The haplotype of the TGFβ1 gene associated with cerebral infarction in Chinese

Genetic Risk Factors Related to Coronary Artery Disease and Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Polymorphisms

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality globally and has long been known to be heritable; however, the specific genetic factors involved have yet to be identified. Recent advances have started to unravel the genetic architecture of this disease and set high expectations about the future use of novel susceptibility variants for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In the past decade, there has been major progress in this area. New tools, like common variant association studies, genome-wide association studies, meta-analyses, and genetic risk scores, allow a better understanding of the genetic risk factors driving CAD. In recent years, researchers have conducted further studies that confirmed the role of numerous genetic factors in the development of CAD. These include genes that affect lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, regulate the function of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscles, influence the coagulation system, or affect the immune system. Many CAD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, although many of their functions are largely unknown. The inflammatory process that occurs in the coronary vessels is very important in the development of CAD. One important mediator of inflammation is TGFβ1. TGFβ1 plays an important role in the processes leading to CAD, such as by stimulating macrophage and fibroblast chemotaxis, as well as increasing extracellular matrix synthesis. This review discusses the genetic risk factors related to the development of CAD, with a particular focus on polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) gene and its receptor.

Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Pattern in Whole Blood Associated With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. ICH is a multifactorial disease that emerges from interactions among multiple genetic and environmental factors. DNA methylation plays an important role in the etiology of complex traits and diseases. We used the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 850k BeadChip to detect changes in DNA methylation in peripheral blood samples from patients with ICH and healthy controls to explore DNA methylation patterns in ICH. Here, we compared genomic DNA methylation patterns in whole blood from ICH patients (n = 30) and controls (n = 34). The ICH and control groups showed significantly different DNA methylation patterns at 1530 sites (p-value < 5.92E-08), with 1377 hypermethylated sites and 153 hypomethylated sites in ICH patients compared to the methylation status in healthy controls. A total of 371 hypermethylated sites and 35 hypomethylated sites were in promoters, while 738 hypermethylated sites and 67 hypomethylated sites were in coding regions. Furthermore, the differentially methylated genes between ICH patients and controls were largely related to inflammatory pathways. Abnormalities in the DNA methylation pattern identified in the peripheral blood of ICH patients may play an important role in the development of ICH and warranted further investigation.

Association of TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-10 Polymorphisms With Chronic Kidney Disease Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 genes have been implicated as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the results from published studies are inconsistent. Our meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the cumulative evidence for these associations.

Methods

A systematic literature search of five databases was performed up to October 2019. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated the quality of included studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from random-effects or fixed-effects models using Stata 12.0.

Results

Nineteen studies from 10 countries satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with decreased susceptibility to CKD (CC + TC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.76, P = 0.009; CC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.73, P = 0.006), whereas TGF-β1 rs1800471 was associated with increased CKD susceptibility (CC vs. CG + GG, OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.02–2.77, P = 0.041). In stratified analyses based on ethnicity, TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with CKD susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians, and there was an association of TGF-β1 rs1800470 and IL-4 rs8179190 with CKD in Asians. Stratified analyses also associated TGF-β1 rs1800471 with CKD susceptibility in Caucasians. Neither overall meta-analyses nor stratified analyses identified an association of the IL-10 rs1800869 and rs1800871 polymorphisms with susceptibility to CKD.

Conclusions

Available data suggest that common polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 and IL-4 genes including rs1800469, rs1800470, rs1800471, and rs8179190 may be important genetic contributors to CKD susceptibility.

The Relationship between VEGFA and TGFB1 Polymorphisms and Target Lesion Revascularization after Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background and Aim

The specific association between genetic variation and in-stent restenosis is still only partly understood. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between functional polymorphisms in the genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A; rs699947) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1; rs1800470) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) risk.

Methods

A total of 676 patients (805 lesions) with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) who received elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with at least one bare-metal stent implantation were included. The primary study endpoint was TLR at a 4-year follow-up.

Results

The TLR rate was higher in patients with the VEGFA A/A genotype (15.4%) than in patients with the VEGFA A/C (7.9%) and C/C (8.9%) genotypes (p = 0.009). The VEGFA A/A genotype, after adjustment for clinical and procedural covariates, remained significantly and independently associated with the TLR (hazard ratio—2.09 [95% confidence interval 1.32–3.33, p = 0.0017]). However, we found no association between TLR and the TGFB1 genotype.

Conclusion

The VEGFA A/A genotype is significantly and independently associated with TLR risk in Polish SCAD patients who received elective PCI with bare-metal stent implantation.

Transforming growth factor-β1 (C509T, G800A, and T869C) gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke in North Indian population: A hospital-based case-control study

Background:

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases. There is limited information on the association between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGF-β1 gene (C509T, G800A, and T869C) polymorphisms, and their haplotypes with the risk of IS in North Indian population.

Methods:

A total of 250 IS patients and 250 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. IS was classified using the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the strength of association between TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of IS. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot method.

