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Sanguankiat A, Pinniam N, Tulayakul P. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, phenotypic, and genotypic patterns of Salmonella enterica isolated from animal feedstuffs: Annual study. Vet World 2023; 16:939-945. [PMID: 37576778 PMCID: PMC10420700 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.939-945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Salmonellosis is a significant foodborne disease that causes serious illness in the gastrointestinal of humans and it is a public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to determine Salmonella spp. in animal feeds, its characteristic, serovar identification, genotyping, and drug sensitivity. Materials and Methods Salmonella spp. from animal feedstuffs was collected from January 1 to December 31, 2017, with 657 samples. Serogroup classification was performed by using the slide agglutination test. Then, the samples were analyzed for genotype patterns using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for DNA fingerprint and antibiotic sensitivity by Vitek® 2 techniques. Results A total of 80 samples (12.17 %) were found to be Salmonella positive; commercial feed compounds of 60 samples (75%); soybean meal of 10 samples (12.5%); pork meal of 5 samples (6.25%); a fish meal of three samples (3.75%) and poultry meal of 2 samples (2.5%). Serogroups B, C, D, and E were found in this study; 8 samples (10%), 39 samples (48.75%), 8 samples (10%), and 13 samples (16.25%), respectively. A total of 12 samples (15%) were not determined by serogrouping. The most common serovars were Salmonella Rissen (10%), Salmonella Mbandaka (8.75%), and Salmonella Livingstone (6.25%), which belong to serogroup C. Nine of eleven pulsotypes were detected when analyzed by PFGE, showed similarity index between 40.8 and 100 %. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests by Vitek® 2 compact for 11 strains were classified into three groups: resistance to 4, 8, and 11 antibiotics, out of 20 antibiotics. Conclusion This study revealed annual variation of Salmonella spp. Serovar, genotype, and phenotype from commercial feed compounds and raw materials of which involved people must be aware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsooth Sanguankiat
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
| | - Nayika Pinniam
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
| | - Phitsanu Tulayakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom. 73140, Thailand
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Hurst M, Nesbitt A, Kadykalo S, Dougherty B, Arango-Sabogal JC, Ravel A. Attributing salmonellosis cases to foodborne, animal contact and waterborne routes using the microbial subtyping approach and exposure weights. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Taylor DD, Fenske GJ, Pouzou JG, Costard S, Zagmutt FJ. Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance Are Incompatible with Available Surveillance Data. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1496-1505. [PMID: 35723548 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Foodborne antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microorganisms are a global food safety concern. Antimicrobial drug use (AMU) in livestock may increase the risk of resistant foodborne bacterial infections in humans via contaminated animal products. Consequently, countries have implemented different livestock AMU restriction policies, opening the potential for trade disputes. AMR risk equivalence between countries with different AMU policies must be established by using scientifically justified risk assessments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission's Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR Codex) recommends an approach that requires quantification of detailed information, for which, in many instances, little to no data exist. Using AMR Salmonella exposure from beef consumption as an example, we demonstrate the difficulty of implementing the AMR Codex by comparing key regionally specific parameters within the United States and European Union, two regions with substantial beef production and consumption, robust foodborne pathogen sampling and surveillance systems, and different AMU policies. Currently, neither region fully captures data for key regional variables to populate a detailed risk assessment as outlined in the AMR Codex, nor are they able to adequately link AMU in livestock to AMR infections in humans. Therefore, the AMR Codex guidelines are currently aspirational and not a viable option to assess the impact of livestock AMU reductions on the human health risk of AMR salmonellosis from beef or produce regionally comparable estimates of risk. More flexible risk assessment guidelines that more directly link livestock AMU to human health risk and are amenable to currently available data are needed to allow for country variations and to calculate comparable regional risk estimates, which can be used to guide international trade policy. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Taylor
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Gavin J Fenske
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Jane G Pouzou
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Solenne Costard
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
| | - Francisco J Zagmutt
- EpiX Analytics, 375 East Horsetooth, Building 2, Suite 100, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
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Országh E, Pitter JG, Kaló Z, Vokó Z, Józwiak Á. Retrospective cost-utility analysis of the Non-typhoidal Salmonella control programme in Hungary. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neto WS, Leotti VB, Pires SM, Hald T, Corbellini LG. Non-typhoidal human salmonellosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: A combined source attribution study of microbial subtyping and outbreak data. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108992. [PMID: 33285359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. remains the most significant foodborne pathogen in south Brazil, but its epidemiology tends to change over time. Using official and surrogate data, a microbial subtyping model attributed different Salmonella serovars to laying hens, pigs, broilers, and turkeys from 2005 to 2015 in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Additional to the subtyping model, three sub-analyses of outbreak data attributed Salmonella spp. in humans to animal and non-animal food. Laying hens/eggs was the most important source of human salmonellosis in RS, with almost 40% (159 cases; 95% credibility interval, 43-247) attribution proportion, followed by pigs reared in Santa Catarina, a neighbor state (34.5%). The Salmonella serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most common serovars involved. Source-related parameters had wide credibility intervals but showed a higher risk of illness from contaminated eggs than from the other three animal-food sources. Analysis of the outbreak data corroborated the findings and indicated signs of decreasing importance for eggs and increasing importance for pork consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemir Santiago Neto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Bielefeldt Leotti
