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The evolving story of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmission in Europe. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:781-803. [PMID: 35122516 PMCID: PMC8816687 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beside mosquitoes, ticks are well-known vectors of different human pathogens. In the Northern Hemisphere, Lyme borreliosis (Eurasia, LB) or Lyme disease (North America, LD) is the most commonly occurring vector-borne infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia which are transmitted by hard ticks of the genus Ixodes. The reported incidence of LB in Europe is about 22.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually with a broad range depending on the geographical area analyzed. However, the epidemiological data are largely incomplete, because LB is not notifiable in all European countries. Furthermore, not only differ reporting procedures between countries, there is also variation in case definitions and diagnostic procedures. Lyme borreliosis is caused by several species of the Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex which are maintained in complex networks including ixodid ticks and different reservoir hosts. Vector and host influence each other and are affected by multiple factors including climate that have a major impact on their habitats and ecology. To classify factors that influence the risk of transmission of B. burgdorferi s.l. to their different vertebrate hosts as well as to humans, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the pathogens including their astonishing ability to overcome various host immune responses, regarding the main vector in Europe Ixodes ricinus, and the disease caused by borreliae. The research shows, that a higher standardization of case definition, diagnostic procedures, and standardized, long-term surveillance systems across Europe is necessary to improve clinical and epidemiological data.
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Neumann-Cip AC, Fingerle V, Margos G, Straubinger RK, Overzier E, Ulrich S, Wieser A. A Novel Rapid Sample Preparation Method for MALDI-TOF MS Permits Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Species and Isolate Differentiation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:690. [PMID: 32373099 PMCID: PMC7186393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Borrelia comprises vector-borne bacterial pathogens that can severely affect human and animal health. Members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex can cause Lyme borreliosis, one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the Northern hemisphere. Besides, members of the relapsing fever group of spirochetes can cause tick-borne relapsing fever in humans and various febrile illnesses in animals in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Borrelia spp. organisms are fastidious to cultivate and to maintain in vitro, and therefore, difficult to work with in the laboratory. Currently, borrelia identification is mainly performed using PCR and DNA sequencing methods, which can be complicated/frustrating on complex DNA templates and may still be relatively expensive. Alternative techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) are not well established for Borrelia spp., although this technique is currently one of the most used techniques for rapid identification of bacteria in microbiological diagnostic laboratories. This is mainly due to unsatisfactory results obtained by use of simple sample preparation techniques and medium-contamination obscuring the mass spectra. In addition, comprehensive libraries for Borrelia spp. MALDI-TOF MS have yet to be established. In this study, we developed a new filter-based chemical extraction technique that allows measurement of high quality Borrelia spp. spectra from less than 100,000 bacteria per spot in MALDI-TOF MS. We used 49 isolates of 13 different species to produce the largest mass-library for Borrelia spp. so far and to validate the protocol. The library was successfully established and identifies >96% of used isolates correctly to species level. Cluster analysis on the sum spectra was applied to all the different isolates, which resulted in tight cluster generation for most species. Comparative analysis of the generated cluster to a phylogeny based on concatenated multi-locus sequence typing genes provided a surprising homology. Our data demonstrate that the technique described here can be used for fast and reliable species and strain typing within the borrelia complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Cathrine Neumann-Cip
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Margos
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Chair of Microbiology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evelyn Overzier
- Chair of Microbiology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Microbiology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Margos G, Fingerle V, Reynolds S. Borrelia bavariensis: Vector Switch, Niche Invasion, and Geographical Spread of a Tick-Borne Bacterial Parasite. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Carro L, Nouioui I. Taxonomy and systematics of plant probiotic bacteria in the genomic era. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:383-412. [PMID: 31294168 PMCID: PMC6604993 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have predicted significant changes within our concept of plant endophytes, from only a small number specific microorganisms being able to colonize plant tissues, to whole communities that live and interact with their hosts and each other. Many of these microorganisms are responsible for health status of the plant, and have become known in recent years as plant probiotics. Contrary to human probiotics, they belong to many different phyla and have usually had each genus analysed independently, which has resulted in lack of a complete taxonomic analysis as a group. This review scrutinizes the plant probiotic concept, and the taxonomic status of plant probiotic bacteria, based on both traditional and more recent approaches. Phylogenomic studies and genes with implications in plant-beneficial effects are discussed. This report covers some representative probiotic bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but also includes minor representatives and less studied groups within these phyla which have been identified as plant probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Carro
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Imen Nouioui
