed that the undescribed Leishmania species causing visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in China is closely related to L. tarentolae. The phylogenetic results from HSP70 also suggested the classification of subspecies within L. donovani complex: KXG-918, KXG-927, KXG-Liu, KXG-Xu, 9044, SC6, and KXG-65 belong to L. donovani; Cy, WenChuan, and 801 were proposed to be L. infantum. Through transmission electron microscopy, unexpectedly, the Golgi apparatus were not observed in SC10H2, SD, and GL, which was similar to previous reports of reptilian Leishmania. The statistical analysis of microtubule counts separated SC10H2, SD, and GL as one group from any other reference strain (L. donovani MHOM/IN/80/DD8; L. tropica MHOM/SU/74/K27; L. gerbilli MRHO/CN/60/GERBILLI). The ultrastructural characteristics of Leishmania sp. partly lend support to the phylogenetic inference that Chinese Leishmania sp. is in close relationship with reptilian Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Qin
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China College of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No.17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China. .,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Dabiri S, Ajdari S, Alimohammadian MH, AlaeeNovin E, Taleshi N, Parvizi P. Assessment of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in precise identification and analysis of genetic polymorphisms for the evaluation of Leishmania parasites. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kato H, Gomez EA, Martini-Robles L, Muzzio J, Velez L, Calvopiña M, Romero-Alvarez D, Mimori T, Uezato H, Hashiguchi Y. Geographic Distribution of Leishmania Species in Ecuador Based on the Cytochrome B Gene Sequence Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004844. [PMID: 27410039 PMCID: PMC4943627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A countrywide epidemiological study was performed to elucidate the current geographic distribution of causative species of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ecuador by using FTA card-spotted samples and smear slides as DNA sources. Putative Leishmania in 165 samples collected from patients with CL in 16 provinces of Ecuador were examined at the species level based on the cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. Of these, 125 samples were successfully identified as Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) naiffi, L. (V.) lainsoni, and L. (Leishmania) mexicana. Two dominant species, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis, were widely distributed in Pacific coast subtropical and Amazonian tropical areas, respectively. Recently reported L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) lainsoni were identified in Amazonian areas, and L. (L.) mexicana was identified in an Andean highland area. Importantly, the present study demonstrated that cases of L. (V.) braziliensis infection are increasing in Pacific coast areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo A. Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Luiggi Martini-Robles
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Insitituto de Investigacion de Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jenny Muzzio
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Insitituto de Investigacion de Salud Publica, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Lenin Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Centro de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tatsuyuki Mimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uezato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Khan NH, Messenger LA, Wahid S, Sutherland CJ. Phylogenetic position of Leishmania isolates from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:61-6. [PMID: 27233810 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several species of the genus Leishmania are causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. This study aimed to determine phylogenetic placement of Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan (34 Leishmania tropica, 3 Leishmania infantum), in-relation to species from other geographical areas using gene sequences encoding cytochrome b (cytb) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2). Based on cytochrome b sequence analysis, L. tropica strains from Pakistan and other geographical regions were differentiated into two genotype groups, A and B. Within the province, five distinct L. tropica genotypes were recognized; two in group A, three in group B. Two L. infantum isolates from the province were closely associated with both Afro-Eurasian and American species of the Leishmania donovani complex, including Leishmania chagasi, L. infantum and L. donovani from Sudan and Ethiopia; while a third L. infantum isolate could not be differentiated from visceralizing Kenyan and Indian L. donovani. We observed apposite phylogenetic placement of CL-causing L. tropica and L. infantum from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Affinities ascribed to Leishmania spp. From the region are valuable in tracing potential importation of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Habib Khan
- Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Sobia Wahid
- Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Lopes EG, Geraldo Junior CA, Marcili A, Silva RD, Keid LB, Oliveira TMFDS, Soares RM. PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL PCRs BASED ON PRIMERS DIRECTED TO NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENES FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Leishmania spp. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:41. [PMID: 27253743 PMCID: PMC4879998 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In visceral leishmaniasis, the detection of the agent is of paramount importance to
identify reservoirs of infection. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic attributes of
PCRs based on primers directed to cytochrome-B (cytB),
cytochrome-oxidase-subunit II (coxII), cytochrome-C
(cytC), and the minicircle-kDNA. Although PCRs directed to
cytB, coxII, cytC were able to detect different species of
Leishmania, and the nucleotide sequence of their amplicons
