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Dittrich C, Rödel MO. Drop dead! Female mate avoidance in an explosively breeding frog. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230742. [PMID: 37830023 PMCID: PMC10565404 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Males' and females' reproductive strategies may differ, potentially leading to sexual conflict. Increased efforts by males (harassment, forced copulation, intimidation) to gain access to females could even negatively affect female survival and thus lead to reproductive failure for both individuals. In anurans, a higher mortality risk of mating females has been reported in explosive breeding species. During these mating events, several males cling to a female, which are mostly unable to get rid of the unwanted males. This can lead to the female's death. From the literature, it seems that females of explosive breeding frogs have no means to reject unwanted males. Here we describe female mate avoidance behaviours in the European common frog. We observed three female avoidance behaviours, namely 'rotation', 'release call(s)' and tonic immobility (death feigning). These behaviours were significantly associated with smaller female body size, and smaller females were more successful in escaping amplexus. Tonic immobility as a tactic to avoid mating or male harassment has only been observed in a handful of species and only in one other amphibian. Our observations show that females in explosive breeding frogs may not be as passive and helpless as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dittrich
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Deutschland
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Berlin–Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Deutschland
- Berlin–Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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2
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Rueda-Solano LA, Vargas-Salinas F, Pérez-González JL, Sánchez-Ferreira A, Ramírez-Guerra A, Navas CA, Crawford AJ. Mate-guarding behaviour in anurans: intrasexual selection and the evolution of prolonged amplexus in the harlequin toad Atelopus laetissimus. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Reading CJ, Jofré GM. The cost of breeding for male common toads. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The potential impact of pairing on male survivorship and future breeding success in common toads was investigated between 1993 and 2014. A total of 8132 males arriving at a breeding pond in southern England were measured, weighed, individually marked and their breeding history recorded. The body condition (BC) of all males was estimated using (a) residuals from an ordinary least squares regression analysis of log10 body mass against log10 body snout-vent length (SVL; ordinary least squares) and (b) a scaled mass index (SMI), standardized for SVL. Each year each male was allocated to one of four categorical groups: (1) Paired, (2) Unpaired, and whether or not it returned to breed the following year: (3) Return, (4) No Return. The BC of both paired and unpaired males that subsequently returned was significantly higher than that of those that failed to return. Male pairing success was highest in the youngest males and lowest in the oldest. The overall cost for male common toads that successfully paired was a significantly decreased BC and survival rate. First time breeding males had a 21.2% chance of surviving and returning to breed the following year, increasing to 28.3–37.0% for those returning for up to five consecutive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Reading
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Gabriela M Jofré
- c/o UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh, Gifford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
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4
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Dias TM, Prado CP, Bastos RP. Reproductive ecology and territorial behavior of Boana goiana (Anura: Hylidae), a gladiator frog from the Brazilian Cerrado. ZOOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e53004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anuran males and females adopt different reproductive and behavioral strategies in different contexts. We investigated the reproductive ecology and territorial behavior of the treefrog Boana goiana (B. Lutz, 1968) from the Brazilian Cerrado. We hypothesized that competitor density/proximity would increase the behavioral responses of B. goiana males, and that mating would be assortative. We also tested if the number of eggs correlates with female size and if there is a trade-off between clutch size and egg size. We conducted two territoriality experiments to test the effects of male size, competitor proximity and competitor density. Larger males called more in the presence of a second male. In the second experiment, the largest males emitted more calls and the distance to the nearest male increased as resident males called more. In both experiments, the number of calls was influenced by either male size or spacing between males. Some males behaved as satellites, probably to avoid fights. Our analyses indicate that females choose males with similar sizes to their own, corroborating our hypothesis of size-assortative mating. We found no relationships between female size and clutch size/volume, and between egg size and number of eggs per clutch. We also report multiple spawning for this species. The low incidence of physical combats and the spacing pattern indicate that this species relies almost solely on calls to resolve contests, which could be explained by low motivation, or simply because males avoid combats to decrease injury risks. Thus, acoustic or even multimodal communication seems crucial for social interactions of B. goiana.
