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Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Ozir-Fazalalikhan A, Scheenstra MR, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, van Hengel ORJ, Gentenaar M, Manurung MD, Harvey MR, Codée JDC, Chiodo F, Heijke AM, Kalinowska A, van Diepen A, Hensbergen PJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Guigas B, Hokke CH, Smits HH. Schistosoma mansoni egg-derived thioredoxin and Sm14 drive the development of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011344. [PMID: 37363916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic schistosome infections, a complex regulatory network is induced to regulate the host immune system, in which IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells play a significant role. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) are bound and internalized by B cells and induce both human and mouse IL-10 producing Breg cells. To identify Breg-inducing proteins in SEA, we fractionated SEA by size exclusion chromatography and found 6 fractions able to induce IL-10 production by B cells (out of 18) in the high, medium and low molecular weight (MW) range. The high MW fractions were rich in heavily glycosylated molecules, including multi-fucosylated proteins. Using SEA glycoproteins purified by affinity chromatography and synthetic glycans coupled to gold nanoparticles, we investigated the role of these glycan structures in inducing IL-10 production by B cells. Then, we performed proteomics analysis on active low MW fractions and identified a number of proteins with putative immunomodulatory properties, notably thioredoxin (SmTrx1) and the fatty acid binding protein Sm14. Subsequent splenic murine B cell stimulations and hock immunizations with recombinant SmTrx1 and Sm14 showed their ability to dose-dependently induce IL-10 production by B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of unique Breg cells-inducing molecules may pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde A M Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oscar R J van Hengel
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Gentenaar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhael D Manurung
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Harvey
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anouk M Heijke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Oettle RC, Dickinson HA, Fitzsimmons CM, Sacko M, Tukahebwa EM, Chalmers IW, Wilson S. Protective human IgE responses are promoted by comparable life-cycle dependent Tegument Allergen-Like expression in Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011037. [PMID: 37228019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium is the most prevalent of the human-infecting schistosome species, causing significant morbidity in endemically exposed populations. Despite this, it has been relatively understudied compared to its fellow species, S. mansoni. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the S. haematobium Tegument Allergen-Like protein family, a key protein family directly linked to protective immunity in S. mansoni infection. Comparable with observations for S. mansoni, parasite phylogenetic analysis and relative gene expression combined with host serological analysis support a cross-reactive relationship between S. haematobium TAL proteins, exposed to the host immune system as adult worms die, and closely related proteins, exposed during penetration by the infecting cercarial and early schistosomulae stages. Specifically, our results strengthen the evidence for host immunity driven by cross-reactivity between family members TAL3 and TAL5, establishing it for the first time for S. haematobium infection. Furthermore, we build upon this relationship to include the involvement of an additional member of the TAL protein family, TAL11 for both schistosome species. Finally, we show a close association between experience of infection and intensity of transmission and the development of protective IgE responses to these antigens, thus improving our knowledge of the mechanisms by which protective host immune responses develop. This knowledge will be critical in understanding how control efforts such as mass drug administration campaigns influence the development of host immunity and subsequent patterns of infection and disease within endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Oettle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Moussa Sacko
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Research, Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Iain W Chalmers
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Midzi H, Vengesai A, Muleya V, Kasambala M, Mduluza-Jokonya TL, Chipako I, Siamayuwa CE, Mutapi F, Naicker T, Mduluza T. Metabolomics for biomarker discovery in schistosomiasis: A systematic scoping review. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMetabolomic based approaches are essential tools in the discovery of unique biomarkers for infectious diseases via high-throughput global assessment of metabolites and metabolite pathway dysregulation. This in-turn allows the development of diagnostic tools and provision of therapeutics. In this review, we aimed to give an overview of metabolite biomarkers and metabolic pathway alterations during Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections.MethodsWe conducted the review by systematically searching electronic databases and grey literature to identify relevant metabolomics studies on schistosomiasis. Arksey and O’Malley methodology for conducting systematic scoping reviews was applied. A narrative summary of results was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review guidelines.ResultsTwelve articles included in the review identified 127 metabolites, whose concentrations were considerably altered during S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. The metabolites were assigned to metabolic pathways involved in energy (34.6%), gut microbial (11.0%), amino acid (25.2%), nucleic acids (6.3%), immune proteins (8.7%) hormones (2.4%) and structural proteins/lipids (11.8%). Energy related metabolic pathways were the most affected during schistosome infections with metabolites such as succinate, citrate, aconitate and fumarate of the tricarbocylic acid cycle being significantly altered in organ, serum and plasma samples. Amino acid metabolism was also impacted during schistosome infections as phenylacetylglycine, alanine, taurine, 2-oxoisocaproate and 2-oxoisovalerate emerged as potent biomarkers. Elevated structural proteins such as actin, collagen and keratin concentrations were identified as biomarkers of liver fibrosis, a common pathological feature in chronic schistosomiasis infections. Hippurate was a major metabolite biomarker in the gut microbial related pathway.ConclusionsThe analysis of the literature revealed that energy related metabolic pathways are considerably altered during S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. Therefore, their metabolites may provide biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in addition to providing therapeutics for parasitic infections. This scoping review has identified a need to replicate more schistosomiasis metabolomic studies in humans to complement animal-model based studies.
