1
|
Ahmed NA, Gulhan T. Campylobacter in Wild Birds: Is It an Animal and Public Health Concern? Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812591. [PMID: 35222311 PMCID: PMC8867025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis continues to be one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial zoonotic infections worldwide. Despite its public health importance, the status of this disease in wild birds and the possibility of transmission from wild birds to domestic animals and humans have not been clearly elucidated yet. This article reviews the available literature with the aim of making a comprehensive manuscript on this disease status in wild birds and the possibility of interspecies transmission. Campylobacter has been isolated from various species of wild birds worldwide, with C. jejuni being the most commonly isolated species. The prevalence of Campylobacter in wild birds may vary depending on several factors like geographical location, season, the bird’s health status, bird species, sample type, the method used, and ecological factors. Molecular studies over the past two to three decades have characterized Campylobacter strains isolated from wild birds and have come up with results that fall into two categories. The first are those that report overlapping strains among human, domestic animal, and wild bird isolates. The results of the studies under this category emphasize that wild birds carry strains of Campylobacter, which are indistinguishable from domestic animals and humans and are therefore an important public and animal health concern. In contrast, the studies under the second category highlight significant differences in Campylobacter population structure among these hosts. Despite the controversiality and the inadequacy of current research to draw a full conclusion, the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Campylobacter should not be undermined as drug-resistant strains, especially resistance to tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, are increasingly documented. In addition, source attribution studies have linked human cases of Campylobacter infections to wild birds. Therefore, the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of Campylobacter infection should not be neglected. However, in order to determine disease status in wild birds and the precise role of wild birds in domestic animals and human health, detail-oriented epidemiological investigations characterizing the genetic relatedness of isolates from the respective species and environment through one health approach are warranted.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mutschall SK, Hetman BM, Bondo KJ, Gannon VPJ, Jardine CM, Taboada EN. Campylobacter jejuni Strain Dynamics in a Raccoon ( Procyon lotor) Population in Southern Ontario, Canada: High Prevalence and Rapid Subtype Turnover. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:27. [PMID: 32118057 PMCID: PMC7026257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging wildlife are increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs of disease-causing Campylobacter species such as C. jejuni and C. coli. Raccoons (Procyon lotor), which live at the interface of rural, urban, and more natural environments, are ideal subjects for exploring the potential role that wildlife play in the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter from live-captured raccoons on five swine farms and five conservation areas in southwest Ontario. From 2011 to 2013, we collected fecal swabs (n = 1,096) from raccoons, and (n = 50) manure pit samples from the swine farm environment. We subtyped the resulting Campylobacter isolates (n = 581) using Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting (CGF) and 114 distinct subtypes were observed, including 96 and 18 subtypes among raccoon and manure pit isolates, respectively. Campylobacter prevalence in raccoons was 46.3%, with 98.7% of isolates recovered identified as C. jejuni. Novel raccoon-specific CGF subtypes (n = 40/96) accounted for 24.6% (n = 143/581) of Campylobacter isolates collected in this study. Our results also show that C. jejuni is readily acquired and lost in this wild raccoon population and that a high Campylobacter prevalence is observed despite transient carriage typically lasting 30 days or fewer. Moreover, although raccoons appeared to be colonized by species-adapted subtypes, they also harbored agriculture-associated genotypes that accounted for the majority of isolates observed (66.4%) and that are strongly associated with human infections. This suggests that raccoons may act as vectors in the transmission of clinically-relevant C. jejuni subtypes at the interface of rural, urban, and more natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Mutschall
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Hetman
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin J Bondo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Eduardo N Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thépault A, Rose V, Quesne S, Poezevara T, Béven V, Hirchaud E, Touzain F, Lucas P, Méric G, Mageiros L, Sheppard SK, Chemaly M, Rivoal K. Ruminant and chicken: important sources of campylobacteriosis in France despite a variation of source attribution in 2009 and 2015. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9305. [PMID: 29915208 PMCID: PMC6006168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen source attribution studies are a useful tool for identifying reservoirs of human infection. Based on Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) data, such studies have identified chicken as a major source of C. jejuni human infection. The use of whole genome sequence-based typing methods offers potential to improve the precision of attribution beyond that which is possible from 7 MLST loci. Using published data and 156 novel C. jejuni genomes sequenced in this study, we performed probabilistic host source attribution of clinical C. jejuni isolates from France using three types of genotype data: comparative genomic fingerprints; MLST genes; 15 host segregating genes previously identified by whole genome sequencing. Consistent with previous studies, chicken was an important source of campylobacteriosis in France (31-63% of clinical isolates assigned). There was also evidence that ruminants are a source (22-55% of clinical isolates assigned), suggesting that further investigation of potential transmission routes from ruminants to human would be useful. Additionally, we found evidence of environmental and pet sources. However, the relative importance as sources varied according to the year of isolation and the genotyping technique used. Annual variations in attribution emphasize the dynamic nature of zoonotic transmission and the need to perform source attribution regularly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Thépault