Results:

Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, alcohol, smoking, family history of stroke, sedentary lifestyle, and low socioeconomic status were found to be associated with the risk of IS. The distribution of C509T, G800A and T869C genotypes was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in the IS and control groups. Adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of TGF-β1 C509T (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% CI; 1.2–3.8; P = 0.006), G800A (OR, 4.4; 95% CI; 2.1–9.3; P < 0.001) and T869C (OR, 2.6; 95% CI; 1.5–4.5; P = 0.001) with the risk of IS under dominant model. Haplotype analysis showed that C509-A800-T869 and T509-G800-C869 haplotypes were significantly associated with the increased risk of IS. C509T and T869C were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' =0.51, r² = 0.23).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that TGF-β1 polymorphisms and their haplotypes are significantly associated with the risk of IS in North Indian population.

Association of transforming growth factor-β1 gene C509T, G800A and T869C polymorphisms with intracerebral hemorrhage in North Indian Population: a case-control study

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease. As per our knowledge, there is no published study investigating the association between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGF-β1 gene (C509T, G800A and T869C) polymorphisms, and their haplotypes with the risk of ICH in North Indian population. 100 ICH patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot method. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the strength of association between TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of ICH. Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, low socioeconomic status, smoking, physical activity were found to be associated with the risk of ICH. The distribution of C509T, G800A and T869C genotypes was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the ICH and control group. Adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis showed an independent association of TGF-β1 G800A (OR 9.07; 95% CI 2.3-35.6; P = 0.002) and T869C (OR 5.1; 95 % CI 1.9-13.2; P = 0.001) with the risk of ICH under dominant model. Haplotype analysis showed that C509-G800-C869 and C509-A800-C869 haplotypes were significantly associated with the increased risk of ICH. C509T and T869C were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.53, r(2) = 0.23). Our results suggest that TGF-β1 (G800A, T869C) gene polymorphisms and their haplotypes are significantly associated with the risk of ICH in North Indian population. Further prospective studies with large sample size are required for independent validation. Our findings could be helpful in identifying individuals at increased risk for developing ICH.

Cyclooxygenase-2 genetic polymorphism and stroke subtypes in Chinese

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins that contribute to the inflammation in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between two polymorphisms (-1195G>A and -765G>C) in the COX-2 gene and subtypes of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population.

METHODS

Genomic DNA of 224 patients with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), 329 patients with small vessel occlusion (SVO), and 450 controls were genotyped for the COX-2 1195G>A (rs689466) and -765G>C (rs20417) polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed for association analysis.

RESULTS

The frequencies of variant allele with -1195G>A and -765G>C polymorphisms were 0.46 and 0.22, respectively. The -1195GA genotype and 1195A allele carriers were identified independently to be related with ischemic stroke (adjusted OR = 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.09-2.10, P = 0.02; OR = 1.45, 95 % CI: 1.06-1.97, P = 0.02) and SVO (adjusted OR = 1.57, 95 % CI: 1.07-2.30, P = 0.02; OR = 1.50, 95 % CI: 1.05-2.16, P = 0.03). In contrast, the 1195G>A polymorphism was not associated with LAA. No relationship between the -765G>C polymorphism and risk of either ischemic stroke was observed. The linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that -1195G>A and -765G>C SNPs are moderate linkage disequilibrium in this study population (D' = 0.72, r (2) = 0.16). Compared with G-1195-G-765 haplotype, the haplotype of A-1195-G-765 showed significant increased risk of ischemic stroke (OR = 1.27, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.54, P = 0.02) and SVO (OR = 1.27, 95 % CI: 1.02-1.58, P = 0.03) but not LAA.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we found that -1195G>A polymorphism and A-1195-G-765 haplotype of COX-2 were associated with susceptibility to ischemic stroke in a Chinese population. The effects were confined to SVO among the stroke subtypes rather than to LAA.

Cyclooxygenase 2 genetic polymorphism may increase the risk of developing leukoaraiosis in Chinese

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are important mediators of inflammation. To clarify the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), we investigate the possible modulating effect of the functional COX-2 polymorphisms -1195G > A (rs689466) and -765G > C (rs20417) on the risk for development of cerebral SVD in a Chinese population. Genomic DNA of 116 patients with lacunar infarction (LI), 334 patients with leukoaraiosis (LA) and 450 control subjects was genotyped for the COX-2 -1195G > A and -765G > C polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Distribution of genotypes and haplotypes in patients and controls were compared. The genotype distribution of the -765G > C polymorphism was not different between the patients with LI or LA and the control group. The 1195A allele carriers was identified independently to be related with LA (adjusted OR = 1.41, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-2.10, P = 0.03) but not associated with LI. The linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that -1195G > A and -765G > C SNPs are moderate linkage disequilibrium in this study population (D' = 0.70, r(2) = 0.16). Compared with G-1195-G-765 haplotype, the haplotype of A-1195-G-765 showed significantly increased the risk of LA (OR = 1.24, 95 % CI = 1.10-1.55, P = 0.04) but not LI. In conclusion, we found that -1195G > A polymorphism and A-1195-G-765 haplotype of COX-2 were associated with susceptibility to LA in a Chinese population.