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Pakharukova MY, Mordvinov VA. Similarities and differences among the Opisthorchiidae liver flukes: insights from Opisthorchis felineus. Parasitology 2022; 149:1306-1318. [PMID: 35570685 PMCID: PMC11010525 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne liver trematode Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) is a member of the triad of phylogenetically related epidemiologically important Opisthorchiidae trematodes, which also includes O. viverrini (Poirier, 1886) and Clonorchis sinensis (Loos, 1907). Despite similarity in the life cycle, Opisthorchiidae liver flukes also have marked differences. Two species (O. viverrini and C. sinensis) are recognized as Group 1A biological carcinogens, whereas O. felineus belongs to Group 3A. In this review, we focus on these questions: Are there actual differences in carcinogenicity among these 3 liver fluke species? Is there an explanation for these differences? We provide a recent update of our knowledge on the liver fluke O. felineus and highlight its differences from O. viverrini and C. sinensis. In particular, we concentrate on differences in the climate of endemic areas, characteristics of the life cycle, the range of intermediate hosts, genomic and transcriptomic features of the pathogens, and clinical symptoms and morbidity of the infections in humans. The discussion of these questions can stimulate new developments in comparative studies on the pathogenicity of liver flukes and should help to identify species-specific features of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y. Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 10 Akad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 10 Akad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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5
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Wangorsch A, Scheurer S, Blanca M, Blanca-Lopez N, Somoza ML, Martín-Pedraza L. Allergenic Properties and Molecular Characteristics of PR-1 Proteins. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:824717. [PMID: 35386656 PMCID: PMC8974740 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.824717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a small fraction of proteins in plants and animals are classified as allergens. The allergenic properties are frequently attributed to certain functional characteristics of the proteins, such as a role in the plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress, to achieve the systematic acquired resistance. In line with this, eight members out of 17 functional pathogenesis-related (PR) protein families have been characterized as allergens. The present review summarizes the molecular features and allergenic significance of allergens of the PR-1 family. Not many allergens have been identified as belonging to this protein family, with most of them having a pollen origin, like mugwort or Bermuda grass. Molecular and structural features of allergenic PR-1 proteins are discussed and attributed to their IgE-reactive properties, clinical manifestation, and cross-reactivity among different foods and inhalants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Blanca
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Martín-Pedraza
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Laura Martín-Pedraza
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6
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Stroehlein AJ, Korhonen PK, Lee VV, Ralph SA, Mentink-Kane M, You H, McManus DP, Tchuenté LAT, Stothard JR, Kaur P, Dudchenko O, Aiden EL, Yang B, Yang H, Emery AM, Webster BL, Brindley PJ, Rollinson D, Chang BCH, Gasser RB, Young ND. Chromosome-level genome of Schistosoma haematobium underpins genome-wide explorations of molecular variation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010288. [PMID: 35167626 PMCID: PMC8846543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium and is one of the most neglected tropical diseases worldwide, afflicting > 100 million people. It is characterised by granulomata, fibrosis and calcification in urogenital tissues, and can lead to increased susceptibility to HIV/AIDS and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. To complement available treatment programs and break the transmission of disease, sound knowledge and understanding of the biology and ecology of S. haematobium is required. Hybridisation/introgression events and molecular variation among members of the S. haematobium-group might effect important biological and/or disease traits as well as the morbidity of disease and the effectiveness of control programs including mass drug administration. Here we report the first chromosome-contiguous genome for a well-defined laboratory line of this blood fluke. An exploration of this genome using transcriptomic data for all key developmental stages allowed us to refine gene models (including non-coding elements) and annotations, discover 'new' genes and transcription profiles for these stages, likely linked to development and/or pathogenesis. Molecular variation within S. haematobium among some geographical locations in Africa revealed unique genomic 'signatures' that matched species other than S. haematobium, indicating the occurrence of introgression events. The present reference genome (designated Shae.V3) and the findings from this study solidly underpin future functional genomic and molecular investigations of S. haematobium and accelerate systematic, large-scale population genomics investigations, with a focus on improved and sustained control of urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J. Stroehlein
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - V. Vern Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margaret Mentink-Kane
- NIH-NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong You
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech, Pudong, China
- Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bicheng Yang
- BGI Australia, Oceania, BGI Group, CBCRB Building, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Unknown Pathogen Identification, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Parasites and Vectors Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- Parasites and Vectors Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - David Rollinson
- Parasites and Vectors Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Bill C. H. Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Landeryou T, Rabone M, Allan F, Maddren R, Rollinson D, Webster BL, Tchuem-Tchuenté LA, Anderson RM, Emery AM. Genome-wide insights into adaptive hybridisation across the Schistosoma haematobium group in West and Central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010088. [PMID: 35100291 PMCID: PMC8803156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern across sub-Saharan Africa; current control programmes rely on accurate mapping and high mass drug administration (MDA) coverage to attempt disease elimination. Inter-species hybridisation can occur between certain species, changing epidemiological dynamics within endemic regions, which has the potential to confound control interventions. The impact of hybridisation on disease dynamics is well illustrated in areas of Cameroon where urogenital schistosomiasis, primarily due to Schistosoma haematobium and hybrid infections, now predominate over intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma guineensis. Genetic markers have shown the ability to identify hybrids, however the underlying genomic architecture of divergence and introgression between these species has yet to be established. In this study, restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) was used on archived adult worms initially identified as; Schistosoma bovis (n = 4), S. haematobium (n = 9), S. guineensis (n = 3) and S. guineensis x S. haematobium hybrids (n = 4) from Mali, Senegal, Niger, São Tomé and Cameroon. Genome-wide evidence supports the existence of S. guineensis and S. haematobium hybrid populations across Cameroon. The hybridisation of S. guineensis x S. haematobium has not been demonstrated on the island of São Tomé, where all samples showed no introgression with S. haematobium. Additionally, all S. haematobium isolates from Nigeria, Mali and Cameroon indicated signatures of genomic introgression from S. bovis. Adaptive loci across the S. haematobium group showed that voltage-gated calcium ion channels (Cav) could play a key role in the ability to increase the survivability of species, particularly in host systems. Where admixture has occurred between S. guineensis and S. haematobium, the excess introgressive influx of tegumental (outer helminth body) and antigenic genes from S. haematobium has increased the adaptive response in hybrids, leading to increased hybrid population fitness and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Landeryou
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Rabone
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Allan
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Maddren
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Rollinson
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie L. Webster
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roy M. Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Skern-Mauritzen R, Malde K, Eichner C, Dondrup M, Furmanek T, Besnier F, Komisarczuk AZ, Nuhn M, Dalvin S, Edvardsen RB, Klages S, Huettel B, Stueber K, Grotmol S, Karlsbakk E, Kersey P, Leong JS, Glover KA, Reinhardt R, Lien S, Jonassen I, Koop BF, Nilsen F. The salmon louse genome: Copepod features and parasitic adaptations. Genomics 2021; 113:3666-3680. [PMID: 34403763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copepods encompass numerous ecological roles including parasites, detrivores and phytoplankton grazers. Nonetheless, copepod genome assemblies remain scarce. Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an economically and ecologically important ectoparasitic copepod found on salmonid fish. We present the 695.4 Mbp L. salmonis genome assembly containing ≈60% repetitive regions and 13,081 annotated protein-coding genes. The genome comprises 14 autosomes and a ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system. Assembly assessment identified 92.4% of the expected arthropod genes. Transcriptomics supported annotation and indicated a marked shift in gene expression after host attachment, including apparent downregulation of genes related to circadian rhythm coinciding with abandoning diurnal migration. The genome shows evolutionary signatures including loss of genes needed for peroxisome biogenesis, presence of numerous FNII domains, and an incomplete heme homeostasis pathway suggesting heme proteins to be obtained from the host. Despite repeated development of resistance against chemical treatments L. salmonis exhibits low numbers of many genes involved in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketil Malde
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Francois Besnier
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Zofia Komisarczuk
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Nuhn
- EMBL-The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf B Edvardsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sven Klages
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Kurt Stueber
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul Kersey
- EMBL-The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Jong S Leong
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Kevin A Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 6, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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Abreu FC, Mota EA, Pereira RV, Oliveira VF, Costa MP, Gomes MDS, Jannotti-Passos LK, Borges WC, Guerra-Sá R. Differential expression profiles of miRNAs and their putative targets in Schistosoma mansoni during its life cycle. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200326. [PMID: 34008737 PMCID: PMC8128373 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by Schistosoma. Due to its complex life cycle, evolutionary position and sexual dimorphism, schistosomes have several mechanisms of gene regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting mRNA transcripts. OBJECTIVES Here, we tested 12 miRNAs and identified their putative targets using a computational approach. METHODS We performed the expression profiles of a set of miRNAs and their putative targets during the parasite's life cycle by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). FINDINGS Our results showed differential expression patterns of the mature miRNAs sma-miR-250; sma-miR-92a; sma-miR-new_4-3p; sma-miR-new_4-5p; sma-miR-new_5-5p; sma-miR-new_12-5p; sma-miR-new_13-3p and sma-miR-new_13-5p. Interestingly, many of the putative target genes are linked to oxidative phosphorylation and are up-regulated in adult-worms, which led us to suggest that miRNAs might play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes related to energetic metabolism inversion during parasite development. It is noteworthy that the expression of sma-miR-new_13-3p exhibited a negative correlation on SmNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex I. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our analysis revealed putative miRNA genes related to important biological processes, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, proteasome regulation, glucose and lipid metabolism, immune system evasion and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Cp Abreu
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Ester Alves Mota
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Roberta V Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Victor F Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Marcela P Costa
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Matheus de S Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Patos de Minas, MG, Brasil
| | | | - William C Borges
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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10
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Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like protein 6 (SmVAL6) maintains tegumental barrier function. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:251-261. [PMID: 33253697 PMCID: PMC7957364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Smval6 is expressed in oral/ventral suckers, oesophageal gland and mesenchymal cells of Schistosoma mansoni. Smval6 knockdown increases surface membrane permeability. SmVAL6 interacts with Sm14 and DLC proteins.
The Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like protein (SmVAL) superfamily is a collection of at least 29 molecules that have been classified into two distinctive groups (Group 1 and Group 2 SmVALs). The fundamental basis for SmVAL segregation relates to signal peptide and conserved cysteine retention (present in all Group 1 SmVALs, but absent in all Group 2 SmVALs). These structural differences have led to the hypothesis that most Group 1 SmVALs, found as components of schistosome excretory/secretory (E/S) products, predominantly interact with their environment (intermediate or definitive hosts) whereas the Group 2 SmVALs are retained within the schistosome to fulfil parasite-related functions. While experimental evidence to support Group 1 SmVAL/host interactions is growing, similar support for identification of parasite-related Group 2 SmVAL functions is currently lacking. By applying a combination of approaches to the study of SmVAL6, we provide the first known evidence for an essential function of a Group 2 SmVAL in schistosome biology. After whole mount in situ hybridisation (WISH) localised Smval6 to the anterior region of the oesophageal gland (AOG) and cells scattered through the mesenchyme in adult schistosomes, short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Smval6 was employed to assess loss of function phenotypes. Here, siSmval6-mediated knockdown of transcript and protein levels led to an increase in tegumental permeability as assessed by the quantification of TAMRA-labelled dextran throughout sub-tegumental cells/tissues. Yeast two hybrid screening using SmVAL6 as a bait revealed Sm14 (a fatty acid binding protein) and a dynein light chain (DLC) as directly interacting partners. Interrogation of single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data supported these protein interactions by demonstrating the spatial co-expression of Smval6/dlc/Sm14 in a small proportion of adult cell types (e.g. neurons, tegumental cells and neoblasts). In silico modelling of SmVAL6 with Sm14 and DLC provided evidence that opposing faces of SmVAL6 were likely responsible for these protein/protein interactions. Our results suggest that SmVAL6 participates in oesophageal biology, formation of higher order protein complexes and maintenance of tegumental barrier function. Further studies of other Group 2 SmVALs may reveal additional functions of this enigmatic superfamily.
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11
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Farias LP, Chalmers IW, Perally S, Rofatto HK, Jackson CJ, Brown M, Khouri MI, Barbosa MMF, Hensbergen PJ, Hokke CH, Leite LCC, Hoffmann KF. Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like proteins: phylogenetic relationships, stage-specific transcription and tissue localization as predictors of immunological cross-reactivity. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:593-599. [PMID: 31136745 PMCID: PMC6598858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like (SmVAL) family relationships were investigated. Transcription patterns of SmVALs associate with phylogenetic relationships. There was clear antibody cross-reactivity between related native SmVAL proteins. SmVAL4, 10, 18 and 19 all localized via WISH to pre-acetabular glands of cercariae.
Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like proteins (SmVALs) are part of a diverse protein superfamily partitioned into two groups (group 1 and group 2). Phylogenetic analyses of group 1 SmVALs revealed that members could be segregated into subclades (A–D); these subclades share similar gene expression patterns across the parasite lifecycle and immunological cross-reactivity. Furthermore, whole-mount in situ hybridization demonstrated that the phylogenetically, transcriptionally and immunologically-related SmVAL4, 10, 18 and 19 (subclade C) were all localized to the pre-acetabular glands of immature cercariae. Our results suggest that SmVAL group 1 phylogenetic relationships, stage-specific transcriptional profiles and tissue localization are predictive of immunological cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Farias
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rua Waldemar Falcão, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FG Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Samirah Perally
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FG Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Henrique K Rofatto
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FG Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Martha Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FG Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Mariana I Khouri
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rua Waldemar Falcão, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mayra M F Barbosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul J Hensbergen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luciana C C Leite
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FG Aberystwyth, UK.
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12
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Wang T, Ma G, Ang CS, Korhonen PK, Koehler AV, Young ND, Nie S, Williamson NA, Gasser RB. High throughput LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis of excretory-secretory products from short-term in vitro culture of Haemonchus contortus. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103375. [PMID: 31071474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of humans, animals and plants have a major, adverse impact on global health and agricultural production worldwide. To cope with their surrounding environment in and the immune attack from the host, excretory-secretory (ES) proteins are released by nematodes to orchestrate or regulate parasite-host interactions. In the present study, we characterised the ES products from short-term (12 h) in vitro culture of different developmental stages/sexes of Haemonchus contortus (one of the most important parasitic nematodes of livestock animals worldwide) using a high throughput tandem mass-spectrometry, underpinned by the most recent genomic dataset. In total, 878 unique proteins from key developmental stages/sexes (third-stage and fourth-stage larvae, and female and male adults) were identified and quantified with high confidence. Bioinformatic analyses showed noteworthy ES protein alterations during the transition from the free-living to the parasitic phase, especially for proteins which are likely involved in nutrient digestion and acquisition as well as parasite-host interactions, such as proteolytic cascade-related peptidases, glycoside hydrolases, C-type lectins and sperm-coating protein/Tpx/antigen 5/pathogenesis related-1/Sc7 (= SCP/TAPS) proteins. Our findings provide an avenue to better explore interactive processes between the host and this highly significant parasitic nematode, to underpin the search for novel drug and vaccine targets. SIGNIFICANCE: The present study represents a comprehensive proteomic analysis of the secretome of key developmental stages/sexes of H. contortus maintained in short-term in vitro culture. High throughput LC-MS/MS analysis of ES products allowed the identification of a large repertoire of proteins (secretome) and the establishment of a new proteomic database for H. contortus. The secretome of H. contortus undergoes substantial changes during the nematode's transition from free-living to parasitic stages, suggesting a constant adaptation to different environments outside of and within the host animal. Understanding the host-parasite relationship at the molecular level could assist significantly in the development of intervention strategies (i.e. novel drugs and vaccines) against H. contortus and related nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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13
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Saberi A, Gulyaeva AA, Brubacher JL, Newmark PA, Gorbalenya AE. A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007314. [PMID: 30383829 PMCID: PMC6211748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication (albeit within a permissive host environment). A 33.5 kilobase (kb) nidovirus has been considered close to the upper size limit for such entities; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is in the 100–300 kb range. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the transition from primordial RNP to contemporary DNA-RNP-based life. Whether or not RNA viruses represent transitional steps towards DNA-based life, studies of larger RNA viruses advance our understanding of the size constraints on RNP entities and the role of genome size in virus adaptation. For example, emergence of the largest previously known RNA genomes (20–34 kb in positive-stranded nidoviruses, including coronaviruses) is associated with the acquisition of a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) encoded in the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) in a monophyletic subset of nidoviruses. However, apparent constraints on the size of ORF1b, which encodes this and other key replicative enzymes, have been hypothesized to limit further expansion of these viral RNA genomes. Here, we characterize a novel nidovirus (planarian secretory cell nidovirus; PSCNV) whose disproportionately large ORF1b-like region including unannotated domains, and overall 41.1-kb genome, substantially extend the presumed limits on RNA genome size. This genome encodes a predicted 13,556-aa polyprotein in an unconventional single ORF, yet retains canonical nidoviral genome organization and expression, as well as key replicative domains. These domains may include functionally relevant substitutions rarely or never before observed in highly conserved sites of RdRp, NiRAN, ExoN and 3CLpro. Our evolutionary analysis suggests that PSCNV diverged early from multi-ORF nidoviruses, and acquired additional genes, including those typical of large DNA viruses or hosts, e.g. Ankyrin and Fibronectin type II, which might modulate virus-host interactions. PSCNV's greatly expanded genome, proteomic complexity, and unique features–impressive in themselves–attest to the likelihood of still-larger RNA genomes awaiting discovery. RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication. The upper genome size for such entities was assumed to be <35 kb; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is in the 100–300 kilobase (kb) range. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the proposed evolution of contemporary DNA-RNP-based life from primordial RNP entities. Here, we describe a nidovirus from planarians, named planarian secretory cell nidovirus (PSCNV), whose 41.1 kb genome is 23% larger than any riboviral genome yet discovered. This increase is nearly equivalent in size to the entire poliovirus genome, and it equips PSCNV with an unprecedented extra coding capacity to adapt. PSCNV has broken apparent constraints on the size of the genomic subregion that encodes core replication machinery in other nidoviruses, including coronaviruses, and has acquired genes not previously observed in RNA viruses. This virus challenges and advances our understanding of the limits to RNA genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saberi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anastasia A. Gulyaeva