allowed the unequivocal differentiation of species, the analytical and diagnostic
sensitivity of these PCRs were much lower than the analytical and diagnostic
sensitivity of the kDNA-PCR. Among the 73 seropositive animals, the asymptomatic dogs
had spleen and bone marrow samples collected and tested; only two animals were
positive by PCRs based on cytB, coxII, and
cytC, whereas 18 were positive by the kDNA-PCR. Considering the
kDNA-PCR results, six dogs had positive spleen and bone marrow samples, eight dogs
had positive bone marrow results but negative results in spleen samples and, in four
dogs, the reverse situation occurred. We concluded that PCRs based on
cytB, coxII, and cytC can be
useful tools to identify Leishmania species when used in combination
with automated sequencing. The discordance between the results of the kDNA-PCR in
bone marrow and spleen samples may indicate that conventional PCR lacks sensitivity
for the detection of infected dogs. Thus, primers based on the kDNA should be
preferred for the screening of infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Gallucci Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Arlei Marcili
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Duarte Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis: A Species-Specific Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26843051 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3360-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania which are transmitted to humans through bites of infected sand flies. The variable clinical manifestations and the evolution of the disease are determined by the infecting species. Recognition at a species level is of utmost importance since this greatly impacts therapy decision making as well as predicts outcome for the disease. This chapter describes the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of Leishmania parasites across the disease spectrum, including protocols for sample collection and transportation, genomic material extraction, and target amplification methods with special emphasis on PCR amplification of the cytochrome b gene for Leishmania spp. species identification.
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Vikeved E, Backlund A, Alsmark C. The Dynamics of Lateral Gene Transfer in Genus Leishmania - A Route for Adaptation and Species Diversification. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004326. [PMID: 26730948 PMCID: PMC4711719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genome of Leishmania major harbours a comparably high proportion of genes of prokaryote origin, acquired by lateral gene transfer (LGT). Some of these are present in closely related trypanosomatids, while some are detected in Leishmania only. We have evaluated the impact and destiny of LGT in genus Leishmania. Methodology/Principal Findings To study the dynamics and fate of LGTs we have performed phylogenetic, as well as nucleotide and amino acid composition analyses within orthologous groups of LGTs detected in Leishmania. A set of universal trypanosomatid LGTs was added as a reference group. Both groups of LGTs have, to some extent, ameliorated to resemble the recipient genomes. However, while virtually all of the universal trypanosomatid LGTs are distributed and conserved in the entire genus Leishmania, the LGTs uniquely present in genus Leishmania are more prone to gene loss and display faster rates of evolution. Furthermore, a PCR based approach has been employed to ascertain the presence of a set of twenty LGTs uniquely present in genus Leishmania, and three universal trypanosomatid LGTs, in ten additional strains of Leishmania. Evolutionary rates and predicted expression levels of these LGTs have also been estimated. Ten of the twenty LGTs are distributed and conserved in all species investigated, while the remainder have been subjected to modifications, or undergone pseudogenization, degradation or loss in one or more species. Conclusions/Significance LGTs unique to the genus Leishmania have been acquired after the divergence of Leishmania from the other trypanosomatids, and are evolving faster than their recipient genomes. This implies that LGT in genus Leishmania is a continuous and dynamic process contributing to species differentiation and speciation. This study also highlights the importance of carefully evaluating these dynamic genes, e.g. as LGTs have been suggested as potential drug targets. Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, estimated to threaten 350 million people in 88 countries worldwide according to the WHO. The genome of Leishmania major harbours a number of genes, which have been proposed as acquired by lateral gene transfer (LGT) from a broad variety of prokaryote donors. Such genes may prove beneficial for the parasites, e.g. by promoting survival of the parasite in new environments. We have studied orthologs to LGTs previously detected uniquely in L. major as well as LGTs shared also by other trypanosomatids. The universal trypanosomatid LGTs are more conserved within genus Leishmania, as compared to LGTs that are exclusively present in genus Leishmania. One possible explanation to this observation is that these have resided in their host genomes for a longer time period. This explanation strengthens the hypothesis that the LGTs unique to genus Leishmaina were acquired after the divergence from the trypanosomes, rather than before the divergence, and then subsequently lost from the trypanosome lineage. An in-depth analysis of a subset of the LGTs, which are present only in genus Leishmania showed that LGT within genus Leishmania is a dynamic process. LGTs, providing beneficial capabilities to the parasite, are demonstrated to become conserved throughout generic diversification, hence contributing to species differentiation, while LGTs of limited use are degraded and lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Vikeved
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Backlund
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Alsmark
