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Sokołowska B, Orłowska M, Okrasińska A, Piłsyk S, Pawłowska J, Muszewska A. What can be lost? Genomic perspective on the lipid metabolism of Mucoromycota. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 37932857 PMCID: PMC10629195 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycota is a phylum of early diverging fungal (EDF) lineages, of mostly plant-associated terrestrial fungi. Some strains have been selected as promising biotechnological organisms due to their ability to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and efficient conversion of nutrients into lipids. Others get their lipids from the host plant and are unable to produce even the essential ones on their own. Following the advancement in EDF genome sequencing, we carried out a systematic survey of lipid metabolism protein families across different EDF lineages. This enabled us to explore the genomic basis of the previously documented ability to produce several types of lipids within the fungal tree of life. The core lipid metabolism genes showed no significant diversity in distribution, however specialized lipid metabolic pathways differed in this regard among different fungal lineages. In total 165 out of 202 genes involved in lipid metabolism were present in all tested fungal lineages, while remaining 37 genes were found to be absent in some of fungal lineages. Duplications were observed for 69 genes. For the first time we demonstrate that ergosterol is not being produced by several independent groups of plant-associated fungi due to the losses of different ERG genes. Instead, they possess an ancestral pathway leading to the synthesis of cholesterol, which is absent in other fungal lineages. The lack of diacylglycerol kinase in both Mortierellomycotina and Blastocladiomycota opens the question on sterol equilibrium regulation in these organisms. Early diverging fungi retained most of beta oxidation components common with animals including Nudt7, Nudt12 and Nudt19 pointing at peroxisome divergence in Dikarya. Finally, Glomeromycotina and Mortierellomycotina representatives have a similar set of desaturases and elongases related to the synthesis of complex, polyunsaturated fatty acids pointing at an ancient expansion of fatty acid metabolism currently being explored by biotechnological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Sokołowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Orłowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Okrasińska
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Pawłowska
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Yang Q, Zhao J, Feng L, Wang M. SR5AL serves as a key regulatory gene in lycopene biosynthesis by Blakeslea trispora. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:126. [PMID: 35752808 PMCID: PMC9233402 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trisporic acids are considered to be key regulators of carotenoid biosynthesis and sexual reproduction in zygomycetes, but the mechanisms underlying this regulation have not been fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, the relationships between trisporic acids and lycopene synthesis were investigated in Blakeslea trispora. The lycopene concentration in single fermentation by the (-) strain with the addition of 24 μg/L trisporic acids was slightly higher than that observed in mated fermentation. After transcriptomic analysis, a steroid 5α-reductase-like gene, known as SR5AL in B. trispora, was first reported. 5α-Reductase inhibitors reduced lycopene biosynthesis and downregulated the expression of sex determination and carotenoid biosynthesis genes. Overexpression of the SR5AL gene upregulated these genes, regardless of whether trisporic acids were added. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that the SR5AL gene is a key gene associated with the response to trisporic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qingxiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China. .,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Jihong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology (Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lingran Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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Demir M, Gündes AG. Single-cell oil production by Mortierella isabellina DSM 1414 using different sugars as carbon source. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3050. [PMID: 32681602 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pure carbon sources, especially carbohydrates which are raw materials deriving from agro-industrial processes, are often used for small-scale single-cell oil production by fermentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different pure carbon sources on cell growth, lipid accumulation, and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) production by the filamentous fungus Mortierella isabellina DSM 1414 (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen). The sugars utilized in this study are found extensively and abundantly in nature, especially in food raw materials and, in consequence, in agro-food industry wastes or surpluses. Thus, the potential of many waste materials containing these sugars to be used in the production of single-cell oil by fermentation could also be evaluated. The effects of the sugars utilized on cell growth, biomass production, and lipid production were investigated. Fatty acids were also analysed in the lipids produced at the end of the fermentations. Results showed that the maximum biomass production was 10.80 g/L in lactose-based media, while the maximum oil production was 5.44 g/L in maltose-based media. Oleic (20.42%-42.94%), palmitic (14.96%-22.19%), and stearic (9.00%-26.92%) acids were the major fatty acids along with linoleic acid (11.35%-18.67%) and GLA (3.56%-8.04%). The production of GLA as the target fatty acid was remarkable. This study indicates that agro-industrial waste including most of the sugars utilized (except for arabinose and sucrose with lipid production of 0.81 and 0.28 g/L, respectively) can be employed for production of single-cell oil by M. isabellina DSM 1414 which contains a high amount of GLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Demir
- Deptartment of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Alcalde E, Cerdá-Olmedo E, Al-Babili S. Apocarotenoids produced from β-carotene by dioxygenases from Mucor circinelloides. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:433-438. [PMID: 30762519 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides exhibits the complex sexual behaviour that is induced in other Mucoromycotina by a family of apocarotenoids called trisporoids. The genome of M. circinelloides contains four genes encoding putative carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. The gene products of two of them were sufficient to convert β-carotene into the precursors of three families of apocarotenoids, both in vitro and in the Escherichia coli heterologous in vivo system. The first of these products, CarS, cleaved the C40 β-carotene into the C15 precursor of cyclofarnesoids and a C25 apocarotenal that was converted by the second enzyme, AcaA, into the C18 precursor of trisporoids and the C7 precursor of methylhexanoids. Apocarotenoids were not found in single or mixed cultures of the two strains of opposite sex, whose interaction readily produced zygospores, the sexual fusion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Alcalde
- 1School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Enrique Cerdá-Olmedo
- 2Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- 4Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,3Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, the BioActives lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Takashima Y, Degawa Y, Ohta H, Narisawa K. Mortierella sugadairana , a new homothallic species related to the firstly described heterothallic species in the genus. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Nakamura Y, Paetz C, Boland W. Synthesis of methyl 4-dihydrotrisporate B and methyl trisporate B, morphogenetic factors of Zygomycetes fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 73:59-66. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
(9Z)-Methyl 4-dihydrotrisporate B and (9Z)-methyl trisporate B, pheromones of Zygomycetes fungi, have been synthesized using Stille cross-coupling from previously described cyclohexenone precursors. Conducting the coupling without protection groups allowed for a short and stereospecific synthesis route of the late trisporoids. Stability studies for both the compounds revealed (9Z)-methyl trisporate B to be very unstable against UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakamura
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Jena , Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Biosynthesis/NMR , Jena , Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Hans-Knöll-Straße 8 , 07745 Jena , Germany
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7
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Abstract
Although at the level of resolution of genes and molecules most information about mating in fungi is from a single lineage, the Dikarya, many fundamental discoveries about mating in fungi have been made in the earlier branches of the fungi. These are nonmonophyletic groups that were once classified into the chytrids and zygomycetes. Few species in these lineages offer the potential of genetic tractability, thereby hampering the ability to identify the genes that underlie those fundamental insights. Research performed during the past decade has now established the genes required for mating type determination and pheromone synthesis in some species in the phylum Mucoromycota, especially in the order Mucorales. These findings provide striking parallels with the evolution of mating systems in the Dikarya fungi. Other discoveries in the Mucorales provide the first examples of sex-cell type identity being driven directly by a gene that confers mating type, a trait considered more of relevance to animal sex determination but difficult to investigate in animals. Despite these discoveries, there remains much to be gleaned about mating systems from these fungi.