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John L. Brubacher
- Department of Biology, Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Phillip A. Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAN); (AEG)
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (PAN); (AEG)
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14
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Lee MR, Yoo WG, Kim YJ, Chung EJ, Cho SH, Ju JW. Venom allergen-like protein 28 in Clonorchis sinensis: four epitopes on its surface and the potential role of Cys124 for its conformational stability. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2521-2530. [PMID: 29876859 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins are important to host-parasite interactions. We previously demonstrated that a Clonorchis sinensis VAL (CsVAL) protein-derived synthetic peptide suppresses allergic and inflammatory responses. However, little is known regarding the physicochemical and antigenic properties of CsVAL proteins. Here, we identified a novel 194 amino acid VAL protein, named C. sinensis VAL 28 (CsVAL28), and characterized its functional motifs and structural details as a new member of the CAP superfamily. Unlike members of the Schistosoma mansoni VAL (SmVAL) family, CsVAL28 has a single CAP1 motif and six highly conserved disulfide bond-forming cysteines. Tertiary models of wild-type CsVAL28 and mutants were built using SmVAL4 as template via homology modeling. Normal mode analysis predicted that disulfide bond breaking by mutation of cysteine 124 to serine would greatly affect protein mobility. Four major immunoreactive linear epitopes were identified in the surface-exposed region or its vicinity via epitope mapping, using sera from clonorchiasis patients and healthy controls. Our findings provide in-depth knowledge on the structure-function properties of VAL proteins and may help determine highly antigenic regions for developing new diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Ro Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Chung
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Expansion of cap superfamily proteins in the genome of Mesocestoides corti : An extreme case of a general bilaterian trend. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Harasimczuk E, Øvergård AC, Grotmol S, Nilsen F, Dalvin S. Characterization of three salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) genes with fibronectin II domains expressed by tegumental type 1 glands. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 219:1-9. [PMID: 29246806 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae), is currently the most significant pathogen affecting the salmon farming industry in the Northern Hemisphere. Exocrine glands of blood-feeding parasites are believed to be important for the host-parasite interaction, but also in the production of substances for integument lubrication and antifouling. In L. salmonis; however, we have limited knowledge about the exocrine glands. The aim of this study was therefore to examine three genes containing fibronectin type II (FNII) domains expressed in L. salmonis tegumental type 1 (teg 1) glands, namely LsFNII1, 2 and 3. LsFNII1, 2 and 3 contains four, three, and two FNII domains respectively. Sequence alignment of LsFNII domains showed conservation of amino acids that may indicate a possible involvement of LsFNII domains in collagen binding. Ontogenetic analysis of LsFNII1, 2 and 3 revealed highest expression in pre-adult and adult lice. Localization of LsFNII1, 2 and 3 transcripts showed expression in teg 1 glands only, which are the most abundant exocrine gland type in L. salmonis. LsFNII1, 2 and 3 were successfully knocked-down by RNAi, however, alteration in gland morphology was not detected between the knock-down and control groups. Overall, this study gives first insight into FNII domain containing proteins in L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Harasimczuk
- SLCR Sea Lice Research Center, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLRC Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- SLRC Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frank Nilsen
- SLRC Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- SLCR Sea Lice Research Center, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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17
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Spatio-temporal expression of Mesocestoides corti McVAL2 during strobilar development. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Wang S, Zhu XQ, Cai X. Gene Duplication Analysis Reveals No Ancient Whole Genome Duplication but Extensive Small-Scale Duplications during Genome Evolution and Adaptation of Schistosoma mansoni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:412. [PMID: 28983471 PMCID: PMC5613093 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication (GD), thought to facilitate evolutionary innovation and adaptation, has been studied in many phylogenetic lineages. However, it remains poorly investigated in trematodes, a medically important parasite group that has been evolutionarily specialized during long-term host-parasite interaction. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide study of GD modes and contributions in Schistosoma mansoni, a pathogen causing human schistosomiasis. We combined several lines of evidence provided by duplicate age distributions, genomic sequence similarity, depth-of-coverage and gene synteny to identify the dominant drivers that contribute to the origins of new genes in this parasite. The gene divergences following duplication events (gene structure, expression and function retention) were also analyzed. Our results reveal that the genome lacks whole genome duplication (WGD) in a long evolutionary time and has few large segmental duplications, but is extensively shaped by the continuous small-scale gene duplications (SSGDs) (i.e., dispersed, tandem and proximal GDs) that may be derived from (retro-) transposition and unequal crossing over. Additionally, our study shows that the genes generated by tandem duplications have the smallest divergence during the evolution. Finally, we demonstrate that SSGDs, especially the tandem duplications, greatly contribute to the expansions of some preferentially retained pathogenesis-associated gene families that are associated with the parasite's survival during infection. This study is the first to systematically summarize the landscape of GDs in trematodes and provides new insights of adaptations to parasitism linked to GD events for these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
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19
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Sheng X, Gao L, Lu X, Wang Y, Han Y, Meng P, Chen W, Lu Q. Expression and characterization of a fibrinogenolytic enzyme from horsefly salivary gland. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 129:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Comparative genomics reveals adaptive evolution of Asian tapeworm in switching to a new intermediate host. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12845. [PMID: 27653464 PMCID: PMC5036155 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica (beef, pork and Asian tapeworms, respectively) are parasitic flatworms of major public health and food safety importance. Among them, T. asiatica is a newly recognized species that split from T. saginata via an intermediate host switch ∼1.14 Myr ago. Here we report the 169- and 168-Mb draft genomes of T. saginata and T. asiatica. Comparative analysis reveals that high rates of gene duplications and functional diversifications might have partially driven the divergence between T. asiatica and T. saginata. We observe accelerated evolutionary rates, adaptive evolutions in homeostasis regulation, tegument maintenance and lipid uptakes, and differential/specialized gene family expansions in T. asiatica that may favour its hepatotropism in the new intermediate host. We also identify potential targets for developing diagnostic or intervention tools against human tapeworms. These data provide new insights into the evolution of Taenia parasites, particularly the recent speciation of T. asiatica. Only one of the three Taenia species causing taeniasis in humans was previously sequenced. Here the authors provide draft genomes of Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica, analyse genome evolution of all three species, and identify potential targets for developing diagnostic markers or intervention tools.
