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Field NL, Mee JF, McAloon CG. Characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) of herd-level diagnostic tests for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cattle - A systematic review. Vet J 2022; 279:105786. [PMID: 35026383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic tests for Johne's disease in cattle are characterised by poor sensitivity and often imperfect specificity at the animal level. Because farmers and veterinarians have limited assurance or confidence from results of testing individual animals for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), control programmes based on whole herd-level testing provide the best framework for classifying herds. At the herd level, there is a diverse range of testing options for MAP based on both direct and indirect testing of individual and pooled samples. The most common measures of herd test performance, herd sensitivity (HSe) and herd specificity (HSp), are important for decision-making in herd test selection, for estimating prevalence and as inputs for simulation studies. This systematic review investigated the results of herd test evaluations for MAP in cattle, through a comprehensive search of the literature and a systematic four-stage screening process to identify relevant publications. Forty-six publications with relevant results were eligible for inclusion in the final review, containing evaluations of whole-herd ELISA serological testing, bulk milk tank ELISA, culture, PCR and phage testing, pooled faecal testing and environmental sample testing. Data extracted from each publication included sample populations, methods of analysis, reference tests, cut-off points, HSe and HSp. Direct comparisons between the reported HSe and HSp estimates of different studies is challenging due to the variations in herd prevalence and test protocols used. The data in this systematic review will benefit decision-makers and researchers and highlights knowledge gaps requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Field
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland.
| | - J F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
| | - C G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
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Ramovic E, Madigan G, McDonnell S, Griffin D, Bracken E, NiGhallchoir E, Quinless E, Galligan A, Egan J, Prendergast DM. A pilot study using environmental screening to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Irish cattle herds. Ir Vet J 2020; 73:3. [PMID: 32082542 PMCID: PMC7024553 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy and beef cattle can be reservoirs of many pathogens, including Salmonella and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD). Farm environments may provide potential entry points for the transmission of infectious agents into the food chain. Antibiotics are used to treat a wide variety of infections on farms, and administration of antimicrobial agents to cattle is considered to be a driving factor for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Control of JD and AMR are priority for animal health initiatives in Ireland. A national JD pilot programme was introduced by Animal Health Ireland in 2014, while the national action plan launched by Department of Health and Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine introduced in 2017 aims to improve the surveillance of AMR. The current investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to determine the proportion of herds positive for MAP, Salmonella species (Salmonella spp), commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli), Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing E. coli from 157 environmental faecal samples in Irish farms. RESULTS MAP was detected in 10.2% of samples collected; on culture in 4 (4.9%) of the dairy herds and from 1 (1.3%) of the beef/suckler herds, and by PCR in 10 (12.3%) and 6 (7.9%) of these herds respectively. All culture positive herds were also positive by PCR. An additional 11 herds were positive by PCR only. Salmonella was not detected, while commensal E. coli were isolated from 70.7% of the samples (111/157) with 101 of these isolates shown to be fully susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Of the 27 presumptive ESBL AmpC β-lactamase producing E. coli detected, one isolate was resistant to ten antimicrobials, nine isolates were resistant to nine antimicrobials, and four isolates were resistant to eight antimicrobials. Carbapenemase-producing E. coli were not isolated. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of monitoring farm environments for Johne's disease. This disease is a growing concern for dairy and beef producers in Ireland, and sampling the farm environment may offer a useful means to rapidly screen for the presence of MAP. Non-pathogenic common enteric commensal and multiple-drug-resistant E. coli may contribute to AMR acting as a reservoir and transferring resistance to other species/pathogens in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Ramovic
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Gillian Madigan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Shannon McDonnell
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Denise Griffin
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Elaine Bracken
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Eadaoin NiGhallchoir
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Emma Quinless
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Aoife Galligan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - John Egan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Deirdre M. Prendergast
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare Ireland
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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