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Schulz E, Wetzel J. Morphological characterization of sex-deficient mutants of the homothallic zygomycete Zygorhynchus moelleri. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Vereshchagina OA, Tereshina VM. Trisporoids and carotenogenesis in Blakeslea trispora. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Lee SC, Heitman J. Sex in the Mucoralean fungi. Mycoses 2014; 57 Suppl 3:18-24. [PMID: 25175551 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexual development is extant in virtually all eukaryotic species, including throughout the kingdom Fungi. Positioned within the opisthokonts along with metazoans, fungi serve as model systems to elucidate the genetics and impact of sexual development. Basal fungal lineages such as the Mucoralean fungi provide a unique basis to study sexual reproduction, in which common ancestral traits found in both animal and fungal lineages may be conserved. This review discusses the sexual development, sex loci, and evolution of the sex locus in the Mucoralean fungi, which sheds light on our understanding of the evolution and functions of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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González-Delgado JA, Escobar G, Arteaga JF, Barrero AF. Easy access to a cyclic key intermediate for the synthesis of trisporic acids and related compounds. Molecules 2014; 19:1748-62. [PMID: 24496268 PMCID: PMC6271007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19021748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a cyclohexane skeleton possessing different oxygenated functional groups at C–3, C–8 and C–9, and a Δ1,6-double bond has been accomplished in 10 steps with an overall 17% yield. This compound is a key intermediate for access to a wide range of compounds of the bioactive trisporoid family. The synthetic sequence consists of the preparation of a properly functionalized epoxygeraniol derivative, and its subsequent stereoselective cyclization mediated by Ti(III). This last step implies a domino process that starts with a homolytic epoxide opening followed by a radical cyclization and regioselective elimination. This concerted process gives access to the cyclohexane moiety with stereochemical control of five of its six carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A González-Delgado
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Gustavo Escobar
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús F Arteaga
- CIQSO-Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University of Huelva, Avda 3 Marzo s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Alejandro F Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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12
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Sahadevan Y, Richter-Fecken M, Kaerger K, Voigt K, Boland W. Early and late trisporoids differentially regulate β-carotene production and gene transcript Levels in the mucoralean fungi Blakeslea trispora and Mucor mucedo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7466-75. [PMID: 24056470 PMCID: PMC3837771 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02096-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multistep cleavage of carotenoids in Mucorales during the sexual phase results in a cocktail of trisporic acid (C18) sex pheromones. We hypothesized that the C18 trisporoid intermediates have a specific regulatory function for sex pheromone production and carotenogenesis that varies with genus/species and vegetative and sexual phases of their life cycles. Real-time quantitative PCR kinetics determined for Blakeslea trispora displayed a very high transcript turnover in the gene for carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, tsp3, during the sexual phase. An in vivo enzyme assay and chromatographic analysis led to the identification of β-apo-12'-carotenal as the first apocarotenoid involved in trisporic acid biosynthesis in B. trispora. Supplementation of C18 trisporoids, namely D'orenone, methyl trisporate C, and trisporin C, increased tsp3 transcripts in the plus compared to minus partners. Interestingly, the tsp1 gene, which is involved in trisporic acid biosynthesis, was downregulated compared to tsp3 irrespective of asexual or sexual phase. Only the minus partners of both B. trispora and Mucor mucedo had enhanced β-carotene production after treatment with C20 apocarotenoids, 15 different trisporoids, and their analogues. We conclude that the apocarotenoids and trisporoids influence gene transcription and metabolite production, depending upon the fungal strain, corresponding genus, and developmental phase, representing a "chemical dialect" during sexual communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Sahadevan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mareike Richter-Fecken
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaerger
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Hans-Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Hans-Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Halary S, Daubois L, Terrat Y, Ellenberger S, Wöstemeyer J, Hijri M. Mating type gene homologues and putative sex pheromone-sensing pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a presumably asexual plant root symbiont. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80729. [PMID: 24260466 PMCID: PMC3834313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal kingdom displays a fascinating diversity of sex-determination systems. Recent advances in genomics provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of sex, mating type determination, and evolution of sexual reproduction in many fungal species in both ancient and modern phylogenetic lineages. All major fungal groups have evolved sexual differentiation and recombination pathways. However, sexuality is unknown in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the phylum Glomeromycota, an ecologically vital group of obligate plant root symbionts. AMF are commonly considered an ancient asexual lineage dating back to the Ordovician, approximately 460 M years ago. In this study, we used genomic and transcriptomic surveys of several AMF species to demonstrate the presence of conserved putative sex pheromone-sensing mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, comparable to those described in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. We also find genes for high mobility group (HMG) transcription factors, homologous to SexM and SexP genes in the Mucorales. The SexM genes show a remarkable sequence diversity among multiple copies in the genome, while only a single SexP sequence was detected in some isolates of Rhizophagus irregularis. In the Mucorales and Microsporidia, the sexM gene is flanked by genes for a triosephosphate transporter (TPT) and a RNA helicase, but we find no evidence for synteny in the vicinity of the Sex locus in AMF. Nonetheless, our results, together with previous observations on meiotic machinery, suggest that AMF could undergo a complete sexual reproduction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Halary
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurence Daubois
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Terrat
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Ellenberger
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Wöstemeyer
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Enhanced Lycopene Content in Blakeslea trispora by Effective Mutation-Screening Method. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1692-700. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Ellenberger S, Schuster S, Wstemeyer J. Correlation between sequence, structure and function for trisporoid processing proteins in the model zygomycete Mucor mucedo. J Theor Biol 2013; 320:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Sun J, Li H, Sun X, Yuan Q. Trisporic acid stimulates gene transcription of terpenoid biosynthesis in Blakeslea trispora. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Vereshchagina OA, Memorskaya AS, Kochkina GA, Tereshina VM. Trisporoids and carotenoids in Blakeslea trispora strains differing in capacity for zygote formation. Microbiology (Reading) 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261712050165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Wetzel J, Burmester A, Kolbe M, Wöstemeyer J. The mating-related loci sexM and sexP of the zygomycetous fungus Mucor mucedo and their transcriptional regulation by trisporoid pheromones. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1016-1023. [PMID: 22262094 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.054106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The putative mating type locus of mucoralean fungi consists of a single high mobility group (HMG)-domain transcription factor gene, sexM or sexP, flanked by genes for an RNA helicase and a triosephosphate transporter. We used degenerate primers derived from the amino acid sequence of the RNA helicase to sequence a fragment of this gene from Mucor mucedo. This fragment was extended by inverse PCR to obtain the complete sequences of the sex loci from both mating types of M. mucedo. The sex loci in M. mucedo reflect the general picture obtained previously for Phycomyces blakesleeanus, presenting a single HMG-domain transcription factor gene, sexM and sexP in the minus and plus mating types, respectively. These are located next to a gene for RNA helicase. Transcriptional analysis by quantitative real-time PCR showed that only transcription of sexM is considerably stimulated by adding trisporoid pheromones, thus mimicking sexual stimulation, whereas sexP is only slightly affected. These differences in regulation between sexM and sexP are supported by the observation that the promoter sequences controlling these genes show no similarities. The protein structures themselves are considerably different. The SexM, but not the SexP protein harbours a nuclear localization sequence. The SexM protein is indeed transported to nuclei. This was shown by means of a GFP fusion construct that was used to study the localization of SexM in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fusion protein is highly enriched in nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wetzel
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Burmester
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Kolbe
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Wöstemeyer
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J. Biosynthesis, extraction, purification, and analysis of trisporoid sexual communication compounds from mated cultures of Blakeslea trispora. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 898:61-74. [PMID: 22711117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-918-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The zygomycete Blakeslea trispora produces high amounts of the general zygomycete β-carotene-derived sexual signal compounds, the trisporoids. These can be isolated from the culture medium and purified by extraction with organic solvents followed by thin layer chromatography. Concentration is determined spectrophotometrically using specific extinction coefficients established for some members of this compound family. The effect of the extraction and activity of the isolated compounds is best tested physiologically, exploiting the ability of trisporoids to induce the formation of sexually committed hyphae, the zygophores, in other zygomycete species. Methods for B. trispora culture, trisporoid extraction, and further analyses of trisporoids are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schimek
