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Bedogni G, Garcia P, Seremeta K, Okulik N, Salomon C. Preformulation and Long-Term Stability Studies of an Optimized Palatable Praziquantel Ethanol-Free Solution for Pediatric Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2050. [PMID: 37631264 PMCID: PMC10458622 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the treatment for cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis consists of a single oral intake of praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg), which since it is only available as tablets, hinders its administration to pediatric patients. Praziquantel is a poorly water-soluble drug which represents a challenge for its formulation in solution, particularly for the pediatric population. Thus, this study aimed to develop a palatable solution for praziquantel using pharmaceutical-accepted co-solvent systems. A design of experiments approach was applied to identify the optimal conditions for achieving a suitable amount of praziquantel in solution using co-solvent mixtures. Thus, praziquantel solubility increased from 0.38 up to 43.50 mg/mL in the optimized system. A taste masking assay in healthy human volunteers confirmed a successful reduction of drug bitterness after the addition of selected flavors and a sweetener. Stability studies were also conducted at different temperatures (4, 25, and 40 °C) for 12 months Even though the presence of the three known impurities of praziquantel was observed, their amounts never exceeded the acceptance criteria of the USP. Thus, this novel approach should be considered a valuable alternative for further preclinical studies considering the high prevalence of this infection worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Bedogni
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Paula Garcia
- Planta Piloto de Producción de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Katia Seremeta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Procesos Tecnológicos Avanzados, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral (INIPTA-CONICET-UNCAUS), Cte. Fernández 755, Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña 3700, Argentina; (K.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Nora Okulik
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Procesos Tecnológicos Avanzados, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral (INIPTA-CONICET-UNCAUS), Cte. Fernández 755, Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña 3700, Argentina; (K.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Claudio Salomon
- Instituto de Química Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
- Área Técnica Farmacéutica, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Suipacha 531, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
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Challenges in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis in Medical and Veterinary Settings in Selected Regions of Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:7472051. [PMID: 35815231 PMCID: PMC9262556 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7472051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium (neuro) cysticercosis/taeniosis (TSCT) is a zoonotic disease complex. There is a perceived inefficient diagnosis of infections by either form, the adult pork tapeworm (taeniosis) and the larval stage of it (cysticercosis), in low-income settings, including Tanzania. This study aimed at identifying potential gaps around TSCT diagnosis and knowledge of primary healthcare providers (officers in charge (OICs) of primary healthcare facilities (PHFs)) and veterinarians (meat inspectors (MIs)) on various aspects of TSCT disease complex and addressing effective disease control in Tanzania. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2020 in Manyara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Iringa, and Arusha regions in Babati, Mbulu, Kongwa, Mbinga, and Nyasa districts. We interviewed 152 OICs of PHFs and 108 MIs using a structured questionnaire and 33 medical and veterinary officers from level I healthcare facilities and district livestock offices, respectively, from selected study districts to the respective ministerial level using key informant interviews. Results Quantitative data revealed inadequate microscopic diagnostic facilities (54.6%) and personnel (100%) for taeniosis diagnosis in PHFs (n = 152). Approximately 81.2% of MIs compared with only 42.1% of OICs of PHFs scored above average regarding T. solium cysticerci knowledge. Nevertheless, 61.2% of OICs of PHFs compared with only 42.6% of MIs scored above average regarding the adult T. solium tapeworm knowledge. Qualitative data revealed inadequate availability of advanced diagnostic facilities (neuroimaging) and trained personnel for specific diagnosis of TSCT with a focus on neurocysticercosis (NCC) in secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities. Inadequately number of qualified MIs, slaughter slabs, and resource facilitation challenged porcine cysticercosis diagnosis. Conclusion It is concluded that diagnostic capacity and knowledge of OICs of PHFs and MIs regarding TSCT are insufficient in both medical and veterinary sectors. A One Health approach should be adopted to improve TSCT diagnostic capacity and practitioners' knowledge in both medical and veterinary sectors.