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Comparative study of viscerotropic pathogenicity of Leishmania major amastigotes and promastigotes based on identification of mitochondrial and nucleus sequences. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1221-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gebhardt M, Ertas B, Falk T, Blödorn-Schlicht N, Metze D, Böer-Auer A. Fast, sensitive and specific diagnosis of infections withLeishmaniaspp. in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsies by cytochrome b polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1239-49. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gebhardt
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
| | - B. Ertas
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
| | - T.M. Falk
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
| | | | - D. Metze
- Department of Dermatology; Münster University; Von Esmarch Strasse 58 48149 Münster Germany
| | - A. Böer-Auer
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
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Barroso PA, Nevot M, Hoyos CL, Locatelli FM, Lauthier JJ, Ruybal P, Cardozo RM, Russo PD, Vassiliades CN, Mora MC, Estévez J, Hashiguchi Y, Korenaga M, Basombrío MA, Marco JD. Genetic and clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in northeastern Argentina. Acta Trop 2015; 150:218-23. [PMID: 26277067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases comprise zoonotic diseases caused by protozoan flagellates of the Leishmania genus. They are endemic to South America, and the visceral form has been recently reported in Argentina. Dogs can play different roles in the Leishmania transmission cycles, depending mainly on the species of parasite involved. Here we focused on the clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Northeast Argentina and on the molecular typing of its etiological agent. The nested polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the Leishmania cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was performed on DNA templates purified from lymph nodes, bone marrow or spleen aspirates obtained from 48 dogs previously diagnosed by the observation of Leishmania amastigotes on smears from these aspirates. Their clinical and epidemiological data were also recorded. Systemic abnormalities were observed in 46 subjects (95.8%), most frequently lymphadenopathy, and emaciation (89.6 and 75%). Furthermore, 87% also presented tegumentary abnormalities, such as alopecia (54.2%) or secondary skin lesions (47.9%), among others. Twenty three dogs were positive for cyt b amplification. The sequence analysis showed the presence of two genotypes, LiA1 and LiA2, assigned to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, with 99.9 and 100% homology with the reference strain MHOM/TN/80/IPT1 respectively. LiA1 was identified in 18 cases (78.3%) and LiA2 in five (21.7%). Two cyt b variants of L. (L.) infantum were incriminated as the causative agents of CanL cases from three cities: Posadas, Garupá, and Ituzaingó. All three cities are located in the northeastern area of the country, where these parasites seem to be spreading in urban areas.
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Abstract
Leishmania is an infectious protozoan parasite related to African and American trypanosomes. All Leishmania species that are pathogenic to humans can cause dermal disease. When one is confronted with cutaneous leishmaniasis, identification of the causative species is relevant in both clinical and epidemiological studies, case management, and control. This review gives an overview of the currently existing and most used assays for species discrimination, with a critical appraisal of the limitations of each technique. The consensus taxonomy for the genus is outlined, including debatable species designations. Finally, a numerical literature analysis is presented that describes which methods are most used in various countries and regions in the world, and for which purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Van der Auwera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium Antwerp University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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Marco JD, Barroso PA, Locatelli FM, Cajal SP, Hoyos CL, Nevot MC, Lauthier JJ, Tomasini N, Juarez M, Estévez JO, Korenaga M, Nasser JR, Hashiguchi Y, Ruybal P. Multilocus sequence typing approach for a broader range of species of Leishmania genus: describing parasite diversity in Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 30:308-317. [PMID: 25558029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection affecting over 350 million people around the world. In Argentina cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in nine provinces and visceral leishmaniasis is spreading from autochthonous transmission foci in seven provinces. However, there is limited information about the diversity of the parasite in this country. Implementation of molecular strategies for parasite typing, particularly multilocus sequence typing (MLST), represents an improved approach for genetic variability and population dynamics analyses. We selected six loci as candidates implemented in reference strains and Argentinean isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed high correlation with taxonomic classification of the parasite. Autochthonous Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis showed higher genetic diversity than L. (Leishmania) infantum but low support was obtained for intra-L. braziliensis complex variants suggesting the need of new loci that contribute to phylogenetic resolution for an improved MLST or nested-MLST scheme. This study represents the first characterization of genetic variability of Leishmania spp. in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Paola A Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Fabricio M Locatelli
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
| | - S Pamela Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Carlos L Hoyos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - M Cecilia Nevot
- Veterinaria del Oeste, Av. Lavalle 2574, N3300ONN Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
| | - Juan J Lauthier
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Tomasini
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina.