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Reyne M, Helyar S, Aubry A, Emmerson M, Marnell F, Reid N. Combining spawn egg counts, individual photo-ID and genetic fingerprinting to estimate the population size and sex ratio of an endangered amphibian. Integr Zool 2020; 16:240-254. [PMID: 33137231 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, 41% of the world's amphibian species are threatened with extinction, making them more threatened than any other vertebrate group nowadays. Given the global amphibian crisis, comprehensive understanding of demographics and population trends of declining and threatened species is essential for effective management and conservation strategies. Counting egg spawns is widely used to assess population abundance in pond breeding anurans. However, it is unknown how such counts translate into robust population size estimations. We monitored the breeding activity of the Natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita), combining egg string counts and individual photo-identification with Capture-Mark-Recapture population size and operational sex ratio estimation. Male Natterjack toads were identified by the pattern of natural markings with repeated ID of the same individual confirmed for 10% of the samples using genetic fingerprinting. We identified 647 unique individuals within a closed study population at Caherdaniel, Co Kerry. Population estimates derived from egg string counts estimated a breeding population of 368 females (95% CI 353-384) and Capture-Mark-Recapture estimated a breeding population of 1698 males (95% CI 1000-2397). The female:male sex ratio was conservatively estimated at 1:5 (95% CI 1:3-1:6) where 62% ± 6% of females were assumed to spawn. These substantially departed from any priori assumption of 1:1 which could have underestimated the breeding population by up to 72%. Where amphibian absolute population size estimation is necessary, methods should include empirical survey data on operational sex ratios and not rely on assumptions or those derived from the literature which may be highly population and/or context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Reyne
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sarah Helyar
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Institute of Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aurélie Aubry
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Hillsborough, UK
| | - Mark Emmerson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Institute of Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ferdia Marnell
- National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neil Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Institute of Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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6
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Linking effective population size dynamics to phenotypic traits in the common toad (Bufo bufo). CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Seaborn T, Hauser SS, Konrade L, Waits LP, Goldberg CS. Landscape genetic inferences vary with sampling scenario for a pond-breeding amphibian. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5063-5078. [PMID: 31110662 PMCID: PMC6509389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical decision in landscape genetic studies is whether to use individuals or populations as the sampling unit. This decision affects the time and cost of sampling and may affect ecological inference. We analyzed 334 Columbia spotted frogs at 8 microsatellite loci across 40 sites in northern Idaho to determine how inferences from landscape genetic analyses would vary with sampling design. At all sites, we compared a proportion available sampling scheme (PASS), in which all samples were used, to resampled datasets of 2-11 individuals. Additionally, we compared a population sampling scheme (PSS) to an individual sampling scheme (ISS) at 18 sites with sufficient sample size. We applied an information theoretic approach with both restricted maximum likelihood and maximum likelihood estimation to evaluate competing landscape resistance hypotheses. We found that PSS supported low-density forest when restricted maximum likelihood was used, but a combination model of most variables when maximum likelihood was used. We also saw variations when AIC was used compared to BIC. ISS supported this model as well as additional models when testing hypotheses of land cover types that create the greatest resistance to gene flow for Columbia spotted frogs. Increased sampling density and study extent, seen by comparing PSS to PASS, showed a change in model support. As number of individuals increased, model support converged at 7-9 individuals for ISS to PSS. ISS may be useful to increase study extent and sampling density, but may lack power to provide strong support for the correct model with microsatellite datasets. Our results highlight the importance of additional research on sampling design effects on landscape genetics inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Seaborn
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
| | | | - Lauren Konrade
- Department of Biological SciencesWichita State UniversityWichitaKansas
| | - Lisette P. Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho
| | - Caren S. Goldberg
- School of the EnvironmentWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
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Dittrich C, Rodríguez A, Segev O, Drakulić S, Feldhaar H, Vences M, Rödel MO. Temporal migration patterns and mating tactics influence size-assortative mating in Rana temporaria. Behav Ecol 2018; 29:418-428. [PMID: 29622935 PMCID: PMC5873255 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assortative mating is a common pattern in sexually reproducing species, but the mechanisms leading to assortment remain poorly understood. By using the European common frog (Rana temporaria) as a model, we aim to understand the mechanisms leading to size-assortative mating in amphibians. With data from natural populations collected over several years, we first show a consistent pattern of size-assortative mating across our 2 study populations. We subsequently ask if assortative mating may be explained by mate availability due to temporal segregation of migrating individuals with specific sizes. With additional experiments, we finally assess whether size-assortative mating is adaptive, i.e. influenced by mating competition among males, or by reduced fertilization in size-mismatched pairs. We find that size-assortative mating is in accordance with differences in mate availability during migration, where larger individuals of both sexes reach breeding ponds earlier than smaller individuals. We observe an indiscriminate mate choice behavior of small males and an advantage of larger males pairing with females during scramble competition. The tactic of small males, to be faster and less discriminative than large males, may increase their chances to get access to females. Experimental tests indicate that the fertilization success is not affected by size assortment. However, since female fecundity is highly correlated with body size, males preferring larger females should maximize their number of offspring. Therefore, we conclude that in this frog species mate choice is more complex than formerly believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dittrich
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariel Rodríguez
- TU Braunschweig, Zoologisches Institut, Evolutionsbiologie, Braunschweig, Germany
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute of Zoology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ori Segev
- University of Haifa, Faculty of Science, Institute of Evolution, Community Ecology Lab, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sanja Drakulić
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- University of Bayreuth, Animal Population Ecology, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- TU Braunschweig, Zoologisches Institut, Evolutionsbiologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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9
