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Rodriguez VJ, Basurto KS, Finley JCA, Liu Q, Khalid E, Halliburton AM, Tse PKY, Resch ZJ, Soble JR, Ulrich DM. Multidimensional ADHD Symptom Profiles: Associations with Adverse Childhood Experiences. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024:acae050. [PMID: 38916192 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neurocognitive deficits. This study identified symptom profiles in adult patients undergoing neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD and examined the association between these profiles and ACEs. METHODS Utilizing unsupervised machine learning models, the study analyzed data from 208 adult patients. RESULTS The Gaussian Mixture Model revealed two distinct symptom profiles: "Severely Impaired" and "Moderately Impaired". The "Severely Impaired" profile, 23.6% of the sample, was characterized by more severe ADHD symptomatology in childhood and worse neurocognitive performance. The "Moderately Impaired" profile, 76.4% of the sample, had scores in the average range for self-reported internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and better neurocognitive performance. There was a greater number of ACEs reported by patients in the Severely Impaired profile than the Moderately Impaired profile (p = .022). Specifically, using an ACEs cutoff of ≥4, 53.1% of patients in the Severely Impaired profile reported four or more ACEs, compared with 34.6% in the Moderately Impaired profile (p = .020). Profiles were not related to clinician-ascribed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the association between ACEs and worse symptom profiles marked by impaired neurocognitive function, increased internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and heightened perceived stress in adults with ADHD. Future research may explore the effect of ACEs on symptom profiles in diverse populations and potential moderators or mediators of these associations. Findings offers valuable insights for clinicians in their assessment and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen S Basurto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John-Christopher A Finley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qimin Liu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elmma Khalid
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Zachary J Resch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason R Soble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Devin M Ulrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Amano T, Jia Y, Redding A. The dynamic and reciprocal relationship between perceived everyday discrimination and cognitive function in later life. Aging Ment Health 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38590239 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2338196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study, based on socioemotional selectivity theory and cognitive theory, investigates the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between perceived discrimination and cognitive function in later life. METHODS Data were drawn from four waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018). A total of 4,125 people who were 51 and older were included. Cognitive function was measured by the telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS-27). Perceived discrimination was measured using scores of the perceived everyday discrimination scale. Random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) was utilized. The model was adjusted for a range of covariates. Subgroup analysis by ethnoracial groups was conducted. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, while lower cognitive function was associated with higher perceived discrimination, this relationship was unidirectional. Longitudinally, higher perceived discrimination predicted lower cognitive function in later waves only among non-Hispanic White individuals. CONCLUSION Results suggested that a decline in cognitive function may precede and contribute to the worsening of perceived discrimination, which may result in further decline in cognitive function. Lifetime experience of discrimination was discussed as a possible source of the racial/ethnic variations in the relationship. Further study is needed to examine whether this relationship holds among people with cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Amano
- Department of Social Work, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yuane Jia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Audrey Redding
- Department of Social Work, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Hur YM. Relationship between cognitive ability and emotional problems in the context of poverty: a Nigerian adolescent twin study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:1103-1111. [PMID: 37237243 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have identified negative relationships between cognitive ability and emotional problems (EP), mechanism explaining these relationships remained unclear. This study evaluated two explanatory models using bivariate moderation model-fitting analysis in a twin design. The resilience model suggests that high cognitive ability decreases the risk of EP in adverse settings, and the scarring model suggests that EP symptoms lead to persistent cognitive deficits following onset. The Standard Progressive Matrices Plus (SPM) and EP scale were administered to a sample of 3,202 twins (mean age = 14.62 ± 1.74 years) attending public schools in Nigeria. The results of bivariate moderation model-fitting analyses only supported the resilience model. Moderation effects were not significant in the scarring model when genetic and environmental influences were incorporated. The best-fitting bivariate moderation model assuming the resilience model yielded a genetic correlation of - 0.57 (95% CI = - 0.40, - 0.84) with no significant environmental correlations. Moreover, the SPM moderated the environmental, not genetic, influences on EP, such that environmental influences were strong when protective factors were absent (low SPM) and weak when these were present (high SPM). These results indicate the need to develop targeted prevention and intervention strategies for EP in adolescents displaying low cognitive ability in deprived settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Hur
- Kookmin Twin Research Institute, General College of Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea.
