The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body growth rate of birds

Features of Fractal Conformity and Bioconsolidation in the Early Myogenesis Gene Expression and Their Relationship to the Genetic Diversity of Chicken Breeds

Elements of fractal analysis are widely used in scientific research, including several biological disciplines. In this study, we hypothesized that chicken breed biodiversity manifests not only at the phenotypic level, but also at the genetic-system level in terms of different profiles of fractal conformity and bioconsolidation in the early myogenesis gene expression. To demonstrate this effect, we developed two mathematical models that describe the fractal nature of the expression of seven key genes in the embryonic breast and thigh muscles in eight breeds of meat, dual purpose, egg and game types. In the first model, we produced breed-specific coefficients of gene expression conformity in each muscle type using the slopes of regression dependencies, as well as an integral myogenesis gene expression index (MGEI). Additionally, breed fractal dimensions and integral myogenesis gene expression fractal dimension index (MGEFDI) were determined. The second gene expression model was based on plotting fractal portraits and calculating indices of fractal bioconsolidation. The bioconsolidation index of myogenesis gene expression correlated with the chick growth rate and nitric oxide (NO) oxidation rate. The proposed fractal models were instrumental in interpreting the genetic diversity of chickens at the level of gene expression for early myogenesis, NO metabolism and the postnatal growth of chicks.

Unraveling signatures of chicken genetic diversity and divergent selection in breed-specific patterns of early myogenesis, nitric oxide metabolism and post-hatch growth

Introduction: Due to long-term domestication, breeding and divergent selection, a vast genetic diversity in poultry currently exists, with various breeds being characterized by unique phenotypic and genetic features. Assuming that differences between chicken breeds divergently selected for economically and culturally important traits manifest as early as possible in development and growth stages, we aimed to explore breed-specific patterns and interrelations of embryo myogenesis, nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and post-hatch growth rate (GR). Methods: These characteristics were explored in eight breeds of different utility types (meat-type, dual purpose, egg-type, game, and fancy) by incubating 70 fertile eggs per breed. To screen the differential expression of seven key myogenesis associated genes (MSTN, GHR, MEF2C, MYOD1, MYOG, MYH1, and MYF5), quantitative real-time PCR was used. Results: We found that myogenesis associated genes expressed in the breast and thigh muscles in a coordinated manner showing breed specificity as a genetic diversity signature among the breeds studied. Notably, coordinated ("accord") expression patterns of MSTN, GHR, and MEFC2 were observed both in the breast and thigh muscles. Also, associated expression vectors were identified for MYOG and MYOD1 in the breast muscles and for MYOG and MYF5 genes in the thigh muscles. Indices of NO oxidation and post-hatch growth were generally concordant with utility types of breeds, with meat-types breeds demonstrating higher NO oxidation levels and greater GR values as compared to egg-type, dual purpose, game and fancy breeds. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that differences in early myogenesis, NO metabolism and post-hatch growth are breed-specific; they appropriately reflect genetic diversity and accurately capture the evolutionary history of divergently selected chicken breeds.

Putative Role of Ligands of DNIC in the Physiological Action of the Complex

In a relatively isolated system of avian embryo, the metabolism of NO, a component of the dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNIC), the main NO donor in most tissues, depends on the ligands that make up the complex. This fact corroborates the earlier hypothesis that these ligands perform a regulatory function in NO metabolism. It is also shown that nitrite injected into the embryo is not oxidized to nitrate like NO in DNIC, but is accumulated outside the amniotic sac. Normally, nitrite is present in an embryo in trace amounts. These facts suggest that NO in the embryo is transferred from the donor molecule to a target in the embryo tissues further transformed with minimum oxidation to nitrite.

Synthesis and Metabolism of Nitric Oxide (NO) in Chicken Embryos and in the Blood of Adult Chicken

In chicken embryos, nitric oxide (NO) is accumulated in the pool of NO donors: S-nitrosothiols, nitrosyl-iron complexes, high-molecular-weight nitro-compounds. Oxidation of NO to nitrate occurs with different intensity in the embryos of different chicken breeds. In some embryos, NO donors accumulate almost without oxidation. Stable concentration of NO donors and nitrate in the blood of adult chicken is a result of dynamic equilibrium between NO synthesis and elimination (oxidation, consumption by other tissues, and excretion). As NO oxidation occurs mainly not in the blood, but in other tissues, decomposition of NO donors and NO oxidation are determined the properties of these tissues, in particular, the presence of physiological targets of NO, rather than spontaneous processes. Hence, evaluation of the intensity of NO metabolism is important for prediction of the efficiency of preparations containing NO donors and stimulators of its synthesis.