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Hossain S, Mihrshahi S. Exclusive Breastfeeding and Childhood Morbidity: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14804. [PMID: 36429518 PMCID: PMC9691199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in reducing the risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections are well documented. Optimal breastfeeding may potentially save the lives of about 800,000 children in low-income settings. Despite the evidence, around 63% of infants from birth to 6 months are not exclusively breastfed worldwide. We searched the literature published between 2010 and 2022 in Medline, Embase, and Scopus on the association between exclusive breastfeeding and infectious diseases. We selected and reviewed 70 relevant studies. Our findings expand and confirm the positive association between exclusive breastfeeding and reduced risk of a number of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and other infections in 60 out of 70 studies observed in both low- and high-income settings. Several studies analyzing exclusive breastfeeding duration reported that a longer exclusive breastfeeding duration is protective against many infectious diseases. This review also reported a lack of standardized definition for measuring exclusive breastfeeding in many studies. Overall, the results highlight the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in many studies and suggests reporting exclusive breastfeeding in future studies using a consistent definition to enable better monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates.
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Kanungo S, Chatterjee P, Bavdekar A, Murhekar M, Babji S, Garg R, Samanta S, Nandy RK, Kawade A, Boopathi K, Kanagasabai K, Kamal VK, Kumar VS, Gupta N, Dutta S. Safety and immunogenicity of the Rotavac and Rotasiil rotavirus vaccines administered in an interchangeable dosing schedule among healthy Indian infants: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 4, non-inferiority trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1191-1199. [PMID: 35588754 PMCID: PMC9464301 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mahmoud NM, Zaki MES, Eid AR, Ahmed ME, Mohamed EH, Fahmy EM. Polymerase Chain Reaction Study of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis. Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2201250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
The present study aimed to detect Human bocavirus (HBoV) in stool samples from young children below 5 years complaining of acute gastroenteritis (GE) in addition to detection of rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus.
Methods:
The study included 90 children below 5 years with acute GE with excluded bacterial pathogens. The determination of the presence of HBoV was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) beside determination of astrovirus and norovirus by multiplex PCR and rotavirus antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results:
The most prevalent virus among the studied viruses was rotavirus (33.3%) detected by ELISA for antigen in the stool. The other three viruses detected by molecular methods were bocavirus (14.4%), astrovirus (13.3%), and norovirus (10%). Mixed viral infection with two or more viruses was detected in 16 children (17.8%). The most common was bocavirus and rotavirus in 6 patients (37.5%). In the study of demographic and clinical presentations of the children with HBoV, the affected children were mainly females, i.e., 10 (76.9%), from rural residence i.e., 11 (84.6%) with the mild classification of GE in 7 children (53.8%) and moderate GE in 6 children (46.2%) and none of them had severe GE. Fever was the most common presenting sign in those children (53.8%) followed by vomiting (46.2%).
Conclusion:
The study highlights the existence of HBoV in children with acute GE under the age of five. The infection associated with this virus was either mild or moderate in severity. The combined viral infection was common especially associated with rotavirus. There is a need for further additional study to identify the type of the circulated strain of bocavirus and the confections with other pathogens.
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Ankur K, Anita P, Kumar SA, Archana D. Genotypic characterization of group A rotavirus in children < 5 years of age at tertiary care hospital in North India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:289-293. [PMID: 34969552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to find out the positivity of rotavirus associated diarrhoea in children <5 years of age in Meerut district and to determine the genomic diversity of the circulating rotavirus strains in this geographical area. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for a period of one year. A total of 240 stool samples were collected from children suffering from acute diarrhoea and subjected for rotavirus antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The EIA-positive samples were further genotyped to determine the G and P types using semi nested multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Demographic and clinical parameters were recorded in a pre-designed proforma. RESULTS The rotavirus antigen positivity rate was 14.58% in Meerut district. There was male predominance and highest positivity rate was seen in children 13-24 months of age, in winter months and majority of cases belonged to moderate degree of severity. A total of 64% children in the study area were vaccinated and positivity was low in the vaccine group. G9P[4] was the predominant genotype followed by G3P[8]. Uncommon strains G12P[6] and G12P[8] were also reported as circulating genotypes in this study. CONCLUSIONS The positivity rate of rotavirus associated diarrhoea has reduced in Meerut district post vaccination. G9P[4] was the most common circulating RV genotype in Meerut. Our study highlights the importance of including the emerging rotavirus strains in future multivalent RV vaccines to make the vaccines regionally more specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ankur
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, UP, India.
| | - Pandey Anita
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, UP, India.
| | - Singh Amresh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Baba Raghav Das Medical College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273013, India.
| | - Dubey Archana
- Department of Paediatrics, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, UP, India.