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4
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Chan HF, Cheng Z, Mendolia S, Paloyo AR, Tani M, Proulx D, Savage DA, Torgler B. Residential mobility restrictions and adverse mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1790. [PMID: 38245576 PMCID: PMC10799952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, several governments tried to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, with lockdowns that prohibited leaving one's residence unless carrying out a few essential services. We investigate the relationship between limitations to mobility and mental health in the UK during the first year and a half of the pandemic using a unique combination of high-frequency mobility data from Google and monthly longitudinal data collected through the Understanding Society survey. We find a strong and statistically robust correlation between mobility data and mental health survey data and show that increased residential stationarity is associated with the deterioration of mental wellbeing even when regional COVID-19 prevalence and lockdown stringency are controlled for. The relationship is heterogeneous, as higher levels of distress are seen in young, healthy people living alone; and in women, especially if they have young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Fai Chan
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Centre for Behavioural Insights for Technology Adoption (BITA), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Zhiming Cheng
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Management, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Silvia Mendolia
- Department of Economics, Social Studies and Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Damon Proulx
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - David A Savage
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Insights for Technology Adoption (BITA), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Lakkireddy SP, Balachander S, Dayalamurthy P, Bhattacharya M, Joseph MS, Kumar P, Kannampuzha AJ, Mallappagari S, Narayana S, Alexander AC, Muthukumaran M, Sheth S, Puzhakkal JC, Ramesh V, Thatikonda NS, Selvaraj S, Ithal D, Sreeraj VS, Mahadevan J, Holla B, Venkatasubramanian G, John JP, Murthy P, Benegal V, Reddy YCJ, Jain S, Viswanath B. Neurocognition and its association with adverse childhood experiences and familial risk of mental illness. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110620. [PMID: 35995305 PMCID: PMC7615105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may affect neurocognition, an endophenotype for several mental illnesses. This study examines the effect of ACEs on neurocognitive performance in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with severe mental illness to determine whether familial risk has a moderating effect on the relationship between ACEs and neurocognition. Unaffected FDRs from multiplex families with severe mental illnesses (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or alcohol use disorder) (n = 324) and healthy controls (with no familial risk) (n = 188) underwent neurocognitive tests for processing speed, new learning, working memory and Theory of Mind. ACEs were measured using the WHO ACE-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Regression models were done to predict each neurocognitive domain by the effect of familial risk, ACE-IQ Score and their interaction (familial risk*ACE-IQ score). The main effect of familial risk predicted poor performance in all domains of neurocognition (p < 0.01), and the interaction had a negative association with global neurocognition (β = -0.093, p = 0.009), processing speed (β = -0.109, p = 0.003) and working memory (β = -0.092, p = 0.01). Among the ACEs sub-domains, only maltreatment (specifically the main effect of physical neglect and the interaction effect of sexual abuse with familial risk) predicted poorer neurocognition. In FDRs of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, only the main effects of familial risk were significantly associated with poorer neurocognition. We conclude that there is a relationship between ACEs (especially maltreatment) and neurocognitive functioning, which is moderated by the familial risk of mental illnesses. Genetic/familial vulnerability may have a stronger association with neurocognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Lakkireddy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Balachander
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Pavithra Dayalamurthy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahashweta Bhattacharya
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mino Susan Joseph
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand Jose Kannampuzha
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Mallappagari
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruthi Narayana
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Alen Chandy Alexander
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Moorthy Muthukumaran
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sweta Sheth
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Joan C Puzhakkal
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinutha Ramesh
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Navya Spurthi Thatikonda
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya Selvaraj
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhruva Ithal
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayant Mahadevan
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - John P John
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y C Janardhan Reddy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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6