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Becker NS, Margos G, Blum H, Krebs S, Graf A, Lane RS, Castillo-Ramírez S, Sing A, Fingerle V. Recurrent evolution of host and vector association in bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:734. [PMID: 27632983 PMCID: PMC5025617 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex consists of tick-transmitted bacteria and currently comprises approximately 20 named and proposed genospecies some of which are known to cause Lyme Borreliosis. Species have been defined via genetic distances and ecological niches they occupy. Understanding the evolutionary relationship of species of the complex is fundamental to explaining patterns of speciation. This in turn forms a crucial basis to frame testable hypotheses concerning the underlying processes including host and vector adaptations. Results Illumina Technology was used to obtain genome-wide sequence data for 93 strains of 14 named genospecies of the B. burgdorferi species complex and genomic data already published for 18 additional strain (including one new species) was added. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 114 orthologous single copy genes shows that the genospecies represent clearly distinguishable taxa with recent and still ongoing speciation events apparent in Europe and Asia. The position of Borrelia species in the phylogeny is consistent with host associations constituting a major driver for speciation. Interestingly, the data also demonstrate that vector associations are an additional driver for diversification in this tick-borne species complex. This is particularly obvious in B. bavariensis, a rodent adapted species that has diverged from the bird-associated B. garinii most likely in Asia. It now consists of two populations one of which most probably invaded Europe following adaptation to a new vector (Ixodes ricinus) and currently expands its distribution range. Conclusions The results imply that genotypes/species with novel properties regarding host or vector associations have evolved recurrently during the history of the species complex and may emerge at any time. We suggest that the finding of vector associations as a driver for diversification may be a general pattern for tick-borne pathogens. The core genome analysis presented here provides an important source for investigations of the underlying mechanisms of speciation in tick-borne pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3016-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie S Becker
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Margos
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert S Lane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Santiago Castillo-Ramírez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 565-A, CP 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Andreas Sing
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Castillo-Ramírez S, Fingerle V, Jungnick S, Straubinger RK, Krebs S, Blum H, Meinel DM, Hofmann H, Guertler P, Sing A, Margos G. Trans-Atlantic exchanges have shaped the population structure of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22794. [PMID: 26955886 PMCID: PMC4783777 DOI: 10.1038/srep22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and population structure of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), the agent of Lyme disease, remain obscure. This tick-transmitted bacterial species occurs in both North America and Europe. We sequenced 17 European isolates (representing the most frequently found sequence types in Europe) and compared these with 17 North American strains. We show that trans-Atlantic exchanges have occurred in the evolutionary history of this species and that a European origin of B. burgdorferi s.s. is marginally more likely than a USA origin. The data further suggest that some European human patients may have acquired their infection in North America. We found three distinct genetically differentiated groups: i) the outgroup species Borrelia bissettii, ii) two divergent strains from Europe, and iii) a group composed of strains from both the USA and Europe. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that different genotypes were likely to have been introduced several times into the same area. Our results demonstrate that irrespective of whether B. burgdorferi s.s. originated in Europe or the USA, later trans-Atlantic exchange(s) have occurred and have shaped the population structure of this genospecies. This study clearly shows the utility of next generation sequencing to obtain a better understanding of the phylogeography of this bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Castillo-Ramírez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 565-A, CP 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - V. Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borreliosis at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - S. Jungnick
- National Reference Center for Borreliosis at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - R. K. Straubinger
- LMU Munich, Department of Infection and Zoonoses, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - S. Krebs
- LMU Munich, Gene Centre, Lafuga, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - H. Blum
- LMU Munich, Gene Centre, Lafuga, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - D. M. Meinel
- National Reference Center for Borreliosis at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - H. Hofmann
- TU Munich, Klinik für Dermatologie and Allergologie, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - P. Guertler
- National Reference Center for Borreliosis at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A. Sing
- National Reference Center for Borreliosis at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - G. Margos
- National Reference Center for Borreliosis at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Mechai S, Margos G, Feil EJ, Barairo N, Lindsay LR, Michel P, Ogden NH. Evidence for Host-Genotype Associations of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149345. [PMID: 26901761 PMCID: PMC4763156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different genotypes of the agent of Lyme disease in North America, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, show varying degrees of pathogenicity in humans. This variation in pathogenicity correlates with phylogeny and we have hypothesized that the different phylogenetic lineages in North America reflect adaptation to different host species. In this study, evidence for host species associations of B. burgdorferi genotypes was investigated using 41 B. burgdorferi-positive samples from five mammal species and 50 samples from host-seeking ticks collected during the course of field studies in four regions of Canada: Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes. The B. burgdorferi genotypes in the samples were characterized using three established molecular markers (multi-locus sequence typing [MLST], 16S-23S rrs-rrlA intergenic spacer, and outer surface protein C sequence [ospC] major groups). Correspondence analysis and generalized linear mixed effect models revealed significant associations between B. burgdorferi genotypes and host species (in particular chipmunks, and white-footed mice and deer mice), supporting the hypotheses that host adaptation contributes to the phylogenetic structure and possibly the observed variation in pathogenicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mechai