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21
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Wu GL, Kuo TH, Tsay TT, Tsai IJ, Chen PJ. Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) 45 and 5 Candidate Cellulases in Aphelenchoides besseyi Isolated from Bird's-Nest Fern. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158663. [PMID: 27391812 PMCID: PMC4938546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five Aphelenchoides besseyi isolates collected from bird's-nest ferns or rice possess different parasitic capacities in bird's-nest fern. Two different glycoside hydrolase (GH) 45 genes were identified in the fern isolates, and only one was found in the rice isolates. A Abe GH5-1 gene containing an SCP-like family domain was found only in the fern isolates. Abe GH5-1 gene has five introns suggesting a eukaryotic origin. A maximum likelihood phylogeny revealed that Abe GH5-1 is part of the nematode monophyletic group that can be clearly distinguished from those of other eukaryotic and bacterial GH5 sequences with high bootstrap support values. The fern A. besseyi isolates were the first parasitic plant nematode found to possess both GH5 and GH45 genes. Surveying the genome of the five A. besseyi isolates by Southern blotting using an 834 bp probe targeting the GH5 domain suggests the presence of at least two copies in the fern-origin isolates but none in the rice-origin isolates. The in situ hybridization shows that the Abe GH5-1 gene is expressed in the nematode ovary and testis. Our study provides insights into the diversity of GH in isolates of plant parasitic nematodes of different host origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Long Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Kuo
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Tsuan Tsay
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J. Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peichen J. Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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Coakley G, Buck AH, Maizels RM. Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:33-40. [PMID: 27297184 PMCID: PMC5008435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites release a spectrum of mediators to dampen host immunity. Secreted proteins can act on host receptors and intracellular signalling. Parasites also produce exosome-like extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs. Exosomes can enter host cells and modulate host gene expression. Extracellular vesicles may be a more general mode of host-parasite interaction.
Helminths are metazoan organisms many of which have evolved parasitic life styles dependent on sophisticated manipulation of the host environment. Most notably, they down-regulate host immune responses to ensure their own survival, by exporting a range of immuno-modulatory mediators that interact with host cells and tissues. While a number of secreted immunoregulatory parasite proteins have been defined, new work also points to the release of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, that interact with and manipulate host gene expression. These recent results are discussed in the overall context of how helminths communicate effectively with the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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23
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Silvarrey MC, Echeverría S, Costábile A, Castillo E, Paulino M, Esteves A. Identification of novel CAP superfamily protein members of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Acta Trop 2016; 158:59-67. [PMID: 26899679 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Echinoccocus granulosus is the causative agent of Cyst Echinococcosis, a zoonotic infection affecting humans and livestock representing a public health and an economic burden for several countries. Despite decades of investigation an effective vaccine still remains to be found. Parasitic cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAPs) have been proposed as vaccine candidates against helmith's infection. In this work we have identified two novel proteins of this superfamily expressed at the protoescoleces larval stage named EgVAL1 and EgVAL2. The open reading frame sequences were deduced. The aminoacidic sequence was analyzed and confronted against already known vertebrate' and helminth's proteins sequences in order to infer putative functions. Immunolocalization studies were also performed. The obtained data supported by immunolocalization studies and homology models suggest that these proteins could be involved in protease activity inhibition.
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24
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Wang S, Wei W, Cai X. Genome-wide analysis of excretory/secretory proteins in Echinococcus multilocularis: insights into functional characteristics of the tapeworm secretome. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:666. [PMID: 26715441 PMCID: PMC4696181 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE). However, this life-threatening disease is still difficult to treat and control, due to the lack of efficient drugs and vaccines. Excretory/secretory (ES) proteins are crucial for parasite survival and represent potential preferred targets for novel intervention strategies. However, the ES protein features in this parasite have been poorly investigated until now. The current study was carried out to identify and characterise a repertoire of ES proteins in E. multilocularis at the genome-wide level. Methods Here we predicted and functionally annotated the classical and non-classical ES proteins, and comprehensively compared the features and evolution of ES and non-ES proteins in E. multilocularis genome using an integration of bioinformatics tools. The intervention target and antigen potentials as well as the transcription information were also investigated. Results Computational analysis of the E. multilocularis proteins identified 673 putative ES proteins (6.4 %), of which 617 (91.68 %) could be supported by transcription analyses. The predicted ES proteins in E. multilocularis were mostly represented by molecular functions of protease inhibitors, proteases, glycoside hydrolases, immunoglobulin-like folds and growth factors. Analysis of the ratio between synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) revealed no significant difference of the evolution selection pressure on ES and non-ES protein coding genes. ES proteins showed higher antigenic density measured by AAR values as compared with the transmembrane proteins but had no significant difference of that feature with intracellular proteins. Additionally, 383 possible ideal drug targets were identified in ES proteins, of which four proteins have corresponding known drugs. Conclusions The present study is the first to identify a repertoire of predicted ES proteins at the genome-wide level in E. multilocularis. The comprehensive analysis provides some novel understanding of the parasite ES protein features and a valuable resource of potential targets for future experimental studies to develop new intervention tools against this parasite. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1282-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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25
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Hewitson JP, Nguyen DL, van Diepen A, Smit CH, Koeleman CA, McSorley HJ, Murray J, Maizels RM, Hokke CH. Novel O-linked methylated glycan antigens decorate secreted immunodominant glycoproteins from the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Int J Parasitol 2015; 46:157-170. [PMID: 26688390 PMCID: PMC4776704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory (ES) proteins carry diverse N- and O-glycans, and many are O-methylated. A methylhexose containing O-glycan of abundant ES glycoproteins is immunodominant. This dominant glycan is not the immunomodulatory heat-stable ES component.