- General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Production and derivate composition of trisporoids in extended fermentation of Blakeslea trispora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:241-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J. Carotene derivatives in sexual communication of zygomycete fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1867-1875. [PMID: 19665150 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition between mating partners, early sexual morphogenesis and development are regulated by a family of beta-carotene derived signal compounds, the trisporoids, in zygomycete fungi. Mating type-specific precursors are released from the hyphae and exert their physiological effects upon compatible mating partners. In a cooperative synthesis pathway, later intermediates and finally trisporic acid are formed. All trisporoids occur in a number of derivatives. Trisporic acid and some precursors directly influence the transcription of genes involved in sexual development. This has been demonstrated for TSP3, encoding the carotene oxygenase involved in sexually induced cleavage of beta-carotene. Species specificity of mating despite a common and commonly recognized signaling system is maintained by several factors. Specific distribution and recognition patterns of the trisporoid derivatives and the proposed divergence in trisporoid synthesis pathways in diverse species play a role. The derivatives elicit vastly differing, partially mating type-specific responses during early sexual development. Another specificity factor is the realization of different regulation levels for the trisporoid synthesis enzymes in different species. Enzymes in the trisporoid synthesis pathway show remarkable variations in mating type-specific activity and the exact activation time during sexual development. This allows for the observed complex network of possible interactions, but at the same time forbids successful mating between dissimilar partners because the necessary transcripts or gene products are not available at the appropriate developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schimek
- General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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22
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4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the sex hormone pathway of Mucor mucedo: purification, cloning of the corresponding gene, and developmental expression. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 8:88-95. [PMID: 18931040 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00225-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The NADP-dependent 4-dihydrotrisporin-dehydrogenase is a (-) mating-type-specific enzyme in the pathway from beta-carotene to trisporic acid. This substance and its isomers and derivatives represent the general system of sexual communication in zygomycetes. The (-) mating type of Mucor mucedo was stimulated by trisporic acid and the enzyme was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography. Several peptides of the 26-kDa protein, digested with trypsin, were sequenced by mass spectrometry. Oligonucleotides based on protein sequence data were used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA. The primary PCR fragment was sequenced and the complete gene, TSP2, was isolated. A labeled TSP2 hybridization probe detects a single-copy gene in the genome of M. mucedo. Northern blot analysis with RNAs from different growth stages reveals that the expression of the gene depends on the developmental stage of the mycelium in both mating types of M. mucedo. At the enzyme level, activity is found exclusively in the (-) mating type. However, renaturation of proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing gels revealed the TSP2 gene product in both mating types. Analyzing the protein sequence places the enzyme in the short chain dehydrogenase superfamily. Thus, it has an evolutionary origin distinct from that of the previously isolated 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase, which belongs to the aldo/keto reductase superfamily. Apart from the TSP2 genes in the three sequenced zygomycetous genomes (Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Mucor circinelloides), the closest relative is the Myxococcus xanthus CsgA gene product, which is also a short chain dehydrogenase, involved in C signaling and fruiting body formation.
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Kalinina NV, Tereshina VM, Memorskaya AS, Feofilova EP. The correlation between the synthesis of β-carotene and zygote formation by Blakeslea trispora heterothallic strains. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Feofilova EP. Heterothallism of mucoraceous fungi: A review of biological implications and uses in biotechnology. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683806050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schimek C, Petzold A, Schultze K, Wetzel J, Wolschendorf F, Burmester A, Wöstemeyer J. 4-Dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the sex hormone pathway in Mucor mucedo, is constitutively transcribed but its activity is differently regulated in (+) and (−) mating types. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:804-12. [PMID: 16043374 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
4-Dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase (TDH) converts the (+) mating type sex pheromone 4-dihydromethyltrisporate into methyltrisporate. In Mucor mucedo, this conversion is required only in the (-) mating type. Expression of the TDH encoding TSP1 gene was analyzed qualitatively using reverse-transcribed PCR. TSP1 is constitutively transcribed in the (+) and in the (-) mating type, irrespective of the mating situation. By immunodetection, the translation product is also formed constitutively. In contrast to gene expression, TDH enzyme activity depends on the sexual status of the mycelium. Activity is restricted to the sexually stimulated (-) mating type. Non-stimulated (-), as well as stimulated and non-stimulated (+) mycelia exhibit no activity and do not influence activity in stimulated (-) mycelia. Time course analysis shows strongly increased enzyme activity at 80 min after stimulation. Low activity exists from the onset of stimulation, indicating that additional regulation mechanisms are involved in TDH function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schimek