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Székely D, Székely P, Denoël M, Cogălniceanu D. Random size-assortative mating despite size-dependent fecundity in a Neotropical amphibian with explosive reproduction. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Székely
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; Ovidius University Constanța; Constanța Romania
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology; Behavioural Biology Unit; Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS); University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; EcoSs Lab; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; Loja Ecuador
| | - Paul Székely
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; EcoSs Lab; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja; Loja Ecuador
- Asociatia Chelonia; București Romania
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology; Behavioural Biology Unit; Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS); University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Dan Cogălniceanu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; Ovidius University Constanța; Constanța Romania
- CITIAB; Universidad Nacional de Loja; Loja Ecuador
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10
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Chajma P, Vojar J. The effect of size-assortative mating on fertilization success of the common toad (Bufo bufo). AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although size-assortative mating (SAM) is a frequently studied phenomenon in anurans, its effect on fitness rarely has been evaluated. Using a controlled experiment, we assessed the presence of SAM in the common toad,Bufo bufo, and evaluated the effect on fertilization success of male-female size (snout-vent length, SVL) difference and ratio in mated pairs. Even though the toads paired non-randomly with respect to size, the difference and ratio of female and male SVL in pairs had no significant effect on fertilization success. Our findings and the majority of other studies suggest that the commonly accepted idea that SAM serves to maximize fitness may not be completely accurate. The statistical power and effect size in these studies are often poor, however, and the methods used are inconsistent. We conclude that more manipulative experiments with appropriate sample sizes are needed to fully understand this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Chajma
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vojar
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Vojar J, Chajma P, Kopecký O, Puš V, Šálek M. The effect of sex ratio on size-assortative mating in two explosively breeding anurans. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00002991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Size-assortative mating (SAM) is a widespread phenomenon related to individual fitness. In our study, we examined: (i) the appearance of SAM, and (ii) the effect of sex ratio on intensity of SAM in wild populations of two explosively breeding anurans, common frogs,Rana temporaria, and common toads,Bufo bufo. Despite a higher male-biased operational sex ratio (OSR) in toads, the body lengths of the paired males and females were significantly correlated only in frogs. Increasing male-male competition, assessed via the OSR, resulted in a stronger correlation also in frogs only. Thus, great variability in the presence and intensity of SAM has been observed within both studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Vojar
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chajma
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Kopecký
- Department of Zoology and Fish Farming, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Puš
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šálek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Hase K, Shimada M. Female polyandry and size-assortative mating in isolated local populations of the Japanese common toad Bufo japonicus. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Hase
- Department of General Systems Studies; The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; Meguro Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Masakazu Shimada
- Department of General Systems Studies; The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; Meguro Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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13
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Luo Z, Li C, Wang H, Zhao M, Gu Q, Gu Z, Liao C, Wu H. Mutual mate choice in the Asiatic toad, Bufo gargarizans, exerts stabilizing selection on body size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Liao W, Lu X. Variation in mating patterns in the Andrew's toadBufo andrewsialong an elevational gradient in southwestern China. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2011.624552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Vershinin VL. Topography of morphological abnormalities and mate selection in the toads Bufo bufo L., 1758 and B. viridis Laur., 1768. RUSS J ECOL+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413610040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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HETTYEY ATTILA, VÁGI BALÁZS, HÉVIZI GERGELY, TÖRÖK JÁNOS. Changes in sperm stores, ejaculate size, fertilization success, and sexual motivation over repeated matings in the common toad, Bufo bufo (Anura: Bufonidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Mitchell KM, Churcher TS, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC. Persistence of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis outside the amphibian host greatly increases the probability of host extinction. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:329-34. [PMID: 18048287 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens do not normally drive their hosts to extinction; however, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes amphibian chytridiomycosis, has been able to do so. Theory predicts that extinction can be caused by long-lived or saprobic free-living stages. The hypothesis that such a stage occurs in B. dendrobatidis is supported by the recent discovery of an apparently encysted form of the pathogen. To investigate the effect of a free-living stage of B. dendrobatidis on host population dynamics, a mathematical model was developed to describe the introduction of chytridiomycosis into a breeding population of Bufo bufo, parametrized from laboratory infection and transmission experiments. The model predicted that the longer that B. dendrobatidis was able to persist in water, either due to an increased zoospore lifespan or saprobic reproduction, the more likely it was that it could cause local B. bufo extinction (defined as decrease below a threshold level). Establishment of endemic B. dendrobatidis infection in B. bufo, with severe host population depression, was also possible, in agreement with field observations. Although this model is able to predict clear trends, more precise predictions will only be possible when the life history of B. dendrobatidis, including free-living stages of the life cycle, is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Mitchell
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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19
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Sztatecsny M, Jehle R, Burke T, Hödl W. Female polyandry under male harassment: the case of the common toad (Bufo bufo). J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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BREDE EDWARDG, BEEBEE TREVORJC. Large variations in the ratio of effective breeding and census population sizes between two species of pond-breeding anurans. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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