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Etheridge B, Spantig L. The gender gap in mental well-being at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from the UK. EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 2022; 145:104114. [PMID: 35464832 PMCID: PMC9013699 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We assess the decline in mental health after the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. This decline was more than twice as large for women as for men. We seek to explain this gender gap by exploring gender differences in: family and caring responsibilities; financial and work situation; social engagement; health situation, and health behaviours, including exercise. We assess their quantitative relevance by applying standard decomposition methods. We find that compositional differences in family and caring responsibilities explain part of the gender gap, but more important are gender differences in social factors, particularly changes in loneliness. We explore this result further by analysing gender differences in personality traits. Even after controlling for all factors there remains a noticeable age-gender gradient, with young females suffering particularly badly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Spantig
- University of Essex, United Kingdom
- RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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7
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Carter Leno V, Wright N, Pickles A, Bedford R, Zaidman-Zait A, Kerns C, Mirenda P, Zwaigenbaum L, Duku E, Bennett T, Georgiades S, Smith I, Vaillancourt T, Szatmari P, Elsabbagh M. Exposure to family stressful life events in autistic children: Longitudinal associations with mental health and the moderating role of cognitive flexibility. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 26:1656-1667. [PMID: 36113122 PMCID: PMC9483693 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211061932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mental health problems are prevalent in autistic youth, but the underpinning
mechanisms are not well explored. In neurotypical youth, stressful life events
are an established risk factor for mental health problems. This study tested
longitudinal bidirectional associations between family-level stressful life
events and mental health problems and whether these were moderated by cognitive
flexibility, in a cohort of autistic children (N = 247).
Family-stressful life events, assessed using the parent-reported Family
Inventory of Life Events and Changes, and mental health problems, assessed using
the teacher-reported Child Behavior Checklist Internalizing and Externalizing
Symptoms subscales, were measured at multiple points between 7 and 11 years.
Analyses showed no significant pathways from internalizing or externalizing
symptoms to family-stressful life events or from family-stressful life events to
internalizing or externalizing symptoms. There was some evidence of moderation
by cognitive flexibility; the family-stressful life events to internalizing
symptoms pathway was non-significant in the group with typical shifting ability
but significant in the group with clinically significant shifting problems.
Information about family-level stressful life event exposure and cognitive
flexibility may be helpful in identifying autistic youth who may be at higher
risk of developing mental health problems. Established risk factors for mental
health problems in neurotypical populations are relevant for understanding
mental health in autistic youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anat Zaidman-Zait
- Tel Aviv University, Israel
- The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Eric Duku
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Canada
- McMaster University, Canada
| | - Teresa Bennett
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Canada
- McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - Isabel Smith
- Dalhousie University, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Canada
| | | | - Peter Szatmari
- University of Toronto, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
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8
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Nyarko F, Peltonen K, Kangaslampi S, Punamäki RL. Emotional intelligence and cognitive skills protecting mental health from stress and violence among Ghanaian youth. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03878. [PMID: 32395655 PMCID: PMC7205861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the protective mental health function of high emotional intelligence (EI), and cognitive skills (CS) among Ghanaian adolescents when exposed to stressful life-events and violence. It examines, first, how exposure to stressful life-events and violent experiences is associated with mental health, indicated by depressive and psychological distress symptoms, and, second, whether EI and CS could serve as possible moderators between stress, violence and mental health problems. Participants were 415 Ghanaian secondary education students. They reported about their depressive symptoms (Bireleson), psychological distress (Strength and Difficult Questionnaire, SDQ), and emotional intelligence (Trait Emotional Intelligence Question-naire, TEIQue), cognitive skills (The Amsterdam Executive Function Inventory). They also reported their stressful life-events and violent experiences. Statistical analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM). As hypothesized, high level of stressful life events were associated with high levels of depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Yet violent experiences did not associate with mental health problems. Against hypothesis, high levels of EI and CS could not protect adolescents mental health from negative effects of stressful life events or violent experiences. A direct effects were found between low level of EI and CS and high level of mental health problems. The results are discussed in relations to psychological and cultural factors present in EI and CS in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nyarko
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samuli Kangaslampi
- Faculty of Social Science, Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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