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Wang R, Li H, Ip TKY, Sun H. Bismuth drugs as antimicrobial agents. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Heimesaat MM, Fischer A, Alutis M, Grundmann U, Boehm M, Tegtmeyer N, Göbel UB, Kühl AA, Bereswill S, Backert S. The impact of serine protease HtrA in apoptosis, intestinal immune responses and extra-intestinal histopathology during Campylobacter jejuni infection of infant mice. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:16. [PMID: 24883112 PMCID: PMC4040118 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni has emerged as a leading cause of bacterial enterocolitis. The serine protease HtrA has been shown to be a pivotal, novel C. jejuni virulence factor involved in cell invasion and transmigration across polarised epithelial cells in vitro. However, the functional relevance of the htrA gene for the interaction of C. jejuni with the host immune system in the infant mouse infection model has not been investigated so far. Results Here we studied the role of C. jejuni htrA during infection of 3-weeks-old infant mice. Immediately after weaning, conventional wild-type mice were perorally infected with the NCTC11168∆htrA mutant (∆htrA) or the parental wild-type strain. Approximately one third of infected infant mice suffered from bloody diarrhea until day 7 post infection (p.i.), whereas colonic histopathological changes were rather moderate but comparable between the two strains. Interestingly, parental, but not ∆htrA mutant infected mice, displayed a multifold increase of apoptotic cells in the colonic mucosa at day 7 p.i., which was paralleled by higher colonic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ and the matrix-degrading enzyme matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Furthermore, higher numbers of proliferating cells could be observed in the colon of ∆htrA infected mice as compared to the parental wild-type strain. Remarkably, as early as 7 days p.i. infant mice also exhibited inflammatory changes in extra-intestinal compartments such as liver, kidneys and lungs, which were less distinct in kidneys and lungs following ∆htrA versus parental strain infection. However, live C. jejuni bacteria could not be found in these organs, suggesting the induction of systemic effects during intestinal infection. Conclusion Upon C. jejuni ∆htrA strain infection of infant mice, intestinal and extra-intestinal pro-inflammatory immune responses were ameliorated in the infant mouse model system. Future studies will shed further light onto the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology / Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany
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Haag LM, Fischer A, Otto B, Plickert R, Kühl AA, Göbel UB, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Intestinal microbiota shifts towards elevated commensal Escherichia coli loads abrogate colonization resistance against Campylobacter jejuni in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35988. [PMID: 22563475 PMCID: PMC3341396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne enterocolitis in humans worldwide. The understanding of immunopathology underlying human campylobacteriosis is hampered by the fact that mice display strong colonization resistance against the pathogen due to their host specific gut microbiota composition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Since the microbiota composition changes significantly during intestinal inflammation we dissected factors contributing to colonization resistance against C. jejuni in murine ileitis, colitis and in infant mice. In contrast to healthy animals C. jejuni could stably colonize mice suffering from intestinal inflammation. Strikingly, in mice with Toxoplasma gondii-induced acute ileitis, C. jejuni disseminated to mesenteric lymphnodes, spleen, liver, kidney, and blood. In infant mice C. jejuni infection induced enterocolitis. Mice suffering from intestinal inflammation and C. jejuni susceptible infant mice displayed characteristical microbiota shifts dominated by increased numbers of commensal Escherichia coli. To further dissect the pivotal role of those distinct microbiota shifts in abrogating colonization resistance, we investigated C. jejuni infection in healthy adult mice in which the microbiota was artificially modified by feeding live commensal E. coli. Strikingly, in animals harboring supra-physiological intestinal E. coli loads, colonization resistance was significantly diminished and C. jejuni infection induced enterocolitis mimicking key features of human campylobacteriosis. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Murine colonization resistance against C. jejuni is abrogated by changes in the microbiota composition towards elevated E. coli loads during intestinal inflammation as well as in infant mice. Intestinal inflammation and microbiota shifts thus represent potential risk factors for C. jejuni infection. Corresponding interplays between C. jejuni and microbiota might occur in human campylobacteriosis. Murine models introduced here mimick key features of human campylobacteriosis and allow for further analysis of immunological and molecular mechanisms of C. jejuni-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Maxie Haag
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Otto
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Haag LM, Fischer A, Otto B, Grundmann U, Kühl AA, Göbel UB, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Campylobacter jejuni infection of infant mice: acute enterocolitis is followed by asymptomatic intestinal and extra-intestinal immune responses. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:2-11. [PMID: 24611115 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is among the leading bacterial agents causing enterocolitis worldwide. Despite the high prevalence of C. jejuni infections and its significant medical and economical consequences, intestinal pathogenesis is poorly understood. This is mainly due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In the age of 3 months, adult mice display strong colonization resistance (CR) against C. jejuni. Previous studies underlined the substantial role of the murine intestinal microbiota in maintaining CR. Due to the fact that the host-specific gut flora establishes after weaning, we investigated CR against C. jejuni in 3-week-old mice and studied intestinal and extra-intestinal immunopathogenesis as well as age dependent differences of the murine colon microbiota. In infant animals infected orally immediately after weaning C. jejuni strain B2 could stably colonize the gastrointestinal tract for more than 100 days. Within six days following infection, infant mice developed acute enterocolitis as indicated by bloody diarrhea, colonic shortening, and increased apoptotic cell numbers in the colon mucosa. Similar to human campylobacteriosis clinical disease manifestations were self-limited and disappeared within two weeks. Interestingly, long-term C. jejuni infection was accompanied by distinct intestinal immune and inflammatory responses as indicated by increased numbers of T- and B-lymphocytes, regulatory T-cells, neutrophils, as well as apoptotic cells in the colon mucosa. Strikingly, C. jejuni infection also induced a pronounced influx of immune cells into extra-intestinal sites such as liver, lung, and kidney. Furthermore, C. jejuni susceptible weaned mice harbored a different microbiota as compared to resistant adult animals. These results support the essential role of the microflora composition in CR against C. jejuni and demonstrate that infant mouse models resemble C. jejuni mediated immunopathogenesis including the characteristic self-limited enterocolitis in human campylobacteriosis. Furthermore, potential clinical and immunological sequelae of chronic C. jejuni carriers in humans can be further elucidated by investigation of long-term infected infant mice. The observed extraintestinal disease manifestations might help to unravel the mechanisms causing complications such as reactive arthritis or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
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Greenfield RA, Mosier DA, Crawford DL, Abrams VL, Kuhls TL. Bismuth subsalicylate prophylaxis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunodeficient mice. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996; 43:69S. [PMID: 8822865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Greenfield
- Dept. Medicine, Univ. Oklahoma Health Sciences Ctr, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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