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Worasith C, Wangboon C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Sithithaworn J, Techasen A, Thanan R, Khuntikeo N, Sithithaworn P. Application of urine antigen assay to evaluate outcomes of praziquantel treatment and reinfection in opisthorchiasis in northeast Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 114:751-761. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
A urine antigen assay was applied to evaluate chemotherapeutic outcomes and reinfection patterns of opisthorchiasis in Thailand.
Methods
We used a prospective study design by following opisthorchiasis subjects at baseline and post-treatment using a urine antigen assay and faecal examination by the formalin–ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT).
Results
The antigen of Opisthorchis viverrini in urine diminished within 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Concurrent faecal examinations by FECT showed that faecal eggs were negative at 4 weeks after treatment. In a subsequent study, reinfection rates and intensity patterns of O. viverrini were evaluated at 48 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Within a group of subjects with curative treatment (n=137), 16.8% became reinfected according to FECT and 27.7% according to the urine antigen assay (p<0.05). There were significant correlations in intensity of infection between pretreatment and at 48 weeks post-treatment in both faecal egg counts and antigen levels in urine.
Conclusions
The results suggested that in addition to screening, the urine antigen assay is an efficient tool for monitoring outcomes of drug treatment and reinfection in opisthorchiasis. Due to the ease of urine sample collection and handling, the urine assay becomes an alternative method to faecal examination for diagnosis and monitoring of opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chompunoot Wangboon
- School of Preclinical Science, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Rachasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Deslyper G, Doherty DG, Carolan JC, Holland CV. The role of the liver in the migration of parasites of global significance. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:531. [PMID: 31703729 PMCID: PMC6842148 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many parasites migrate through different tissues during their life-cycle, possibly with the aim to enhance their fitness. This is true for species of three parasite genera of global importance, Ascaris, Schistosoma and Plasmodium, which cause significant global morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, these parasites all incorporate the liver in their life-cycle. The liver has a special immune status being able to preferentially induce tolerance over immunity. This function may be exploited by parasites to evade host immunity, with Plasmodium spp. in particular using this organ for its multiplication. However, hepatic larval attrition occurs in both ascariasis and schistosomiasis. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatic infection could be useful in developing novel vaccines and therapies for these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Deslyper
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Derek G Doherty
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Celia V Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Jeremias WDJ, Araújo FMG, Queiroz FR, Pais FSM, de Mattos ACA, Salim ACDM, Coelho PMZ, Oliveira GC, Kusel JR, Guerra-Sá R, Coimbra RS, Babá ÉH. Comparative sequence analysis reveals regulation of genes in developing schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni exposed to host portal serum. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28622369 PMCID: PMC5473564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Once inside a vertebrate host after infection, individual schistosomula of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni find a new and complex environment, which requires quick adjustments for survival, such as those that allow it to avoid the innate immune response of the host. Thus, it is very important for the parasite to remain within the skin after entering the host for a period of about 3 days, at which time it can then reach the venous system, migrate to the lungs and, by the end of eighth day post-infection, it reach the portal venous system, while undergoing minimal changes in morphology. However, after just a few days in the portal blood system, the parasite experiences an extraordinary increase in biomass and significant morphological alterations. Therefore, determining the constituents of the portal venous system that may trigger these changes that causes the parasite to consolidate its development inside the vertebrate host, thus causing the disease schistosomiasis, is essential. The present work simulated the conditions found in the portal venous system of the vertebrate host by exposing schistosomula of S. mansoni to in vitro culture in the presence of portal serum of the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Two different incubation periods were evaluated, one of 3 hours and one of 12 hours. These time periods were used to mimic the early contact of the parasite with portal serum during the course of natural infection. As a control, parasites were incubated in presence of hamster peripheral serum, in order to compare gene expression signatures between the two conditions. The mRNA obtained from parasites cultured under both conditions were submitted to a whole transcriptome library preparation and sequenced with a next generation platform. On average, nearly 15 million reads were produced per sample and, for the purpose of gene expression quantification, only reads mapped to one location of the transcriptome were considered. After statistical analysis, we found 103 genes differentially expressed by schistosomula cultured for 3 hours and 12 hours in the presence of hamster portal serum. After the subtraction of a second list of genes, also differentially expressed between schistosomula cultured for 3 hours and 12 hours in presence of peripheral serum, a set of 58 genes was finally established. This pattern was further validated for a subset of 17 genes, by measuring gene expression through quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Processes that were activated by the portal serum stimulus include response to stress, membrane transport, protein synthesis and folding/degradation, signaling, cytoskeleton arrangement, cell adhesion and nucleotide synthesis. Additionally, a smaller number of genes down-regulated under the same condition act on cholinergic signaling, inorganic cation and organic anion membrane transport, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton arrangement. Considering the role of these genes in triggering processes that allow the parasite to quickly adapt, escape the immune response of the host and start maturation into an adult worm after contact with the portal serum, this work may point to unexplored molecular targets for drug discovery and vaccine development against schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wander de Jesus Jeremias