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Dhami MV, Ogbo FA, Diallo TM, Agho KE. Regional Analysis of Associations between Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices and Diarrhoea in Indian Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4740. [PMID: 32630337 PMCID: PMC7370018 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the association between infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and diarrhoea across regional India are limited. Hence, we examined the association between IYCF practices and diarrhoea in regional India. A weighted sample of 90,596 (North = 11,200, South = 16,469, East = 23,317, West = 11,512, Central = 24,870 and North-East = 3228) from the 2015-2016 National Family Health Survey in India was examined, using multivariate logistic regressions that adjust for clustering and sampling weights. The IYCF indicators included early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), exclusive breastfeeding (ExcBF), predominant breastfeeding (PBF), bottle feeding (BotF), continued breastfeeding (BF) at one-year, continued BF at two years, children ever breastfed and the introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods (ISSSF). Diarrhoea prevalence was lower among infants who were BF within one-hour of birth and those who were exclusively breastfed. Multivariate analyses revealed that continued BF at one and two years, and infants who were introduced to complementary foods had a higher prevalence of diarrhoea. EIBF and ExcBF were protective against diarrhoea in the regions of North, East and Central India. PBF, BotF and ISSSF were risk factors for diarrhoea in Central India. Continued BF at two years was a risk factor for diarrhoea in Western India. Findings suggested that EIBF and ExcBF were protective against diarrhoea in Northern, Eastern and Central India, while PBF, BotF, continued BF at two years and ISSSF were risk factors for diarrhoea in various regions in India. Improvements in IYCF practices are likely to reduce the burden of diarrhoea-related morbidity and mortality across regions in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Vijaybhai Dhami
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia; (F.A.O.); (K.E.A.)
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia; (F.A.O.); (K.E.A.)
- General Practice Unit, Prescot Specialist Medical Centre, Welfare Quarters, Makurdi, Benue State 972261, Nigeria
| | - Thierno M.O. Diallo
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith Campus, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia;
- Statistiques & M. N., Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2Z4, Canada
| | - Kingsley E. Agho
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia; (F.A.O.); (K.E.A.)
- African Vision Research Institute (AVRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia
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Lee MK, Binns C. Breastfeeding and the Risk of Infant Illness in Asia: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E186. [PMID: 31888064 PMCID: PMC6981475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infancy remains the most vulnerable period of human life for death, illness, and establishing a lifetime trajectory of growth and health. It is estimated that there are 5.3 million deaths under five years of age worldwide and approximately 800,000 lives could be saved by improving breastfeeding rates and duration. In Asia, an estimated 300,000-350,000 child deaths could be prevented with optimal breastfeeding and the majority would be under 12 months of age. We present a systematic review of studies of infection and breastfeeding in infants in Asia and further review interactions of selected infectious diseases and breastfeeding. Initially, 2459 records of possible interest were identified, 153 full text papers were reviewed in detail, and 13 papers describing diarrhoeal disease and/or acute respiratory tract infection were selected for inclusion in the review. Additional papers were selected to discuss specific diseases and their relationship to breastfeeding. The review found that a variety of methods were used with differing definitions of breastfeeding and diseases. Overall, breastfeeding when compared to the use of infant formula, is associated with significantly lower rates of diarrhoeal disease and lower respiratory tract infection, with a reduction of 50% or more to be expected, especially in infants under six months of age. The relationship between breastfeeding and specific diseases including measles and HTLV1 were reviewed. Breastfeeding reduces some disease rates, but there remain a few conditions where breastfeeding may be contra-indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Lee
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Colin Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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van der Westhuizen FP, Slogrove AL, Kunneke HM, Kruger M. Factors Associated with Severe Dehydrating Diarrhoea in the Rural Western Cape, South Africa. J Trop Pediatr 2019; 65:1-8. [PMID: 29415224 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhoea (AD) remains a leading cause of childhood death. We evaluated whether delayed healthcare seeking was associated with severe dehydration in rural South Africa. METHODS In a prospective cohort study of children with AD admitted to a secondary-level hospital, data were collected through structured caregiver interviews and hospital record review. The primary outcome was severe dehydration/death, and the primary determinant was delay >12 h between AD symptom onset and healthcare facility presentation. RESULTS Total 68% (71 of 104) of children experienced a delay, and 51% (54 of 104) had severe dehydration with no in-hospital deaths. There was no difference in children with (35 of 71) or without (19 of 33) delay for severe dehydration. Mothers of children with severe dehydration tended to be younger [median (interquartile range) 24 (21-28) vs. 27 (23-30) years, p = 0.07] and used less oral rehydration solution (63 vs. 80%, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION Delay of >12 h in seeking healthcare for AD was not associated with severe dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy L Slogrove