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriele Margos
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Edward J. Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Barairo
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - L. Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pascal Michel
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicholas H. Ogden
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Leydet BF, Liang FT. Similarities in murine infection and immune response to Borrelia bissettii and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:2352-60. [PMID: 26419825 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 1982, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss) was identified as the aetiological agent of Lyme disease. Since then an increasing number of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) species have been isolated in the United States. To date, many of these species remain understudied despite mounting evidence associating them with human illness. Borrelia bissettii is a spirochaete closely related to B. burgdorferi that has been loosely associated with human illness. Using an experimental murine infection model, we compared the infectivity and humoral immune response with a North American isolate of B. bissettii and B. burgdorferi using culture, molecular and serological methods. The original B. bissettii cultures were unable to infect immunocompetent mice, but were confirmed to be infectious after adaptation in immunodeficient animals. B. bissettii infection resulted in spirochaete burdens similar to B. burgdorferi in skin, heart and bladder whereas significantly lower burdens were observed in the joint tissues. B. bissettii induced an antibody response similar to B. burgdorferi as measured by both immunoblotting and the C6 ELISA. Additionally, this isolate of B. bissettii was sequenced on the Ion Torrent PGM, which successfully identified many genes orthologous to mammalian virulence factors described in B. burgdorferi. Similarities seen between both infections in this well-characterized murine model contribute to our understanding of the potential pathogenic nature of B. bissettii. Infection dynamics of B. bissettii, and especially the induced humoral response, are similar to B. burgdorferi, suggesting this species may contribute to the epidemiology of human borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Leydet
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana , USA
| | - Fang Ting Liang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana , USA
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Gatzmann F, Metzler D, Krebs S, Blum H, Sing A, Takano A, Kawabata H, Fingerle V, Margos G, Becker NS. NGS population genetics analyses reveal divergent evolution of a Lyme Borreliosis agent in Europe and Asia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:344-51. [PMID: 25766392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia bavariensis is a recently described agent of Lyme disease within the B. burgdorferi sensu lato species complex and exhibits a strong capacity for human pathogenicity. B. bavariensis strains are widely distributed in Eurasia spanning the distribution range of the tick vectors Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus. It has been suggested that B. bavariensis forms two populations, one of which arose through vector adaptation and geographic expansion. We have performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses with next-generation sequencing data of 26 strains of B. bavariensis targeting the main linear chromosome and two plasmids (lp54, cp26). A very low number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was found in the European population and a deep branching pattern between European and Asian B. bavariensis was observed in all phylogenies. The results confirm the population structure of B. bavariensis and strongly support the hypothesis of clonal expansion of the European population of B. bavariensis. In addition, signals of positive selection identified in the populations further support the hypothesis that the European population of B. bavariensis likely underwent vector adaptation in its recent evolutionary history. Identified genes represent promising candidates for experimental vector adaptation studies. Thus, this species forms a very good model to study vector adaptation, which is known to play an important role in the geographic distribution of B. burgdorferi. Analysis of well known virulence determinants that are attributed to severity of clinical manifestation in B. burgdorferi s.s. revealed no variation within the European population of B. bavariensis, underlining the importance of including various Borrelia species into investigations that aim to understand the pathogenesis of Lyme disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gatzmann
- LMU Munich, Department Biology II, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk Metzler
- LMU Munich, Department Biology II, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center Munich, Lafuga, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center Munich, Lafuga, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Sing
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheits- und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Ai Takano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Volker Fingerle
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheits- und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Margos
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheits- und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LGL), Veterinärstraße 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Noémie S Becker
- LMU Munich, Department Biology II, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Munich, Germany.
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Multilocus sequence analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:275-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Parasites: where, why and whence? Parasitology 2012. [PMID: 23194668 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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