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Rose
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Ségolène Quesne
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Véronique Béven
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Edouard Hirchaud
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics & Biosafety Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- Swansea University, Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Singleton Campus, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France
| | - Katell Rivoal
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry & Pork Products Unit, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Ploufragan, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Cody AJ, McCarthy ND, Bray JE, Wimalarathna HML, Colles FM, Jansen van Rensburg MJ, Dingle KE, Waldenström J, Maiden MCJ. Wild bird-associated Campylobacter jejuni isolates are a consistent source of human disease, in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:782-8. [PMID: 26109474 PMCID: PMC4755149 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of wild birds as a source of human campylobacteriosis was investigated in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (UK) over a 10 year period. The probable origin of human Campylobacter jejuni genotypes, as described by multilocus sequence typing, was estimated by comparison with reference populations of isolates from farm animals and five wild bird families, using the STRUCTURE algorithm. Wild bird-attributed isolates accounted for between 476 (2.1%) and 543 (3.5%) cases annually. This proportion did not vary significantly by study year (P = 0.934) but varied seasonally, with wild bird-attributed genotypes comprising a greater proportion of isolates during warmer compared with cooler months (P = 0.003). The highest proportion of wild bird-attributed illness occurred in August (P < 0.001), with a significantly lower proportion in November (P = 0.018). Among genotypes attributed to specific groups of wild birds, seasonality was most apparent for Turdidae-attributed isolates, which were absent during cooler, winter months. This study is consistent with some wild bird species representing a persistent source of campylobacteriosis, and contributing a distinctive seasonal pattern to disease burden. If Oxfordshire is representative of the UK as a whole in this respect, these data suggest that the national burden of wild bird-attributed isolates could be in the order of 10,000 annually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Cody
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Protection Agency, London, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James E Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kate E Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shapiro DS. Infections acquired from animals other than pets. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
7
|
RICHARDSON G, THOMAS D, SMITH R, NEHAUL L, RIBEIRO C, BROWN A, SALMON R. A community outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection from a chlorinated public water supply. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:1151-8. [PMID: 17288640 PMCID: PMC2870681 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807007960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection occurred in a South Wales Valleys housing estate. Illness in estate residents was associated with tap water consumption [population attributable risk (PAR) 50%, relative risk (RR) 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-3.37] and residence in the upper estate (PAR 49%, RR 2.44, 95% CI 1.83-3.24). Amongst upper estate residents, rates of diarrhoeal illness increased with rates of water consumption (OR 18, 95% CI 3.5-92.4 for heaviest consumers, chi2 trend P<0.0001). The upper estate received mains water via a covered holding reservoir. A crack in the wall of the holding reservoir was identified. Contamination with surface water from nearby pasture land was the likely cause of this outbreak. Service reservoirs are common in rural communities and need regular maintenance and inspection. The role of water in sporadic cases of campylobacter enteritis may be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. RICHARDSON
- National Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - D. Rh. THOMAS
- National Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - R. M. M. SMITH
- National Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - L. NEHAUL
- National Public Health Service, South East Wales Health Protection Unit, Mamhilad House, Pontypool, UK
| | - C. D. RIBEIRO
- National Public Health Service, Microbiology Cardiff, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - A. G. BROWN
- Caerphilly County Borough Council, Environmental Health, Council Offices, Blackwood, UK
| | - R. L. SALMON