- Department of General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Schachtschabel D, Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J, Boland W. Biological activity of trisporoids and trisporoid analogues in Mucor mucedo (-). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1358-65. [PMID: 15913673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the course of their sexual interactions, zygomycete fungi communicate via an elaborate series of carotene-derived compounds, namely trisporic acid and its biosynthetic progenitors. A novel building-block strategy allowed the systematic generation of structurally modified trisporoids along with putative early biosynthetic precursors for physiological tests. The impact of discrete structural elements was documented by the ability of individual compounds to induce sexually committed hyphae in Mucor mucedo. The activity screening contributed to establish general structure-function relationships for trisporoid action. Most crucial for activity were the dimension of the longer side chain, the polarity of functional groups at C(4) and C(13), and the number of conjugated double bonds in the side chain. The presence of an oxygen substituent at the cyclohexene ring is not essential for function. The overall biological activity apparently results from the combination of the various structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Schachtschabel
- Abteilung Bioorganische Chemie, Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Okologie, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Schultze K, Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J, Burmester A. Sexuality and parasitism share common regulatory pathways in the fungus Parasitella parasitica. Gene 2005; 348:33-44. [PMID: 15777660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitella parasitica, a facultative mycoparasite of zygomycetous fungi, forms cytoplasmic fusions with its hosts during infection. Thus, the organism is an efficient donor of genetic material in parasexual host-parasite interactions. Recognition between parasite and host is mediated by trisporoids, which are also responsible for sexual communication. The TDH gene for one of the key enzymes of trisporic acid biosynthesis, 4-dihydromethyl-trisporate dehydrogenase, was cloned and its transcription analysed. TDH was cloned on a 6175-bp insert and was found to map in a complex cluster of genes that suggest post-transcriptional antisense regulation. Histochemical TDH analysis in developing parasitic or sexual structures shows high enzymatic activity in Parasitella. TDH is linked to a gene for a putative acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACT). Two ORFs were identified in the 5'-region of the TDH gene, a third one, coding for 176 amino acids overlaps the ACT gene in antisense direction completely. Expression levels of ACT and ORF1 depend on parasitic and sexual interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal/genetics
- Genetic Linkage
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mucorales/genetics
- Mucorales/growth & development
- Mucorales/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase/genetics
- Poly A/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Schultze
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Chair of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Schmidt AD, Heinekamp T, Matuschek M, Liebmann B, Bollschweiler C, Brakhage AA. Analysis of mating-dependent transcription of Blakeslea trispora carotenoid biosynthesis genes carB and carRA by quantitative real-time PCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:549-55. [PMID: 15744487 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The zygomycete fungus Blakeslea trispora is used commercially as natural source of beta-carotene. beta-Carotene production is strongly induced during mating of two strains of the opposite sex and results in the production of the pheromone trisporic acid, which in turn stimulates enhanced beta-carotene biosynthesis. beta-Carotene production is due to the enzymatic activity of phytoene synthase, lycopene cyclase and phytoene dehydrogenase. The corresponding genes, carRA and carB, were isolated from a cosmid library generated from B. trispora strain ATCC14272. The steady state level of carB and carRA mRNA transcripts under different mating conditions was monitored by both northern blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. The steady state levels of carRA and carB mRNA of non-mated and mated B. trispora were quantified relative to transcript levels of the translation elongation factor 1alpha-encoding tef1 gene, since tef1 is transcribed independently of mating. Transcription levels of both carB and carRA were strongly induced only under mating conditions. These data suggest that beta-carotene production in B. trispora is due to increased transcription of the biosynthesis genes carB and carRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- André D Schmidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
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Wöstemeyer J, Grünler A, Schimek C, Voigt K. Genetic Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fungi. GENES AND GENOMICS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(05)80013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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