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Li D, Li X, Wang Q, Hao Y. Advanced Techniques for the Intelligent Diagnosis of Fish Diseases: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2938. [PMID: 36359061 PMCID: PMC9656208 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic products, as essential sources of protein, have attracted considerable concern by producers and consumers. Precise fish disease prevention and treatment may provide not only healthy fish protein but also ecological and economic benefits. However, unlike intelligent two-dimensional diagnoses of plants and crops, one of the most serious challenges confronted in intelligent aquaculture diagnosis is its three-dimensional space. Expert systems have been applied to diagnose fish diseases in recent decades, allowing for restricted diagnosis of certain aquaculture. However, this method needs aquaculture professionals and specialists. In addition, diagnosis speed and efficiency are limited. Therefore, developing a new quick, automatic, and real-time diagnosis approach is very critical. The integration of image-processing and computer vision technology intelligently allows the diagnosis of fish diseases. This study comprehensively reviews image-processing technology and image-based fish disease detection methods, and analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of each diagnostic approach in different environments. Although it is widely acknowledged that there are many approaches for disease diagnosis and pathogen identification, some improvements in detection accuracy and speed are still needed. Constructing AR 3D images of fish diseases, standard and shared datasets, deep learning, and data fusion techniques will be helpful in improving the accuracy and speed of fish disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Li
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Li
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinfeng Hao
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhong Y, Duan Z, Su M, Lin Y, Zhang J. Inflammatory responses associated with hyposaline stress in gill epithelial cells of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:142-151. [PMID: 33940172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular processes of immune responses in mucosal tissues such as fish gills under environmental stress are poorly understood. In the present study, pro-inflammatory response under hyposaline stress and its regulation by cortisol/corticosteroid receptors (CRs) in gill epithelial cells of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus were analyzed. The fish were transferred to freshwater for 6 days (144 h) of acclimation. Following freshwater exposure, the cortisol concentration increased transiently before returning to the control level over time. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6) was stimulated by cortisol through CR signals at early stages of acclimation, but hyposaline stress inhibited their levels by the end of the experimental period. The transcriptional profile of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was quite different from these pro-inflammatory cytokines, and its value fluctuated within a narrow range during the experimental period. Full-length cDNAs of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor 1 (GR1) (different kinds of CRs) were cloned from the gills. Our results showed that MR and GR displayed mutually antagonistic effects during hyposaline stress. MR responded quickly at early stages, and its expression decreased with the drop of cortisol concentration. By contrast, GR expression was maintained at high levels after the acclimation of freshwater exposure. The tight coordination of GR and MR helps to shape the effects of stress on the immune system, which in turn, regulates the stress response. Our results confirm the interaction between endocrine and cytokine messengers and a clear difference in the sensitivity of GR and MR during the hyposaline challenge in gill epithelial cells of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyu Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoliang Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanquan Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Dafeng South Ocean Marine Technology Company, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junbin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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MacLeod MJ, Vo NTK, Mikhaeil MS, Monaghan SR, Alexander JAN, Saran MK, Lee LEJ. Development of a continuous cell line from larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of the microsporidian, Loma morhua. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1359-1372. [PMID: 29882595 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture methods are crucial for the isolation, purification and mass propagation of intracellular pathogens of aquatic organisms. Cell culture infection models can yield insights into infection mechanisms, aid in developing methods for disease mitigation and prevention, and inform commercial-scale cultivation approaches. This study details the establishment of a larval cell line (GML-5) from the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of microsporidia. GML-5 has survived over 100 passages in 8 years of culture. The line remains active and viable between 8 and 21°C in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) media with 10% foetal bovine serum and exhibits a myofibroblast phenotype as indicated by immuno-positive results for vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I and S-100 proteins, while being desmin-negative. GML-5 supports the infection and development of two microsporidian parasites, an opportunistic generalist (Anncaliia algerae) and cod-specific Loma morhua. Using GML-5, spore germination and proliferation of L. morhua was found to require exposure to basic pH and cool incubation temperatures (8°C), in contrast to A. algerae, which required no cultural modifications. Loma morhua-associated xenoma-like structures were observed 2 weeks postexposure. This in vitro infection model may serve as a valuable tool for cod parasitology and aquaculture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J MacLeod
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mandeep K Saran
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - Lucy E J Lee
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
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Microsporidiosis in Vertebrate Companion Exotic Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 2:jof2010003. [PMID: 29376921 PMCID: PMC5753084 DOI: 10.3390/jof2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians caring for companion animals may encounter microsporidia in various host species, and diagnosis and treatment of these fungal organisms can be particularly challenging. Fourteen microsporidial species have been reported to infect humans and some of them are zoonotic; however, to date, direct zoonotic transmission is difficult to document versus transit through the digestive tract. In this context, summarizing information available about microsporidiosis of companion exotic animals is relevant due to the proximity of these animals to their owners. Diagnostic modalities and therapeutic challenges are reviewed by taxa. Further studies are needed to better assess risks associated with animal microsporidia for immunosuppressed owners and to improve detection and treatment of infected companion animals.
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Microsporidia-host interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:10-6. [PMID: 25847674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia comprise one of the largest groups of obligate intracellular pathogens and can infect virtually all animals, but host response to these fungal-related microbes has been poorly understood. Several new studies of the host transcriptional response to microsporidia infection have found infection-induced regulation of genes involved in innate immunity, ubiquitylation, metabolism, and hormonal signaling. In addition, microsporidia have recently been shown to exploit host recycling endocytosis for exit from intestinal cells, and to interact with host degradation pathways. Microsporidia infection has also been shown to profoundly affect behavior in insect hosts. Altogether, these and other recent findings are providing much-needed insight into the underlying mechanisms of microsporidia interaction with host animals.
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