- National Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Brien SJ, Gillespie IA, Sivanesan MA, Elson R, Hughes C, Adak GK. Publication bias in foodborne outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and its implications for evidence-based food policy. England and Wales 1992-2003. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:667-74. [PMID: 16420723 PMCID: PMC2870462 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic national surveillance of outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (IID) was introduced in England and Wales in 1992 to provide comprehensive information on causative organisms, sources or vehicles of infection and modes of transmission. We compared information from this system with that published in the peer-reviewed literature between 1 January 1992 and 31 January 2003 to assess the potential effect of publication bias on food-safety policy. During the study period 1763 foodborne outbreaks of IID were reported to national surveillance. Fifty-five were published in the peer-reviewed literature. The peer-reviewed literature overestimated the impacts of milk/milk products, miscellaneous foods (e.g. sandwiches) and desserts and underestimated those of poultry, fish and shellfish, red meat/meat products and eggs/egg products. Without systematic surveillance, knowledge of causative organisms, sources or vehicles of infection and modes of transmission, as gleaned from the peer-reviewed literature, would potentially distort food-safety policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J O'Brien
- Division of Medicine and Neurosciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Sarah.O'
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Colles FM, Jones K, Harding RM, Maiden MCJ. Genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and the farm environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:7409-13. [PMID: 14660392 PMCID: PMC309911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7409-7413.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and their environment was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A total of 30 genotypes, defined by allelic profiles (assigned to sequence types [STs]), were found in 112 C. jejuni isolates originating in poultry, cattle, sheep, starlings, and slurry. All but two of these genotypes belonged to one of nine C. jejuni clonal complexes previously identified in isolates from human disease and retail food samples and one clonal complex previously associated with an environmental source. There was some evidence for the association of certain clonal complexes with particular farm animals: isolates belonging to the ST-45 complex predominated among poultry isolates but were absent among sheep isolates, while isolates belonging to the ST-61 and ST-42 complexes were predominant among sheep isolates but were absent from the poultry isolates. In contrast, ST-21 complex isolates were distributed among the different isolation sources. Comparison with MLST data from 91 human disease isolates showed small but significant genetic differentiation between the farm and human isolates; however, representatives of six clonal complexes were found in both samples. These data demonstrate that MLST and the clonal complex model can be used to identify and compare the genotypes of C. jejuni isolates from farm animals and the environment with those from retail food and human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Colles
- Departments of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Potter RC, Kaneene JB, Gardiner J. A comparison of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis incidence rates in high- and low-poultry-density counties: Michigan 1992-1999. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2003; 2:137-43. [PMID: 12737543 DOI: 10.1089/15303660260613701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in high- and low-poultry-density counties in Michigan between the years 1992 and 1999, an ecological study was conducted in the state of Michigan. A log-linear model was used to compare yearly, seasonal, age, and gender-specific incidence rates between county groupings. Counties with a high poultry density had a higher overall incidence of C. jejuni enteritis, particularly among children and young adults, compared with counties with low poultry density. The findings suggest that living in high-poultry-density counties is associated with higher odds for C. jejuni enteritis. This may be due to occupational exposure among poultry workers in these counties, but the findings in children suggest that indirect or environmental exposures may also play a role. Future studies should be conducted to investigate these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Church Potter
- The Population Medicine Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1314, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Skelly C, Weinstein P. Pathogen survival trajectories: an eco-environmental approach to the modeling of human campylobacteriosis ecology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2003; 111:19-28. [PMID: 12515674 PMCID: PMC1241301 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis, like many human diseases, has its own ecology in which the propagation of human infection and disease depends on pathogen survival and finding new hosts in order to replicate and sustain the pathogen population. The complexity of this process, a process common to other enteric pathogens, has hampered control efforts. Many unknowns remain, resulting in a poorly understood disease ecology. To provide structure to these unknowns and help direct further research and intervention, we propose an eco-environmental modeling approach for campylobacteriosis. This modeling approach follows the pathogen population as it moves through the environments that define the physical structure of its ecology. In this paper, we term the ecologic processes and environments through which these populations move "pathogen survival trajectories." Although such a modeling approach could have veterinary applications, our emphasis is on human campylobacteriosis and focuses on human exposures to Campylobacter through feces, food, and aquatic environments. The pathogen survival trajectories that lead to human exposure include ecologic filters that limit population size, e.g., cooking food to kill Campylobacter. Environmental factors that influence the size of the pathogen reservoirs include temperature, nutrient availability, and moisture availability during the period of time the pathogen population is moving through the environment between infected and susceptible hosts. We anticipate that the modeling approach proposed here will work symbiotically with traditional epidemiologic and microbiologic research to help guide and evaluate the acquisition of new knowledge about the ecology, eventual intervention, and control of campylobacteriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Skelly
- Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jones K. Campylobacters in water, sewage and the environment. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:68S-79S. [PMID: 11422562 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hazeleger WC, Wouters JA, Rombouts FM, Abee T. Physiological activity of Campylobacter jejuni far below the minimal growth temperature. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3917-22. [PMID: 9758819 PMCID: PMC106578 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.10.3917-3922.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1998] [Accepted: 08/03/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of Campylobacter jejuni at environmental temperatures was examined by determining the physiological activities of this human pathogen. The minimal growth temperatures were found to be 32 and 31 degrees C for strains 104 and ATCC 33560, respectively. Both strains exhibited a sudden decrease in growth rate from the maximum to zero within a few degrees not only near the maximal growth temperature but also near the minimal growth temperature. This could be an indication that a temperature-dependent transition in the structure of a key enzyme(s) or regulatory compound(s) determines the minimal growth temperature. Oxygen consumption, catalase activity, ATP generation, and protein synthesis were observed at temperatures as low as 4 degrees C, indicating that vital cellular processes were still functioning. PCR analysis showed that cold shock protein genes, which play a role in low-temperature adaptation in many bacteria, are not present in C. jejuni. The fact that chemotaxis and aerotaxis could be observed at all temperatures shows that the pathogen is able to move to favorable places at environmental temperatures, which may have significant implications for the survival of C. jejuni in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Hazeleger
- Food Science Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harrigan WF. Incidents of food poisoning and food-borne diseases from 'new' or 'unexpected' causes: can they be prevented? Int J Food Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1998.3320177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Medema GJ, Teunis PF, Havelaar AH, Haas CN. Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 30:101-11. [PMID: 8856377 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical relations describing the risk of infection after exposure to enteropathogens are important tools for the evaluation of the potential health risk from exposure via food and water. A quantitative description of the dose-response relation for Campylobacter jejuni with the Beta-Poisson model was fitted to experimental data of infection with Campylobacter jejuni (as determined by shedding of C. jejuni) obtained in human feeding studies performed by Black et al. (1988). The maximum likelihood estimates for the Beta-Poisson model parameters based on these data are: alpha = 0.145 and beta = 7.59. The fit of the model on the experimental data was good: the difference between the likelihood obtained with the Beta-Poisson model and the maximum possible likelihood was not significant. The occurrence of symptoms of intestinal illness did not follow a similar dose-related trend. Overall, 22% of the infected volunteers developed symptoms (diarrhea, fever). The highest illness-to-infection ratio was found at an intermediate dose (9 x 10(4)). The dose-response relation and the illness-to-infection ratio appeared to differ between different C. jejuni isolates. The dose-response relation derived from feeding studies with a single isolate should therefore be considered indicative. The absence of experimental data in the low dose range resulted in a relatively large confidence interval at low doses. However, in cases where the dose-response relation has been applied so far to estimate the health risk of exposure to C. jejuni in water, the uncertainty in the dose-response relation was insignificant compared to the uncertainty in the exposure estimate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Medema
- Laboratory of Water and Food Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Koenraad PM, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, Van der Laan T, Beumer RR, Rombouts FM. Antibiotic susceptibility of campylobacter isolates from sewage and poultry abattoir drain water. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 115:475-83. [PMID: 8557079 PMCID: PMC2271595 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800058635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the in vitro susceptibility of 209 campylobacter strains to the quinolones nalidixic acid, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and to ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin was tested by the disk diffusion method. The strains were isolated from poultry abattoir effluent (DWA) and two sewage purification plants (SPA and SPB). Sewage purification plant SPA received mixed sewage, including that from a poultry abattoir, whereas SPB did not receive sewage from any meat-processing industry. The quinolone resistance of the DWA isolates ranged from 28% for enrofloxacin to 50% for nalidixic acid. The strains isolated from the sewage purification plants were more susceptible to the quinolones with a range of 11-18% quinolone resistance for SPB isolates to 17-33% quinolone resistance for SPA isolates. The susceptibility criteria as recommended by National Committee Clinical Laboratory Standards (USA) cannot readily be employed for campylobacter isolates. This investigation shows that the resistance of campylobacter bacteria is highest in the plant receiving sewage from a poultry slaughterhouse. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance of aquatic Campylobacter spp. is important, as surface waters are recognized as possible sources of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Koenraad
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Food Science, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|