Glycan molecules from helminth parasites have been associated with diverse biological functions ranging from interactions with neighbouring host cell populations to down-modulation of specific host immunity. Glycoproteins secreted by the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus are of particular interest as the excretory–secretory products (termed HES) of this parasite contain both heat-labile and heat-stable components with immunomodulatory effects. We used MALDI-TOF-MS and LC–MS/MS to analyse the repertoire of N- and O-linked glycans released from Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products by PNGase A and F, β-elimination and hydrazinolysis revealing a broad range of structures including novel methylhexose- and methylfucose-containing glycans. Monoclonal antibodies to two immunodominant glycans of H. polygyrus, previously designated Glycans A and B, were found to react by glycan array analysis to a methyl-hexose-rich fraction and to a sulphated LacDiNAc (LDN; GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAc) structure, respectively. We also analysed the glycan repertoire of a major glycoprotein in Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products, VAL-2, which contains many glycan structures present in Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products including Glycan A. However, it was found that this set of glycans is not responsible for the heat-stable immunomodulatory properties of Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products, as revealed by the inability of VAL-2 to inhibit allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these studies reveal that H. polygyrus secretes a diverse range of antigenic glycoconjugates, and provides a framework to explore the biological and immunomodulatory roles they may play within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - D Linh Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Smit
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A Koeleman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Janice Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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26
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Exploring molecular variation in Schistosoma japonicum in China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17345. [PMID: 26621075 PMCID: PMC4664899 DOI: 10.1038/srep17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. The main disease-causing agents, Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni and S. haematobium, are blood flukes that have complex life cycles involving a snail intermediate host. In Asia, S. japonicum causes hepatointestinal disease (schistosomiasis japonica) and is challenging to control due to a broad distribution of its snail hosts and range of animal reservoir hosts. In China, extensive efforts have been underway to control this parasite, but genetic variability in S. japonicum populations could represent an obstacle to eliminating schistosomiasis japonica. Although a draft genome sequence is available for S. japonicum, there has been no previous study of molecular variation in this parasite on a genome-wide scale. In this study, we conducted the first deep genomic exploration of seven S. japonicum populations from mainland China, constructed phylogenies using mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data sets, and established considerable variation between some of the populations in genes inferred to be linked to key cellular processes and/or pathogen-host interactions. Based on the findings from this study, we propose that verifying intraspecific conservation in vaccine or drug target candidates is an important first step toward developing effective vaccines and chemotherapies against schistosomiasis.
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27
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von Reumont BM, Campbell LI, Jenner RA. Quo vadis venomics? A roadmap to neglected venomous invertebrates. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3488-551. [PMID: 25533518 PMCID: PMC4280546 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomics research is being revolutionized by the increased use of sensitive -omics techniques to identify venom toxins and their transcripts in both well studied and neglected venomous taxa. The study of neglected venomous taxa is necessary both for understanding the full diversity of venom systems that have evolved in the animal kingdom, and to robustly answer fundamental questions about the biology and evolution of venoms without the distorting effect that can result from the current bias introduced by some heavily studied taxa. In this review we draw the outlines of a roadmap into the diversity of poorly studied and understood venomous and putatively venomous invertebrates, which together represent tens of thousands of unique venoms. The main groups we discuss are crustaceans, flies, centipedes, non-spider and non-scorpion arachnids, annelids, molluscs, platyhelminths, nemerteans, and echinoderms. We review what is known about the morphology of the venom systems in these groups, the composition of their venoms, and the bioactivities of the venoms to provide researchers with an entry into a large and scattered literature. We conclude with a short discussion of some important methodological aspects that have come to light with the recent use of new -omics techniques in the study of venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lahcen I Campbell
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
| | - Ronald A Jenner
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
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28
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Woo HS, Kim TY, Sohn WM, Yong TS. A tegument-specific venom allergen-like protein of Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:329-33. [PMID: 25403376 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins, members of the SCP/TAPS (sperm coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7) protein superfamily, have been reported from several parasitic helminths. As little is known about their biological functions, a VAL protein of the Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis was cloned and characterized. A complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding a 25-kDa protein was identified from an EST database of C. sinensis. A BLAST search revealed that the protein shares 46% sequence identity with Schistosoma mansoni VAL 13 protein, and thus, the protein was named CsVAL13. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the SCP/TAPS domain of CsVAL13 shares 39-46% sequence identity with VAL proteins from parasitic helminths. His and Tyr, which help to stabilize protein structure, were highly conserved across the VAL protein sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the SCP/TAPS domain of the CsVAL13 sequence clusters together with other group 2 VAL protein sequences. In the homology-modeled structure of CsVAL13, an α-β-α sandwich and residues for a putative active site were highly conserved. Immune sera were obtained from BALB/c mice immunized with the recombinant CsVAL13 protein. Immunohistochemical localization using the immune sera revealed that CsVAL13 was distributed mainly in the tegument and intrauterine eggs of adult C. sinensis. These findings suggest that CsVAL13 may be involved in host-parasite interactions and immune stimulation on the surrounding host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea Sun Woo
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
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29
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Innate immune system and tissue regeneration in planarians: an area ripe for exploration. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:295-302. [PMID: 25082737 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has been implicated as an important modulator of tissue regeneration. However, the mechanisms driving injury-induced immune response and tissue repair remain poorly understood. For over 200 years, planarians have been a classical model for studies on tissue regeneration, but the planarian immune system and its potential role in repair is largely unknown. We found through comparative genomic analysis and data mining that planarians contain many potential homologs of the innate immune system that are activated during injury and repair of adult tissues. These findings support the notion that the relationship between adult tissue repair and the immune system is an ancient feature of basal Bilateria. Further analysis of the planarian immune system during regeneration could potentially add to our understanding of how the innate immune system and inflammatory responses interplay with regenerative signals to induce scar-less tissue repair in the context of the adult organism.
