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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Ding Y, Hou B, Wang R. Adaptive walking control for quadruped robot by using oscillation patterns. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19756. [PMID: 37957235 PMCID: PMC10643367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the adaptability of quadruped robot in multiple scenarios, an adaptive locomotive system based on the double-layered central pattern generator (CPG) is proposed. The novel CPG network consists of double master units and subsets of slave units based on gyroscope signals including yaw and pitch angle. The response of master units provides the ability to control the 1st joins of quadruped robot, while slave units can generate the symmetry signals to control the 2nd and 3rd joints. The CPG network enables the seamless switching of locomotion gaits to stops and starts by using an ultrasonic sensor. Through adjusting the mutually dependent parameters, joints can generate the joint angles to achieve steering behavior. For adaptive movement on an irregular surface, stable ranges of the robot body yaw and pitch angles are proposed by using gyroscope signals. The experimental results verify that the quadruped robot with the proposed double-layered CPG network can perform stable trot pattern in a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yijia Qian
- School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiping Hou
- School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Robot System Integration and Intelligent Equipment of Huzhou City, Huzhou, China
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Fukuhara A, Gunji M, Masuda Y. Comparative anatomy of quadruped robots and animals: a review. Adv Robot 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2022.2086018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fukuhara
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Megu Gunji
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoichi Masuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Zaki S, Blaker CL, Little CB. OA foundations - experimental models of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:357-380. [PMID: 34536528 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasingly recognised as a disease of diverse phenotypes with variable clinical presentation, progression, and response to therapeutic intervention. This same diversity is readily apparent in the many animal models of OA. However, model selection, study design, and interpretation of resultant findings, are not routinely done in the context of the target human (or veterinary) patient OA sub-population or phenotype. This review discusses the selection and use of animal models of OA in discovery and therapeutic-development research. Beyond evaluation of the different animal models on offer, this review suggests focussing the approach to OA-animal model selection on study objective(s), alignment of available models with OA-patient sub-types, and the resources available to achieve valid and translatable results. How this approach impacts model selection is discussed and an experimental design checklist for selecting the optimal model(s) is proposed. This approach should act as a guide to new researchers and a reminder to those already in the field, as to issues that need to be considered before embarking on in vivo pre-clinical research. The ultimate purpose of using an OA animal model is to provide the best possible evidence if, how, when and where a molecule, pathway, cell or process is important in clinical disease. By definition this requires both model and study outcomes to align with and be predictive of outcomes in patients. Keeping this at the forefront of research using pre-clinical OA models, will go a long way to improving the quality of evidence and its translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaki
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia; Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Australia.
| | - C L Blaker
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Australia; Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, The Kolling Institute, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, At Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia.
| | - C B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Australia.
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Adaptive Walking Control for a Quadruped Robot on Irregular Terrain Using the Complex-Valued CPG Network. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a CPG (central pattern generator) network control system using motor dynamics for the gait planning of a quadruped robot with a trot walking pattern to climb up and down a slope and turn back and follow the symmetry of route. The CPG unit model, which includes two DC motors model, has the ability to generate the periodic joint angle with complex-value parameters. Through plural feedback parameters, the CPG network can adjust the frequency and amplitude of an internal neuron model such as a robot meeting an irregular surface of a road. Using the stride length and frequency of robot joint angles, the distance of walking with a trot pattern can be calculated. In order to confirm the validity of the proposed control system, a quadruped robot is produced to implement the adaptive walking system.