| | - Marisa Juarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - J Octavio Estévez
- Veterinaria del Oeste, Av. Lavalle 2574, N3300ONN Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Julio R Nasser
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador y Proyecto Prometeo, SNESCYT, Sodiro N14-121 e Iquique, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Paraguay 2155, piso 13, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hitakarun A, Tan-ariya P, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Piyaraj P, Naaglor T, Siriyasatien P, Tiwananthagorn S, Leelayoova S. Comparison of PCR methods for detection of Leishmania siamensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:458. [PMID: 25274259 PMCID: PMC4188918 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania siamensis, a newly identified species, has been reported as a causative agent of leishmaniasis in Thailand. This organism has been identified and genetically characterized using PCR techniques based on several target genes. However, the sensitivities and specificities of these methods for the diagnosis of L. siamensis infection have never been evaluated. METHODS To evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of PCR methods to detect L. siamensis infection, PCR for different genetic markers, i.e., the small subunit ribosomal RNA region (SSU-rRNA), the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1), cysteine protease B (cpb), cytochrome b (cyt b), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), the spliced leader mini-exon, and the triose-phosphate isomerase (tim) genes were compared. RESULTS Both the ITS1-PCR and the SSU rRNA-PCR could detect promastigote of L. siamensis at concentrations as low as 0.05 parasites/μl or the DNA concentration at 2.3 pg/μl. Though the ITS1-PCR method only recognized 8 samples as positive, all of these could be assessed as true positive according to microscopic diagnosis and/or amplifying the results of the PCR and their sequencing, while other methods also produced false positive results. Compared with the ITS1-PCR method, the PCR amplified SSU-rRNA and cpb gene showed 100% sensitivity for the detection of L. siamensis in clinical specimens. The PCR amplified mini-exon and hsp70 gene also gave a high sensitivity of 87.5%. In contrast, the PCR methods for cyt b and tim gene showed low sensitivity. The PCR methods for cyt b, mini-exon and tim gene showed 100% specificity compared with the ITS1-PCR. CONCLUSION As a result, the ITS1-PCR method is a suitable target for PCR-based detection of L. siamensis infection in clinical specimens due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The results of this study can be used for molecular diagnosis as well as in epidemiological studies of L. siamensis in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atitaya Hitakarun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Peerapan Tan-ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Tawee Naaglor
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Najafzadeh N, Sedaghat MM, Sultan SS, Spotin A, Zamani A, Taslimian R, Yaghoubinezhad A, Parvizi P. The existence of only one haplotype of Leishmania major in the main and potential reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using different molecular markers in a focal area in Iran. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:599-606. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0164-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adel Spotin
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran; Tabriz University, Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Amir Yaghoubinezhad
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran; Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Iran
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The associations of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica aspects by focusing their morphological and molecular features on clinical appearances in Khuzestan Province, Iran. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:913510. [PMID: 25317423 PMCID: PMC4181938 DOI: 10.1155/2014/913510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis has various phenotypic aspects consisting of polymorphic amastigotes with different genetic ranges. Samples were collected from suspected patients of Khuzestan province. Prepared smears were stained, scaled, and measured using ocular micrometer. The Cyt b, ITS-rDNA, and microsatellite genes of Leishmania were amplified and Leishmania species were identified by molecular analyses. Of 150 examined suspected patients, 102 were identified to Leishmania species (90 L. major, nine L. tropica, and three unidentified). The amastigotes of 90 L. major had regular and different irregular shapes within three clinical lesions with no and/or low genetic diversity. Three haplotypes of Cyt b of L. major were found but no variation was observed using ITS-rDNA gene. Interesting findings were that all nine L. tropica had regular amastigote shapes with more genetic variations, also a patient which had coinfection of L. major, L. tropica, and Crithidia. At least two L. major and L. tropica were identified in suspected patients of the regions. Different irregular amastigotes' shapes of L. major can be explained by various reservoir hosts and vectors. In contrast, more molecular variations in L. tropica could be justified by genetic characters. Unidentified Leishmania could be mixed pathogens or nonpathogens with mammals' Leishmania or Crithidia.