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30
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Reid AJ, Blake DP, Ansari HR, Billington K, Browne HP, Bryant J, Dunn M, Hung SS, Kawahara F, Miranda-Saavedra D, Malas TB, Mourier T, Naghra H, Nair M, Otto TD, Rawlings ND, Rivailler P, Sanchez-Flores A, Sanders M, Subramaniam C, Tay YL, Woo Y, Wu X, Barrell B, Dear PH, Doerig C, Gruber A, Ivens AC, Parkinson J, Rajandream MA, Shirley MW, Wan KL, Berriman M, Tomley FM, Pain A. Genomic analysis of the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens. Genome Res 2014; 24:1676-85. [PMID: 25015382 PMCID: PMC4199364 DOI: 10.1101/gr.168955.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Global production of chickens has trebled in the past two decades and they are now the most important source of dietary animal protein worldwide. Chickens are subject to many infectious diseases that reduce their performance and productivity. Coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan protozoa of the genus Eimeria, is one of the most important poultry diseases. Understanding the biology of Eimeria parasites underpins development of new drugs and vaccines needed to improve global food security. We have produced annotated genome sequences of all seven species of Eimeria that infect domestic chickens, which reveal the full extent of previously described repeat-rich and repeat-poor regions and show that these parasites possess the most repeat-rich proteomes ever described. Furthermore, while no other apicomplexan has been found to possess retrotransposons, Eimeria is home to a family of chromoviruses. Analysis of Eimeria genes involved in basic biology and host-parasite interaction highlights adaptations to a relatively simple developmental life cycle and a complex array of co-expressed surface proteins involved in host cell binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Hifzur R Ansari
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen Billington
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary P Browne
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Bryant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Dunn
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Stacy S Hung
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Fumiya Kawahara
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Diego Miranda-Saavedra
- Fibrosis Laboratories, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tareq B Malas
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hardeep Naghra
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mridul Nair
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Rawlings
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Rivailler
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom; Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Apoyo Bioinformático, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra Subramaniam
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yea-Ling Tay
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia; Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Yong Woo
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xikun Wu
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom; Amgen Limited, Uxbridge UB8 1DH, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Barrell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H Dear
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Arthur Gruber
- Departament of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alasdair C Ivens
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marie-Adèle Rajandream
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin W Shirley
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia; Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom;
| | - Arnab Pain
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;
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31
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Imatinib treatment causes substantial transcriptional changes in adult Schistosoma mansoni in vitro exhibiting pleiotropic effects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2923. [PMID: 24921634 PMCID: PMC4055459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosome parasites cause schistosomiasis, one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. For decades Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug widely used for controlling schistosomiasis. The absence of a vaccine and fear of PZQ resistance have motivated the search for alternatives. Studies on protein kinases (PKs) demonstrated their importance for diverse physiological processes in schistosomes. Among others two Abl tyrosine kinases, SmAbl1 and SmAbl2, were identified in Schistosoma mansoni and shown to be transcribed in the gonads and the gastrodermis. SmAbl1 activity was blocked by Imatinib, a known Abl-TK inhibitor used in human cancer therapy (Gleevec/Glivec). Imatinib exhibited dramatic effects on the morphology and physiology of adult schistosomes in vitro causing the death of the parasites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show modeling data supporting the targeting of SmAbl1/2 by Imatinib. A biochemical assay confirmed that SmAbl2 activity is also inhibited by Imatinib. Microarray analyses and qRT-PCR experiments were done to unravel transcriptional processes influenced by Imatinib in adult schistosomes in vitro demonstrating a wide influence on worm physiology. Surface-, muscle-, gut and gonad-associated processes were affected as evidenced by the differential transcription of e.g. the gynecophoral canal protein gene GCP, paramyosin, titin, hemoglobinase, and cathepsins. Furthermore, transcript levels of VAL-7 and egg formation-associated genes such as tyrosinase 1, p14, and fs800-like were affected as well as those of signaling genes including a ribosomal protein S6 kinase and a glutamate receptor. Finally, a comparative in silico analysis of the obtained microarray data sets and previous data analyzing the effect of a TGFβR1 inhibitor on transcription provided first evidence for an association of TGFβ and Abl kinase signaling. Among others GCP and egg formation-associated genes were identified as common targets. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data affirm broad negative effects of Imatinib on worm physiology substantiating the role of PKs as interesting targets.
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Yoshino TP, Brown M, Wu XJ, Jackson CJ, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Chalmers IW, Kolb M, Hokke CH, Hoffmann KF. Excreted/secreted Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like 9 (SmVAL9) modulates host extracellular matrix remodelling gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:551-63. [PMID: 24859313 PMCID: PMC4079936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni VAL9 (SmVAL9) is a secreted N-linked glycoprotein containing a unique, difucosyl modification. SmVAL9 is found throughout miracidia/sporocyst parenchymal cell inclusions/vesicles and germinal cells. SmVAL9 differentially regulates murine and snail matrix metalloproteinases.
The Schistosoma mansoni venom allergen-like (SmVAL) protein family consists of 29 members, each possessing a conserved α-β-α sandwich tertiary feature called the Sperm-coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 (SCP/TAPS) domain. While the SmVALs have been found in both excretory/secretory (E/S) products and in intra/sub-tegumental (non-E/S) fractions, the role(s) of this family in host/parasite relationships or schistosome developmental processes remains poorly resolved. In order to begin quantifying SmVAL functional diversity or redundancy, dissecting the specific activity (ies) of individual family members is necessary. Towards this end, we present the characterisation of SmVAL9; a protein previously found enriched in both miracidia/sporocyst larval transformation proteins and in egg secretions. While our study confirms that SmVAL9 is indeed found in soluble egg products and miracidia/sporocyst larval transformation proteins, we find it to be maximally transcribed/translated in miracidia and subsequently down-regulated during in vitro sporocyst development. SmVAL9 localisation within sporocysts appears concentrated in parenchymal cells/vesicles as well as associated with larval germinal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that egg-derived SmVAL9 carries an N-linked glycan containing a schistosome-specific difucosyl element and is an immunogenic target during chronic murine schistosomiasis. Finally, we demonstrate that recombinant SmVAL9 affects the expression of extracellular matrix, remodelling matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) gene products in both Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cell (BgMMP1) and Mus musculus bone marrow-derived macrophage (MmMMP2, MmMMP9, MmMMP12, MmMMP13, MmMMP14, MmMMP28, TIMP1 and TIMP2) in vitro cultures. These findings importantly suggest that excreted/secreted SmVAL9 participates in tissue reorganisation/extracellular matrix remodelling during intra-mammalian egg translocation, miracidia infection and intra-molluscan sporocyst development/migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Martha Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Ramon Ocadiz-Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Marlen Kolb
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Room 3.31, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
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Hull R, Dlamini Z. The role played by alternative splicing in antigenic variability in human endo-parasites. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:53. [PMID: 24472559 PMCID: PMC4015677 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-parasites that affect humans include Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, which remains one of the leading causes of death in human beings. Despite decades of research, vaccines to this and other endo-parasites remain elusive. This is in part due to the hyper-variability of the parasites surface proteins. Generally these surface proteins are encoded by a large family of genes, with only one being dominantly expressed at certain life stages. Another layer of complexity can be introduced through the alternative splicing of these surface proteins. The resulting isoforms may differ from each other with regard to cell localisation, substrate affinities and functions. They may even differ in structure to the extent that they are no longer recognised by the host’s immune system. In many cases this leads to changes in the N terminus of these proteins. The geographical localisation of endo-parasitic infections around the tropics and the highest incidences of HIV-1 infection in the same areas, adds a further layer of complexity as parasitic infections affect the host immune system resulting in higher HIV infection rates, faster disease progression, and an increase in the severity of infections and complications in HIV diagnosis. This review discusses some examples of parasite surface proteins that are alternatively spliced in trypanosomes, Plasmodium and the parasitic worm Schistosoma as well as what role alternate splicing may play in the interaction between HIV and these endo-parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, C/o Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa.
