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Esser DS, Leveau JHJ, Meyer KM, Wiegand K. Spatial scales of interactions among bacteria and between bacteria and the leaf surface. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiu034. [PMID: 25764562 PMCID: PMC4399446 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial life on plant leaves is characterized by a multitude of interactions between leaf colonizers and their environment. While the existence of many of these interactions has been confirmed, their spatial scale or reach often remained unknown. In this study, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to 244 distribution patterns of Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas syringae on bean leaves. The results showed that bacterial colonizers of leaves interact with their environment at different spatial scales. Interactions among bacteria were often confined to small spatial scales up to 5-20 μm, compared to interactions between bacteria and leaf surface structures such as trichomes which could be observed in excess of 100 μm. Spatial point-pattern analyses prove a comprehensive tool to determine the different spatial scales of bacterial interactions on plant leaves and will help microbiologists to better understand the interplay between these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Esser
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johan H J Leveau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751, USA
| | - Katrin M Meyer
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wiegand
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Chowdhury S, Sandberg M, Themudo GE, Ersbøll AK. The effect of presence of infected neighbouring farms for the Campylobacter infection status in Danish broiler farms. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2012; 3:311-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Despite a number of risk-factor studies in different countries, the epidemiology of Campylobacter colonization in broilers, particularly spatial dependencies, is still not well understood. A series of analyses (visualization and exploratory) were therefore conducted in order to obtain a better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of Campylobacter in the Danish broiler population. In this study, we observed a non-random temporal occurrence of Campylobacter, with high prevalence during summer and low during winter. Significant spatio-temporal clusters were identified in the same areas in the summer months from 2007 to 2009. Range of influence between broiler farms were estimated at distances of 9.6 km and 13.5 km in different years. Identification of areas and time with greater risk indicates variable presence of risk factors with space and time. Implementation of safety measures on farms within high-risk clusters during summer could have an impact in reducing prevalence.
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Jonsson ME, Chriél M, Norström M, Hofshagen M. Effect of climate and farm environment on Campylobacter spp. colonisation in Norwegian broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 2012; 107:95-104. [PMID: 22673580 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported zoonosis in the EU. A recent report states that between 50% and 80% of the human campylobacteriosis cases could be attributed to broiler as a reservoir. The current study was conducted to investigate associations between the presence of Campylobacter spp. in Norwegian broiler flocks and factors related to the climate and the farm environment. Data from 18,488 broiler flocks from 623 different farms during 2002-2007 were included in the study. A logistic regression analysis was conducted where Campylobacter spp. status of a broiler flock at the time of slaughter was defined as the dependent variable and farm was modelled as a random effect. The following factors were found to increase the probability for a broiler flock to test positive for Campylobacter spp.: daily mean temperature above 6°C during the rearing period, private water supply, presence of other livestock farms within a distance of 2 km, presence of other broiler farms within a distance of 4 km with flocks positive for Campylobacter spp. within 30 days prior to slaughter, heavy rainfall 11-30 days prior to slaughter, region and year. Daily mean temperature below 0°C reduced the probability. The study emphasises the importance of the farm environment and the climate for the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks. The farm environment is probably a part of the Campylobacter spp. pathway into and between broiler flocks where farmyard run-off and humans or flies entering the houses might constitute vehicles transporting the organism. Fly activity is temperature-driven and flies might be a part of the explanation of the increased risk for Campylobacter spp. related to increased temperature demonstrated in the study.