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Gelanew T, Hailu A, Schőnian G, Lewis MD, Miles MA, Yeo M. Multilocus sequence and microsatellite identification of intra-specific hybrids and ancestor-like donors among natural Ethiopian isolates of Leishmania donovani. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:751-7. [PMID: 24995620 PMCID: PMC4147965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) cause widespread and devastating human diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Ethiopia where it has also been responsible for fatal epidemics. It is postulated that genetic exchange in Leishmania has implications for heterosis (hybrid vigour), spread of virulent strains, resistance to chemotherapeutics, and exploitation of different hosts and vectors. Here we analyse 11 natural Ethiopian Leishmania donovani isolates consisting of four putative hybrids, seven parent-like isolates and over 90 derived biological clones. We apply a novel combination of high resolution multilocus microsatellite typing (five loci) and multilocus sequence typing (four loci) that together distinguish parent-like and hybrid L. donovani strains. Results indicate that the four isolates (and their associated biological clones) are genetic hybrids, not the results of mixed infections, each possessing heterozygous markers consistent with inheritance of divergent alleles from genetically distinct Ethiopian L. donovani lineages. The allelic profiles of the putative hybrids may have arisen from a single hybridisation event followed by inbreeding or gene conversion, or alternatively from two or more hybridisation events. Mitochondrial sequencing showed uniparental maxicircle inheritance for all of the hybrids, each possessing a single mitochondrial genotype. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of DNA content demonstrated that all hybrids and their associated clones were diploid. Together the data imply that intra-specific genetic exchange is a recurrent feature of natural L. donovani populations, with substantial implications for the phyloepidemiology of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Gelanew
- Serology Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR, United States; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gabriele Schőnian
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael D Lewis
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Yeo
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Locatelli FM, Cajal SP, Barroso PA, Lauthier JJ, Mora MC, Juarez M, Kato H, Nasser JR, Hashiguchi Y, Korenaga M, Marco JD. The isolation and molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. from patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis in northwest Argentina. Acta Trop 2014; 131:16-21. [PMID: 24291551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is a group of zoonotic diseases caused by kinetoplastid flagellates of the genus Leishmania. A total of 66 patients diagnosed as positive ATL cases from northwest Argentina were included in this study. Leishmania stocks were isolated in vitro and analyzed over promastigote cultures sown on FTA through nested PCR and sequence of cytochrome b (cyt b). The molecular analysis resulted in the incrimination of L. (Viannia) braziliensis as the predominant species in the studied area, identifying two genotypes of L. (V.) braziliensis, 24 cases of Ab-1 cyt b and 41 cases of Ab-2 cyt b. One L. (V.) guyanensis strain was obtained from a traveler from the Brazilian Amazon. The prevalence of different genotypes was in agreement with previous studies, suggesting the necessity for new systems to study the genetic diversity in more detail. Most of the cases typified in this study were registered in the area of Zenta Valley (Orán, Hipólito Yrigoyen, and Pichanal cities), pointing a link between genotype and geographical origin of the sample. Sex and age distribution of the patients indicate that the transmission was predominantly associated with rural areas or rural activities, although the results might not exclude the possibility of peri-urban transmission. This work represents, so far, the largest isolation and molecular characterization of ATL cases in Argentina.
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Evolution and species discrimination according to the Leishmania heat-shock protein 20 gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:229-37. [PMID: 23722022 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Leishmania genus comprises up to 35 species, of which 20 are responsible for human disease. However, the taxonomic status for many of them is under discussion. The small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) are physiologically relevant, protecting cellular proteins from aggregation and maintaining cellular viability under intensive stress conditions. In Leishmania, a protein of this class was previously described, the 20-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP20), which is encoded by a single gene. In the present study, we used this target, alone or in combination with hsp70 gene, to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania species. Using a pair of degenerate primers it was possible amplifying a 370bp fragment of the hsp20 coding region in 39 strains of very different geographic origins, representing in total 16 Leishmania species (14 if L. chagasi and L. archibaldi are considered synonymous names of L. infantum and L. donovani, respectively). Nucleotide sequences were readily obtained by direct sequencing of the amplification products. Both phylogenetic trees and networks based on either hsp20 sequences or combined datasets of hsp20 and hsp70 sequences were constructed. These phylogenic analyses supported the division of the Leishmania genus into nine species: L. (L.) donovani, L. (L.) major, L. (L.) tropica, L. (L.) aethiopica, L. (L.) mexicana, L. (V.) lainsoni, L. (V.) naiffi, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis. Additionally, by network analysis, the subspecies L. (L.) donovani infantum and L. (V.) braziliensis peruviana were recognized within the L. (L.) donovani and L. (V.) braziliensis species, respectively. Therefore, hsp20 gene was found to be a suitable molecular marker for Leishmania typing and classification purposes. In addition, this study represents a solid contribution to the objective of establishing a more reliable taxonomy for the genus Leishmania.
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