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sara Monteiro Pires
- Research Group for Risk-Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luís Gustavo Corbellini
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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6
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Cargnel M, Maes D, Peeters L, Dispas M. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to determine viability of a potential Salmonella Typhimurium vaccination program in pigs in Belgium. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105132. [PMID: 32992241 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinating pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) might be a way to control ST infections at farm level and reduce human infections. Two main issues have to be addressed before such a mandatory vaccination program can be implemented: the effective reduction of attributable human incidence has to be demonstrated and all socio-economic barriers impacting the attitude and motivation of the pig sector have to be lifted. The present research used a quantitative microbial risk assessment model to estimate the effect of different hypothetical Salmonella spp. and ST mitigation strategies on the annual prevalence of human salmonellosis along the minced pork production chain. In addition, a qualitative study aimed to list the potential concerns of the pig sector about the implementation of a hypothetical future vaccination program. The following themes were the most often mentioned: awareness, vaccine cost-benefit/effectiveness, legislation, monovalent vaccine, time and labour required to vaccinate, vaccine registration and trade restriction. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vaccination were cited by all the key interviewees (n = 12). However, based on the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, vaccination alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. A combination of different control measures along the food chain, with a special focus on interventions at the slaughterhouse, might be more effective in achieving the desired goal than vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cargnel
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Dispas
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium
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Musa DA, Aremu KH, Adebayo ZA, Pellicano R, Smith SI. Molecular detection of main resistance genes by nested PCR in Salmonella spp. isolated from raw meat and stool samples in Niger State, Nigeria. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Source attribution and microbial risk assessment methods have been widely applied for the control of several foodborne pathogens worldwide by identifying (i) the most important pathogen sources and (ii) the risk represented by specific foods and the critical points in these foods' production chains for microbial control. Such evidence has proved crucial for risk managers to identify and prioritize effective food safety and public health strategies. In the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from livestock and pets, the utility of these methods is recognized, but a number of challenges have largely prevented their application and routine use. One key challenge has been to define the hazard in question: Is it the antimicrobial drug use in animals, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animals and foods, or the antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the animal or human gut or in the environment? Other important limitations include the lack of occurrence and transmission data and the lack of evidence to inform dose-response relationships. We present the main principles, available methods, strengths, and weaknesses of source attribution and risk assessment methods, discuss their utility to identify sources and estimate risks of AMR from livestock and pets, and provide an overview of conducted studies. In addition, we discuss remaining challenges and current and future opportunities to improve methods and knowledge of the sources and transmission routes of AMR from animals through food, direct contact, or the environment, including improvements in surveillance and developments in genotypic typing methods.
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Bonardi S, Bruini I, Bolzoni L, Cozzolino P, Pierantoni M, Brindani F, Bellotti P, Renzi M, Pongolini S. Assessment of Salmonella survival in dry-cured Italian salami. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bonardi S, Bruini I, Magnani R, Cannistrà N, Brindani F. Low Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica in Cull Dairy Cattle at Slaughter in Northern Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2017; 6:6172. [PMID: 28299287 PMCID: PMC5337780 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2017.6172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate Salmonella carrier status of cull dairy cattle at slaughter, 125 animals were randomly selected during the period February-May 2016. Dairy cows were reared in 89 farms located in two regions of Northern Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions), where bovine milk is primarily used for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese and Grana Padano cheese production. Samples were collected by swabbing a 400-cm2 area of the brisket hide and by rectoanal mucosal swabs. They were tested following the reference ISO 6579 method and the isolates were serotyped following the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and genotyped by XbaI PFGE. Salmonella was detected in 1.6% of the brisket hide samples (2/125) (95% CI: 0.4-5.6) and never found in faecal samples (95% CI: 0-3%). The positive cattle were reared in two farms located only in Emilia-Romagna region. The isolates were typed as S. Derby and S. Seftenberg. The comparison of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of the bovine strains with all the PFGE patterns of the same serotypes responsible for human salmonellosis cases notified in Emilia-Romagna region in the years 2013-2015 did not find any correspondence. Therefore, the role of cull dairy cattle in transmitting Salmonella to humans seems to be less important than those of pigs and poultry in EU, but more data are needed for completing attribution source studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonardi
- Food Hygiene Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bruini
- Food Hygiene Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rossella Magnani
- Parma Local Health Unit, National Veterinary Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Cannistrà
- Parma Local Health Unit, National Veterinary Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Brindani
- Food Hygiene Unit, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Yeni F, Acar S, Soyer Y, Alpas H. How can we improve foodborne disease surveillance systems: A comparison through EU and US systems. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1175018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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