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Wang T, Van Steendam K, Dhaenens M, Vlaminck J, Deforce D, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Geldhof P. Proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory products from larval stages of Ascaris suum reveals high abundance of glycosyl hydrolases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2467. [PMID: 24098821 PMCID: PMC3789772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are socioeconomically important and widespread parasites of humans and pigs, respectively. The excretory-secretory (ES) molecules produced and presented at the parasite-host interface during the different phases of tissue invasion and migration are likely to play critical roles in the induction and development of protective immune and other host responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The aim of this study was to identify the ES proteins of the different larval stages (L3-egg, L3-lung and L4) by LC-MS/MS. In total, 106 different proteins were identified, 20 in L3-egg, 45 in L3-lung stage and 58 in L4. Although most of the proteins identified were stage-specific, 15 were identified in the ES products of at least two stages. Two proteins, i.e. a 14-3-3-like protein and a serpin-like protein, were present in the ES products from the three different larval stages investigated. Interestingly, a comparison of ES products from L4 with those of L3-egg and L3-lung showed an abundance of metabolic enzymes, particularly glycosyl hydrolases. Further study indicated that most of these glycolytic enzymes were transcriptionally upregulated from L4 onwards, with a peak in the adult stage, particularly in intestinal tissue. This was also confirmed by enzymatic assays, showing the highest glycosidase activity in protein extracts from adult worms gut. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present proteomic analysis provides important information on the host-parasite interaction and the biology of the migratory stages of A. suum. In particular, the high transcriptional upregulation of glycosyl hydrolases from the L4 stage onwards reveals that the degradation of complex carbohydrates forms an essential part of the energy metabolism of this parasite once it establishes in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Van Steendam
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dhaenens
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Hewitson JP, Ivens AC, Harcus Y, Filbey KJ, McSorley HJ, Murray J, Bridgett S, Ashford D, Dowle AA, Maizels RM. Secretion of protective antigens by tissue-stage nematode larvae revealed by proteomic analysis and vaccination-induced sterile immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003492. [PMID: 23966853 PMCID: PMC3744408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode parasites infect over 1 billion humans, with little evidence for generation of sterilising immunity. These helminths are highly adapted to their mammalian host, following a developmental program through successive niches, while effectively down-modulating host immune responsiveness. Larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, for example, encyst in the intestinal submucosa, before emerging as adult worms into the duodenal lumen. Adults release immunomodulatory excretory-secretory (ES) products, but mice immunised with adult H. polygyrus ES become fully immune to challenge infection. ES products of the intestinal wall 4th stage (L4) larvae are similarly important in host-parasite interactions, as they readily generate sterile immunity against infection, while released material from the egg stage is ineffective. Proteomic analyses of L4 ES identifies protective antigen targets as well as potential tissue-phase immunomodulatory molecules, using as comparators the adult ES proteome and a profile of H. polygyrus egg-released material. While 135 proteins are shared between L4 and adult ES, 72 are L4 ES-specific; L4-specific proteins correspond to those whose transcription is restricted to larval stages, while shared proteins are generally transcribed by all life cycle forms. Two protein families are more heavily represented in the L4 secretome, the Sushi domain, associated with complement regulation, and the ShK/SXC domain related to a toxin interfering with T cell signalling. Both adult and L4 ES contain extensive but distinct arrays of Venom allergen/Ancylostoma secreted protein-Like (VAL) members, with acetylcholinesterases (ACEs) and apyrase APY-3 particularly abundant in L4 ES. Serum antibodies from mice vaccinated with L4 and adult ES react strongly to the VAL-1 protein and to ACE-1, indicating that these two antigens represent major vaccine targets for this intestinal nematode. We have thus defined an extensive and novel repertoire of H. polygyrus proteins closely implicated in immune modulation and protective immunity. Intestinal helminth parasites are highly prevalent in humans and animals, and survive for long periods by deviating the host immune system. No vaccines are currently available to control these infections. Many helminths invade through barrier surfaces (such as the skin or the digestive tract) and develop through tissue larval stages before reaching their final niche such as the intestinal lumen. We studied the tissue larval stage of a mouse parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, to test whether proteins released by this stage could elicit protective immunity, and found that they indeed constitute very effective vaccine antigens. Proteomic analysis to identify the individual proteins released by the larvae demonstrated that while many products are shared between tissue-dwelling larvae and adults occupying the intestinal lumen, larvae express higher levels of two gene families linked to immunomodulation, namely the Sushi protein family and the ShK toxin family. Antibody analysis of serum from vaccinated mice identified two major antigens recognised by the protective immune response as VAL-1 and ACE-1, which are respectively members of the venom allergen and acetylcholinesterase families. This work establishes that tissue larvae are the source of protective antigens for future vaccines, and highlights their production of two potentially immunomodulatory gene families.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/analysis
- Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Computational Biology
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Immunization
- Immunoprecipitation
- Larva/immunology
- Larva/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Nematode Infections/immunology
- Nematode Infections/parasitology
- Nematospiroides dubius/growth & development
- Nematospiroides dubius/immunology
- Proteomics
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Al C. Ivens
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kara J. Filbey
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bridgett
- Gene Pool, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Ashford
- Technology Facility, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A. Dowle
- Technology Facility, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Li XH, de Castro-Borges W, Parker-Manuel S, Vance GM, Demarco R, Neves LX, Evans GJO, Wilson RA. The schistosome oesophageal gland: initiator of blood processing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2337. [PMID: 23936568 PMCID: PMC3723592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the ultrastructure of the schistosome esophageal gland was described >35 years ago, its role in the processing of ingested blood has never been established. The current study was prompted by our identification of MEG-4.1 expression in the gland and the observation of erythrocyte uncoating in the posterior esophagus. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The salient feature of the posterior esophagus, characterized by confocal and electron microscopy, is the enormous increase in membrane surface area provided by the plate-like extensions and basal invaginations of the lining syncytium, with unique crystalloid vesicles releasing their contents between the plates. The feeding process was shown by video microscopy to be divided into two phases, blood first accumulating in the anterior lumen before passing as a bolus to the posterior. There it streamed around a plug of material revealed by confocal microscopy as tethered leucocytes. These were present in far larger numbers than predicted from the volume of the lumen, and in varying states of damage and destruction. Intact erythrocytes were detected in the anterior esophagus but not observed thereafter, implying that their lysis occurred rapidly as they enter the posterior. Two further genes, MEGs 4.2 and 14, were shown to be expressed exclusively in the esophageal gland. Bioinformatics predicted that MEGs 4.1 and 4.2 possessed a common hydrophobic region with a shared motif, while antibodies to SjMEG-4.1 showed it was bound to leucocytes in the esophageal lumen. It was also predicted that MEGs 4.1 and 14 were heavily O-glycosylated and this was confirmed for the former by 2D-electrophoresis and Western blotting. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The esophageal gland and its products play a central role in the processing of ingested blood. The binding of host antibodies in the esophageal lumen shows that some constituents are antibody targets and could provide a new source of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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