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Kim JS, Artymovich KA, Hall DF, Smith EJ, Fulton R, Bell J, Dybas L, Mansfield LS, Tempelman R, Wilson DL, Linz JE. Passage of Campylobacter jejuni through the chicken reservoir or mice promotes phase variation in contingency genes Cj0045 and Cj0170 that strongly associates with colonization and disease in a mouse model. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1304-1316. [PMID: 22343355 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.057158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human illness due to Camplyobacter jejuni infection is closely associated with consumption of poultry products. We previously demonstrated a 50 % shift in allele frequency (phase variation) in contingency gene Cj1139 (wlaN) during passage of C. jejuni NCTC11168 populations through Ross 308 broiler chickens. We hypothesized that phase variation in contingency genes during chicken passage could promote subsequent colonization and disease in humans. To test this hypothesis, we passaged C. jejuni strains NCTC11168, 33292, 81-176, KanR4 and CamR2 through broiler chickens and analysed the ability of passaged and non-passaged populations to colonize C57BL6 IL-10-deficient mice, our model for human colonization and disease. We utilized fragment analysis and nucleotide sequence analysis to measure phase variation in contingency genes. Passage through the chicken reservoir promoted phase variation in five specific contingency genes, and these 'successful' populations colonized mice. When phase variation did not occur in these same five contingency genes during chicken passage, these 'unsuccessful' populations failed to colonize mice. Phase variation during chicken passage generated small insertions or deletions (indels) in the homopolymeric tract (HT) in contingency genes. Single-colony isolates of C. jejuni strain KanR4 carrying an allele of contingency gene Cj0170 with a10G HT colonized mice at high frequency and caused disease symptoms, whereas single-colony isolates carrying the 9G allele failed to colonize mice. Supporting results were observed for the successful 9G allele of Cj0045 in strain 33292. These data suggest that phase variation in Cj0170 and Cj0045 is strongly associated with mouse colonization and disease, and that the chicken reservoir can play an active role in natural selection, phase variation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Sung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Katherine A Artymovich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David F Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Eric J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Richard Fulton
- Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Julia Bell
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Leslie Dybas
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Linda S Mansfield
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert Tempelman
- Center for Statistical Training and Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David L Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John E Linz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and on broiler carcases, and the risks associated with highly contaminated carcases. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:2233-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA baseline survey on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks and Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcases in the UK was performed in 2008 in accordance with Commission Decision 2007/516/EC. Pooled caecal contents from each randomly selected slaughter batch, and neck and breast skin from a single carcase were examined for Campylobacter spp. The prevalence of Campylobacter in the caeca of broiler batches was 75·8% (303/400) compared to 87·3% (349/400) on broiler carcases. Overall, 27·3% of the carcases were found to be highly contaminated with Campylobacter (⩾1000 c.f.u./g). Slaughter in the summer months (June, July, August) [odds ratio (OR) 3·50], previous partial depopulation of the flock (OR 3·37), and an increased mortality at 14 days (⩾1·25% to <1·75%) (OR 2·54) were identified as significant risk factors for the most heavily Campylobacter-contaminated carcases. Four poultry companies and farm location were also found to be significantly associated with highly contaminated carcases.
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Jonsson ME, Heier BT, Norström M, Hofshagen M. Analysis of simultaneous space-time clusters of Campylobacter spp. in humans and in broiler flocks using a multiple dataset approach. Int J Health Geogr 2010; 9:48. [PMID: 20860801 PMCID: PMC2954933 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported zoonosis in the EU and the epidemiology of sporadic campylobacteriosis, especially the routes of transmission, is to a great extent unclear. Poultry easily become colonised with Campylobacter spp., being symptom-less intestinal carriers. Earlier it was estimated that internationally between 50% and 80% of the cases could be attributed to chicken as a reservoir. In a Norwegian surveillance programme all broiler flocks under 50 days of age were tested for Campylobacter spp. The aim of the current study was to identify simultaneous local space-time clusters each year from 2002 to 2007 for human cases of campylobacteriosis and for broiler flocks testing positive for Campylobacter spp. using a multivariate spatial scan statistic method. A cluster occurring simultaneously in humans and broilers could indicate the presence of common factors associated with the dissemination of Campylobacter spp. for both humans and broilers. RESULTS Local space-time clusters of humans and broilers positive for Campylobacter spp. occurring simultaneously were identified in all investigated years. All clusters but one were identified from May to August. Some municipalities were included in clusters all years. CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous occurrence of clusters of humans and broilers positive for Campylobacter spp. combined with the knowledge that poultry meat has a nation-wide distribution indicates that campylobacteriosis cases might also be caused by other risk factors than consumption and handling of poultry meat.Broiler farms that are positive could contaminate the environment with further spread to new broiler farms or to humans living in the area and local environmental factors, such as climate, might influence the spread of Campylobacter spp. in an area. Further studies to clarify the role of such factors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin E Jonsson
- National Veterinary Institute, Department for Health Surveillance, POB 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Madelaine Norström
- National Veterinary Institute, Department for Health Surveillance, POB 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Hofshagen
- National Veterinary Institute, Department for Health Surveillance, POB 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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