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Schwaner MJ, Hsieh ST, Braasch I, Bradley S, Campos CB, Collins CE, Donatelli CM, Fish FE, Fitch OE, Flammang BE, Jackson BE, Jusufi A, Mekdara PJ, Patel A, Swalla BJ, Vickaryous M, McGowan CP. Future Tail Tales: A Forward-Looking, Integrative Perspective on Tail Research. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:521-537. [PMID: 33999184 PMCID: PMC8680820 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis Tails are a defining characteristic of chordates and show enormous diversity in function and shape. Although chordate tails share a common evolutionary and genetic-developmental origin, tails are extremely versatile in morphology and function. For example, tails can be short or long, thin or thick, and feathered or spiked, and they can be used for propulsion, communication, or balancing, and they mediate in predator-prey outcomes. Depending on the species of animal the tail is attached to, it can have extraordinarily multi-functional purposes. Despite its morphological diversity and broad functional roles, tails have not received similar scientific attention as, for example, the paired appendages such as legs or fins. This forward-looking review article is a first step toward interdisciplinary scientific synthesis in tail research. We discuss the importance of tail research in relation to five topics: (1) evolution and development, (2) regeneration, (3) functional morphology, (4) sensorimotor control, and (5) computational and physical models. Within each of these areas, we highlight areas of research and combinations of long-standing and new experimental approaches to move the field of tail research forward. To best advance a holistic understanding of tail evolution and function, it is imperative to embrace an interdisciplinary approach, re-integrating traditionally siloed fields around discussions on tail-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schwaner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S T Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - I Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C B Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - C E Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - C M Donatelli
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - F E Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - O E Fitch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B E Flammang
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - B E Jackson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 23909, USA
| | - A Jusufi
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - P J Mekdara
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Patel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - B J Swalla
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - M Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C P McGowan
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Humanoid adaptive locomotion control through a bioinspired CPG-based controller. ROBOTICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0263574721000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo achieve adaptive gait planning of humanoid robots, a hierarchical central pattern generator (H-CPG) model with a basic rhythmic signal generation layer and a pattern formation layer is proposed to modulate the center of mass (CoM) and the online foot trajectory. The entrainment property of the CPG is exploited for adaptive walking in the absence of a priori knowledge of walking conditions, and the sensory feedback is applied to modulate the generated trajectories online to improve walking adaptability and stability. The developed control strategy is verified using a humanoid robot on sloped terrain and shows good performance.
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Shield S, Jericevich R, Patel A, Jusufi A. Tails, Flails, and Sails: How Appendages Improve Terrestrial Maneuverability by Improving Stability. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:506-520. [PMID: 34050735 PMCID: PMC8633431 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs in maneuverability and stability are essential in ecologically relevant situations with respect to robustness of locomotion, with multiple strategies apparent in animal model systems depending on their habitat and ecology. Free appendages such as tails and ungrounded limbs may assist in navigating this trade-off by assisting with balance, thereby increasing the acceleration that can be achieved without destabilizing the body. This comparative analysis explores the inertial mechanisms and, in some cases, fluid dynamic mechanisms by which appendages contribute to the stabilization of gait and perturbation response behaviors in a wide variety of animals. Following a broad review of examples from nature and bio-inspired robotics that illustrate the importance of appendages to the control of body orientation, two specific cases are examined through preliminary experiments: the role of arm motion in bipedal gait termination is explored using trajectory optimization, and the role of the cheetah’s tail during a deceleration maneuver is analyzed based on motion capture data. In both these examples, forward rotation of the appendage in question is found to counteract the unwanted forward pitch caused by the braking forces. It is theorized that this stabilizing action may facilitate more rapid deceleration by allowing larger or longer-acting braking forces to be applied safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Shield
- African Robotics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Amir Patel
- African Robotics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ardian Jusufi
- African Robotics Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Locomotion in Biorobotic and Somatic Systems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569, Germany
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Zheng Y, Li C, Ma Q. Feasibility of lime‐modified carbonate soil for highway subgrade filling. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zheng
- College of Roads and Bridges Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications Ürümqi China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Ministry of Public Foundation Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications Ürümqi China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- College of Roads and Bridges Xinjiang Vocational and Technical College of Communications Ürümqi China
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Towards dynamic alternating tripod trotting of a pony-sized hexapod robot for disaster rescuing based on multi-modal impedance control. ROBOTICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s026357471800022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHexapod robots are well suited for disaster rescuing tasks due to their stability and load capability. However, most current hexapod robots still rely on static gaits that largely limit their locomotion speed. This paper introduces a hierarchical control strategy to realize a dynamic alternating tripod trotting gait for a hexapod robot based on multi-modal impedance control. At the low level, a position-based impedance controller is developed to realize an adjustable compliant behavior for each leg. At the high level, a new gait controller is developed to generate a stable alternating tripod trotting gait, in which a gait state machine, a leg compliance modulation strategy, and a close-looped body attitude stabilizer are imposed. As a result, the alternating tripod trotting of the hexapod robot can be synchronized as the running of a bipedal robot with stable body attitude. Moreover, this control strategy was verified by experiments on a newly designed pony-sized disaster rescuing robot, HexbotIV, which successfully achieved a dynamic trotting gait with ability to resist the disturbances of mildly uneven terrains. Our control strategy as well as the experimental study can be a valuable reference for other hexapod robots and thus paves a way to the practical deployment of disaster rescuing robots.
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