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H Marlize Kunneke
- Department of Paediatrics, Worcester Provincial Hospital, Worcester, South Africa
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Knee J, Sumner T, Adriano Z, Berendes D, de Bruijn E, Schmidt WP, Nalá R, Cumming O, Brown J. Risk factors for childhood enteric infection in urban Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006956. [PMID: 30419034 PMCID: PMC6258421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric infections are common where public health infrastructure is lacking. This study assesses risk factors for a range of enteric infections among children living in low-income, unplanned communities of urban Maputo, Mozambique. METHODS & FINDINGS We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 17 neighborhoods of Maputo to assess the prevalence of reported diarrheal illness and laboratory-confirmed enteric infections in children. We collected stool from children aged 1-48 months, independent of reported symptoms, for molecular detection of 15 common enteric pathogens by multiplex RT-PCR. We also collected survey and observational data related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) characteristics; other environmental factors; and social, economic, and demographic covariates. We analyzed stool from 759 children living in 425 household clusters (compounds) representing a range of environmental conditions. We detected ≥1 enteric pathogens in stool from most children (86%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 84-89%) though diarrheal symptoms were only reported for 16% (95% CI: 13-19%) of children with enteric infections and 13% (95% CI: 11-15%) of all children. Prevalence of any enteric infection was positively associated with age and ranged from 71% (95% CI: 64-77%) in children 1-11 months to 96% (95% CI: 93-98%) in children 24-48 months. We found poor sanitary conditions, such as presence of feces or soiled diapers around the compound, to be associated with higher risk of protozoan infections. Certain latrine features, including drop-hole covers and latrine walls, and presence of a water tap on the compound grounds were associated with a lower risk of bacterial and protozoan infections. Any breastfeeding was also associated with reduced risk of infection. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of enteric infections, primarily among children without diarrhea, and weak associations between bacterial and protozoan infections and environmental risk factors including WASH. Findings suggest that environmental health interventions to limit infections would need to be transformative given the high prevalence of enteric pathogen shedding and poor sanitary conditions observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02362932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Knee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trent Sumner
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zaida Adriano
- We Consult, Maputo, Mozambique
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - David Berendes
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Wolf-Peter Schmidt
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rassul Nalá
- Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Maputo, Maputo, Republic of Mozambique
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brown
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India. Virusdisease 2016; 27:77-83. [PMID: 26925447 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are responsible for a significant proportion of mortality and morbidity all around the globe. The contribution of viruses to gastroenteritis incidences in humans is well established. In the present study, we have studied the prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian state. A total of 287 (111 children and 176 adults) stool samples of gastroenteritis patients were screened for the viruses using RT-PCR method. 34.5 % samples were positive for the viral pathogens of gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was the predominant virus detected in the study with 49.5 and 14.8 % positivity in children and adults, respectively. Enterovirus was present in 5.6 % cases whereas norovirus had least prevalence (1.4 %). Co infection (rotavirus and enterovirus) was witnessed at the prevalence rate of 0.6 %. Among different age groups, the prevalence of studied viruses was highest in the children belonging to the age groups of <5 years. Rotavirus infections were found to be significantly associated with vomiting and trend of higher rates of fever and dehydration was seen in children along with diarrhea. Seasonal distribution shows circulation of diarrheagenic viruses throughout the year. This is the first report of prevalence of various diarrheagenic viruses circulating in this region. The outcome of the study from this cohort provides a baseline data which can be used to design the preventive strategies in the otherwise unexplored state of Himachal Pradesh.
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Synthesizing evidences for policy translation: A public health discourse on rotavirus vaccine in India. Vaccine 2014; 32 Suppl 1:A162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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