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Balls M, Goldberg AM, Fentem JH, Broadhead CL, Burch RL, Festing MF, Frazier JM, Hendriksen CF, Jennings M, van der Kamp AD, Morton DB, Rowan AN, Russell C, Russell WM, Spielmann H, Stephens ML, Stokes WS, Straughan DW, Yager JD, Zurlo J, van Zutphen BF. The Three Rs: The Way Forward. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299502300614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Environment Institute, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
| | - Alan M. Goldberg
- CAAT, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 111 Market Place/Suite 840, Baltimore, MD 21202-6709, USA
| | | | - Caren L. Broadhead
- FRAME Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
| | | | - Michael F.W. Festing
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - John M. Frazier
- Toxic Hazards Research Unit, ManTech Environmental Technology Inc., Dayton, OH 45431-0009, USA
| | | | - Margaret Jennings
- Research Animals Department, RSPCA, The Causeway, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 1HG, UK
| | | | - David B. Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Ethics, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TJ, UK
| | - Andrew N. Rowan
- Tufts Center for Animals and Public Policy, School for Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Sociology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AA, UK
| | - William M.S. Russell
- Department of Sociology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AA, UK
| | | | - Martin L. Stephens
- Humane Society of the United States, 2100 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | - Donald W. Straughan
- FRAME Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
| | - James D. Yager
- Division of Toxicological Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joanne Zurlo
- CAAT, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 111 Market Place/Suite 840, Baltimore, MD 21202-6709, USA
| | - Bert F.M. van Zutphen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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