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Mubanga C, Trevisan C, Van Damme I, Schmidt V, Phiri IK, Zulu G, Noh J, Handali S, Mambo R, Chembensofu M, Masuku M, Reynders D, Jansen F, Bottieau E, Magnussen P, Winkler AS, Dorny P, Mwape KE, Gabriel S. Challenges Encountered When Evaluating an Antibody-Detecting Point-of-Care Test for Taeniosis in an Endemic Community in Zambia: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112039. [PMID: 34829386 PMCID: PMC8625551 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniosis diagnosis is challenging because current tests perform sub-optimally and/or are expensive, require sophisticated equipment, infrastructure and trained manpower, and therefore are not community deployable. A recently-developed, multi-strip, T. solium point-of-care test (TS POC) for simultaneous detection of tapeworm (TS POC T) and cysticercus (TS POC CC) human antibodies was evaluated for diagnostic accuracy on consecutively recruited community participants in Sinda district, Zambia. All participants were tested using the TS POC test. All test-positives and 20% of the test-negative participants were invited to give a blood and stool sample for reference testing. Three different reference tests were used for taeniosis diagnosis: recombinant rES33 enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (rES33 EITB), copro PCR and copro Ag ELISA. Bayesian analysis with probabilistic constraints was used to estimate sensitivity and specificity. In total, 1254 participants were tested with the TS POC test, of whom 13 tested positive using the TS POC T. Based on 161 participants with complete data, the estimated sensitivity and specificity for the TS POC T test were 38% (95% CI: 5–93%) and 99% (95% CI: 98–100%), respectively. The challenge of highly variable inter-assay performance is highlighted. We recommend either increasing the sensitivity or redesigning the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chishimba Mubanga
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.T.); (I.V.D.)
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.T.); (I.V.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (F.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.T.); (I.V.D.)
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (A.S.W.)
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Isaac K. Phiri
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
| | - Gideon Zulu
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
- Eastern Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Chipata 510023, Zambia
| | - John Noh
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (J.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Richard Mambo
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
- Eastern Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Chipata 510023, Zambia
| | - Mwelwa Chembensofu
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
| | - Maxwell Masuku
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
| | - Dries Reynders
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Famke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (F.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (A.S.W.)
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (F.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia or (C.M.); (I.K.P.); (G.Z.); (R.M.); (M.C.); (M.M.); (K.E.M.)
| | - Sarah Gabriel
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.T.); (I.V.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Jin H, Ryu K, Lee D, Vonghachack Y, Choi MH, Hong ST, Song HB. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Helminthiasis in Remote Mountainous Villages of Northern Lao PDR: A Cross-Sectional Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:131-138. [PMID: 33951768 PMCID: PMC8106991 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal helminthiasis in remote mountainous villages of northern Lao PDR. During the dry season in January 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 remote mountainous villages in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Villagers older than 18 years of age who agreed to submit stool samples or undergo an interview, were recruited. Stool samples from 198 individuals were examined by the Kato-Katz method, and a questionnaire surveyed 161 individuals among them. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the intestinal helminthiasis. An overall prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 75.8%. Hookworm infection was the most common (63.1%), followed by Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (17.7%), Taenia spp. (15.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0%). Questionnaire analysis revealed sex (male) and absence of latrine to be significant risk factors for hookworm infection and consumption of raw meat for taeniasis. These results suggest that the mountainous area in northern Lao PDR has a different composition of helminth infections from other studies conducted in Lao PDR; a high prevalence of hookworm infection and taeniasis and low prevalence of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides infections were observed. Also, liver flukes or intestinal flukes were similarly prevalent in the mountainous area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyungshick Ryu
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju 54907, Korea
| | - Dajeong Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | | | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Ito A, Li T, Wandra T, Dekumyoy P, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Budke CM. Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia: A review with emphasis on molecular approaches and local lifestyles. Acta Trop 2019; 198:105075. [PMID: 31295430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taeniasis is an important parasitic condition in Asia, especially since all three human-infecting Taenia spp., Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica are found in this region. These three species are believed to be sympatrically distributed, with the largest disease burden found in remote and rural areas where people raise pigs and cattle in a traditional manner. Recent studies revealed that T. asiatica and T. saginata are genetically-related sister species that are not completely reproductively isolated from each other. Current evidence indicates that most T. asiatica adult worms are hybrid-derived descendants. Moving forward, nuclear DNA analysis will be critical in further assessing the species circulating locally. Lifestyle choices, such as the consumption of undercooked meat, are important in maintaining the life cycles of these parasites. In addition, poor hygiene and sanitation, in highly endemic areas, make disease control difficult, resulting in the need for sustainable education programs. An overview of the present situation of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia is provided, followed by a discussion of molecular approaches to species assessment and the impact of human lifestyles on parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory of NTDs, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Tiaoying Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Wang ZH, Wang Q. Echinococcosis transmission on the Tibetan Plateau. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:165-246. [PMID: 31030769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-1990s detailed studies and field investigations on the Tibetan Plateau have revealed human echinococcosis to be an under-reported major public health problem, particularly in the dominant pastoral communities in the eastern and central regions. Human prevalence surveys showed that cystic echinococcosis (CE, caused by Echinococcus granulosus) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis) are co-endemic with higher burdens of each disease than other endemic world regions. Epidemiological investigations identified some major risk factors for human CE and AE including dog ownership, husbandry practices and landscape features. Dogs appear to be the major zoonotic reservoir for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, but the latter is also transmitted in complex wildlife cycles. Small mammal assemblages especially of vole and pika species thrive on the Plateau and contribute to patterns of E. multilocularis transmission which are influenced by landscape characteristics and anthropogenic factors. Tibetan foxes are a principal definitive host for both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. In 2006 a national echinococcosis control programme was initiated in Tibetan communities in northwest Sichuan Province and rolled out to all of western China by 2010, and included improved surveillance (and treatment access) of human disease and regular deworming of dogs with annual copro-testing. Control of echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoral communities poses a difficult challenge for delivery and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, UMR UFC/CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France; Laboratory of Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China.
| | - Zheng Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
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Symeonidou I, Arsenopoulos K, Tzilves D, Soba B, Gabriël S, Papadopoulos E. Human taeniasis/cysticercosis: a potentially emerging parasitic disease in Europe. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:406-412. [PMID: 29991885 PMCID: PMC6033766 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia saginata (T. saginata)/Taenia solium (T. solium) taeniasis/cysticercosis disease complexes remain a significant challenge for food safety and public health. Human taeniasis is an infectious disease caused by the ingestion of the metacestode larval stage, the cysticerci of T. saginata in beef or T. solium in pork. Humans can also become infected via the ingestion of T. solium eggs. In this case, the cysticerci can establish in the central nervous system, causing the infection called neurocysticercosis. T. solium is of higher importance than T. saginata because the former species can cause neurocysticercosis in humans, a major cause of neurological morbidity in the world. The taeniasis/cysticercosis complex is included in the list of neglected zoonotic diseases by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, with T. solium being the number one foodborne parasite; it occurs mostly in developing countries, such as regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America, where the disease remains endemic. Long absent in Western Europe and other developed countries, cysticercosis has been recently re-emerged as a result of immigration, travel and commerce. In this review, cysticercosis is presented with special emphasis on some aspects of this neglected disease: the main clinical manifestations, risk factors and epidemiology. In addition, any recent advances in diagnostic approaches and treatment are discussed. Finally, the complexities involved in the control of the disease and the need to revise current management strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
| | - Konstantinos Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
| | - Dimitrios Tzilves
- Gastroenterology Department, Theageneio Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece (Dimitrios Tzilves)
| | - Barbara Soba
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia (Barbara Soba)
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium (Sarah Gabriël)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (Isaia Symeonidou, Konstantinos Arsenopoulos, Elias Papadopoulos)
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Ng-Nguyen D, Stevenson MA, Dorny P, Gabriël S, Vo TV, Nguyen VAT, Phan TV, Hii SF, Traub RJ. Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia spp. in human stools. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005743. [PMID: 28686662 PMCID: PMC5517074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium, the cause of neurocysticercosis (NCC), has significant socioeconomic impacts on communities in developing countries. This disease, along with taeniasis is estimated to infect 2.5 to 5 million people globally. Control of T. solium NCC necessitates accurate diagnosis and treatment of T. solium taeniasis carriers. In areas where all three species of Taenia tapeworms (T. solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica) occur sympatrically, conventional microscope- and copro-antigen based diagnostic methods are unable to distinguish between these three Taenia species. Molecular diagnostic tools have been developed to overcome this limitation; however, conventional PCR-based techniques remain unsuitable for large-scale deployment in community-based surveys. Moreover, a real-time PCR (qPCR) for the discrimination of all three species of Taenia in human stool does not exist. This study describes the development and validation of a new triplex Taq-Man probe-based qPCR for the detection and discrimination of all three Taenia human tapeworms in human stools collected from communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The diagnostic characteristics of the test are compared with conventional Kato Katz (KK) thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA (cAgELISA) method utilizing fecal samples from a community based cross-sectional study. Using this new multiplex real-time PCR we provide an estimate of the true prevalence of taeniasis in the source population for the community based cross-sectional study. Methodology/Principal findings Primers and TaqMan probes for the specific amplification of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica were designed and successfully optimized to target the internal transcribed spacer I (ITS-1) gene of T. solium and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX-1) gene of T. saginata and T. asiatica. The newly designed triplex qPCR (T3qPCR) was compared to KK and cAgELISA for the detection of Taenia eggs in stool samples collected from 342 individuals in Dak Lak province, Central Highlands of Vietnam. The overall apparent prevalence of taeniasis in Dak Lak province was 6.72% (95% confidence interval (CI) [3.94–9.50]) in which T. solium accounted for 1.17% (95% CI [0.37–3.17]), according to the T3qPCR. There was sympatric presence of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica. The T3qPCR proved superior to KK and cAgELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia species in human feces. Diagnostic sensitivities of 0.94 (95% credible interval (CrI) [0.88–0.98]), 0.82 (95% CrI [0.58–0.95]) and 0.52 (95% CrI [0.07–0.94]), and diagnostic specificities of 0.98 (95% CrI [0.94–1.00]), 0.91 (95% CrI [0.85–0.96]) and 0.99 (95% CrI [0.96–1.00]) were estimated for the diagnosis of taeniasis for the T3qPCR, cAgELISA and KK thick smear in this study, respectively. Conclusions T3qPCR is not only superior to the KK thick smear and cAgELISA in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, but it also has the advantage of discriminating between species of Taenia eggs in stools. Application of this newly developed T3qPCR has identified the existence of all three human Taenia tapeworms in Dak Lak province and proves for the first time, the existence of T. asiatica in the Central Highlands and the south of Vietnam. Human taeniid tapeworms comprise three species, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica. Taeniasis is a meat-borne zoonosis transmitted by the consumption of cysticerci in raw or undercooked pork for T. solium and T. asiatica (liver) and in beef for T. saginata. Accidental ingestion of T. solium eggs by humans also results in the formation of cysticerci, often in the brain, referred to as neurocysticercosis (NCC). T. solium NCC is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality owing to epilepsy in many resource-poor communities. In animals, ingestion of eggs passed by humans results in organ and/or carcass condemnation and suboptimal economic outcomes for farmers. The accurate diagnosis of T. solium tapeworm carriers is essential to monitor the success of control programs. In areas where all three species of Taenia tapeworms occur together, conventional diagnostic methods are unable to distinguish between the different species of Taenia. In this study, we develop and apply a T3qPCR capable of detecting and discriminating all three-tapeworm species in stools in a rapid and high-throughput fashion, suitable for large-scale community surveys. The newly developed T3qPCR proved superior to previously developed immunodiagnostic and conventional microscopic-based tests in terms of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and the ability to identify and distinguish human Taenia species. This qPCR assay facilitated the identification of T. asiatica tapeworms in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mark A. Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tinh Van Vo
- Department of Physiology, Pathology and Immunology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Van-Anh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
| | - Trong Van Phan
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
| | - Sze Fui Hii
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Collender PA, Kirby AE, Addiss DG, Freeman MC, Remais JV. Methods for Quantification of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Environmental Media: Current Techniques and Recent Advances. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:625-639. [PMID: 26440788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Limiting the environmental transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), which infect 1.5 billion people worldwide, will require sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective methods to detect and quantify STHs in the environment. We review the state-of-the-art of STH quantification in soil, biosolids, water, produce, and vegetation with regard to four major methodological issues: environmental sampling; recovery of STHs from environmental matrices; quantification of recovered STHs; and viability assessment of STH ova. We conclude that methods for sampling and recovering STHs require substantial advances to provide reliable measurements for STH control. Recent innovations in the use of automated image identification and developments in molecular genetic assays offer considerable promise for improving quantification and viability assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Collender
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy E Kirby
- Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Justin V Remais
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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The Parasitological, Immunological, and Molecular Diagnosis of Human Taeniasis with Special Emphasis on Taenia solium Taeniasis. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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