- René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte – UNIBH, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Fábio Ribeiro Queiroz
- René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Guilherme Correa Oliveira
- René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - John Robert Kusel
- Glasgow University, Centre for Open Studies, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roney Santos Coimbra
- René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élio Hideo Babá
- René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Draz HM, Ashour E, Shaker YM, Khattab HM, Wu CH, Wu GY. Host susceptibility to schistosomes: effect of host sera on cell proliferation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula. J Parasitol 2009; 94:1249-52. [PMID: 19127970 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1607.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine effects of the sera on cell proliferation, schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni (20-days-old) were incubated in medium containing fetal calf serum plus hamster (highly susceptible host) portal or peripheral venous serum, or rat (poorly susceptible host) portal or peripheral venous serum in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Compared with schistosomula cultured in presence of control medium containing fetal calf serum alone, BrdU labeling indices (BLIs) were increased by 39% in the presence of portal, but not in peripheral, serum of hamsters. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the BLIs in rat portal, or peripheral, sera or in control media. In vivo BrdU labeling results revealed that there was no detectable cell proliferation in S. mansoni schistosomula (6 days old) in the lungs. However, cell proliferation was detected in schistosomula beginning at 17 days. The results indicated that portal venous serum from a highly susceptible host, but not from a poorly susceptible host, stimulated schistosome cell proliferation in vitro. The timing of the increase in cell proliferation in terms of development corresponded to liver portal-mesenteric localization of schistosomula. Together, the data support the conclusion that in susceptible hosts, portal serum may play a role in schistosome cell proliferation, possibly resulting in termination of schistosome migration. This may explain the colocalization of adults, and the known organ selectivity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M Draz
- Department of Biochemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
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Kusel JR, Al-Adhami BH, Doenhoff MJ. The schistosome in the mammalian host: understanding the mechanisms of adaptation. Parasitology 2007; 134:1477-526. [PMID: 17572930 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIn this review, we envisage the host environment, not as a hostile one, since the schistosome thrives there, but as one in which the relationship between the two organisms consists of constant communication, through signalling mechanisms involving sense organs, surface glycocalyx, surface membrane and internal organs of the parasite, with host fluids and cells. The surface and secretions of the schistosome egg have very different properties from those of other parasite stages, but adapted for the dispersal of the eggs and for the preservation of host liver function. We draw from studies of mammalian cells and other organisms to indicate how further work might be carried out on the signalling function of the surface glycocalyx, the raft structure of the surface and existence of pores in the surface membrane, the repair of the surface membrane, the role of the membrane structure in ion channel function (including recent work on the actin cytoskeleton and calcium channels) and the possible role of P-glycoproteins in the adaptation of the parasite to its environment. We are speculative in some areas, such as the suggestions that variability in surface properties of schistosomes may relate to the existence of membrane rafts and that parasite communities may exhibit quorum sensing. This speculative approach is adopted with the hope that future work on the whole organisms and their interactions will be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kusel
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Oliveira SA, Barbosa AA, Gomes DC, Machado-Silva JR, Barros AF, Neves RH, Coutinho EM. Morphometric study of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms recovered from Undernourished infected mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:623-7. [PMID: 12973528 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some unfavourable effects of malnutrition of the host on Schistosoma mansoni worm biology and structure have been reported based upon brigthfield microscopy. This paper aims to study by morphometric techniques, some morphological parameters in male and female adult worms recovered from undernourished albino mice in comparison with parasites recovered from well-fed infected mice. Undernourished animals were fed a multideficient and essentially low protein diet (RBD diet) and compared to well-fed control mice fed with the commercial diet NUVILAB. Seventy-five days post-infection with 80 cercarie (BL strain) animals were sacrificed. All adult worms were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with carmine chloride. One hundred male and 60 female specimens from each group (undernourished and control) were examined using an image system analysis Leica Quantimet 500C and the Sigma Scan Measurement System. The following morphometrical parameters were studied: body length and width, oral and ventral suckers, number and area of testicular lobes, length and width of ovary and uterine egg. For statistical analysis, the Student's t test for unpaired samples was applied. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected in body length and width, in parameters of suckers, uterine egg width, ovary length and area of testicular lobes, with lower values for specimens from undernourished mice. The nutritional status of the host has negative influence on S. mansoni adult worms, probably through unavailability of essential nutrients to the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilla A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunopatolologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, PE, Brasil
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