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Lee SJ, Kong M, Morse D, Hijri M. Expression of putative circadian clock components in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoglomus irregulare. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:523-534. [PMID: 29931403 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligatory plant symbionts that live underground, so few studies have examined their response to light. Responses to blue light by other fungi can be mediated by White Collar-1 (WC-1) and WC-2 proteins. These wc genes, together with the frequency gene (frq), also form part of the endogenous circadian clock. The clock mechanism has never been studied in AMF, although circadian growth of their hyphae in the field has been reported. Using both genomic and transcriptomic data, we have found homologs of wc-1, wc-2, and frq and related circadian clock genes in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoglomus irregulare (synonym Rhizophagus irregularis). Gene expression of wc-1, wc-2, and frq was analyzed using RT-qPCR on RNA extracted from germinating spores and from fungal material cultivated in vitro with transformed carrot roots. We found that all three core clock genes were expressed in both pre- and post-mycorrhizal stages of R. irregulare growth. Similar to the model fungus Neurospora crassa, the core circadian oscillator gene frq was induced by brief light stimulation. The presence of circadian clock and output genes in R. irregulare opens the door to the study of circadian clocks in the fungal partner of plant-AMF symbiosis. Our finding also provides new insight into the evolution of the circadian frq gene in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Jae Lee
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Mengxuan Kong
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - David Morse
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada.
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Nagahashi G, Douds DD. Synergism between blue light and root exudate compounds and evidence for a second messenger in the hyphal branching response ofGigaspora gigantea. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Douds
- Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038
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Sunlight and Soil–Litter Mixing: Drivers of Litter Decomposition in Drylands. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Idnurm A, Verma S, Corrochano LM. A glimpse into the basis of vision in the kingdom Mycota. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:881-92. [PMID: 20451644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all organisms exposed to light are capable of sensing this environmental signal. In recent years the photoreceptors that mediate the ability of fungi to "see" have been identified in diverse species, and increasingly characterized. The small sizes of fungal genomes and ease in genetic and molecular biology manipulations make this kingdom ideal amongst the eukaryotes for understanding photosensing. The most widespread and conserved photosensory protein in the fungi is White collar 1 (WC-1), a flavin-binding photoreceptor that functions with WC-2 as a transcription factor complex. Other photosensory proteins in fungi include opsins, phytochromes and cryptochromes whose roles in fungal photobiology are not fully resolved and their distribution in the fungi requires further taxon sampling. Additional unknown photoreceptors await discovery. This review discusses the effects of light on fungi and the evolutionary processes that may have shaped the ability of species to sense and respond to this signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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García-Garrido JM, Lendzemo V, Castellanos-Morales V, Steinkellner S, Vierheilig H. Strigolactones, signals for parasitic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2009; 19:449-459. [PMID: 19629541 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although strigolactones play a critical role as rhizospheric signaling molecules for the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and for seed germination of parasitic weeds, scarce data are available about interactions between AM fungi and strigolactones. In the present work, we present background data on strigolactones from studies on their seed germination activity on the parasitic weeds Orobanche and Striga, the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus for this seed germination activity, and what this could mean for AM fungi. We also present results on the susceptibility of plants to AM fungi and the possible involvement of strigolactones in this AM susceptibility and discuss the role of strigolactones for the formation and the regulation of the AM symbiosis as well as the possible implication of these compounds as plant signals in other soil-borne plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M García-Garrido
- Departamento de Microbiología, Estación Experimental de Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - V Lendzemo
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Maroua, P.O. Box 33, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - V Castellanos-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología, Estación Experimental de Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - S Steinkellner
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz (DAPP), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Horst Vierheilig
- Departamento de Microbiología, Estación Experimental de Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Besserer A, Bécard G, Jauneau A, Roux C, Séjalon-Delmas N. GR24, a synthetic analog of strigolactones, stimulates the mitosis and growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora rosea by boosting its energy metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:402-13. [PMID: 18614712 PMCID: PMC2528133 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate biotrophs that participate in a highly beneficial root symbiosis with 80% of land plants. Strigolactones are trace molecules in plant root exudates that are perceived by AM fungi at subnanomolar concentrations. Within just a few hours, they were shown to stimulate fungal mitochondria, spore germination, and branching of germinating hyphae. In this study we show that treatment of Gigaspora rosea with a strigolactone analog (GR24) causes a rapid increase in the NADH concentration, the NADH dehydrogenase activity, and the ATP content of the fungal cell. This fully and rapidly (within minutes) activated oxidative metabolism does not require new gene expression. Up-regulation of the genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and hyphal growth, and stimulation of the fungal mitotic activity, take place several days after this initial boost to the cellular energy of the fungus. Such a rapid and powerful action of GR24 on G. rosea cells suggests that strigolactones are important plant signals involved in switching AM fungi toward full germination and a presymbiotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Besserer
- Plant Cell Surfaces and Signaling Laboratory, UMR5546 CNRS/University of Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Friedl MA, Schmoll M, Kubicek CP, Druzhinina IS. Photostimulation of Hypocrea atroviridis growth occurs due to a cross-talk of carbon metabolism, blue light receptors and response to oxidative stress. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1229-1241. [PMID: 18375815 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/014175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Light is a fundamental abiotic factor which stimulates growth and development of the majority of living organisms. In soil saprotrophic fungi, light is primarily known to influence morphogenesis, particularly sexual and asexual spore formation. Here we present a new function of light, the enhancement of mycelial growth. The photostimulated mycelial growth of the soil fungus Hypocrea atroviridis was detected on 17 (out of 95 tested carbon sources) carbohydrates and polyols, which are metabolically related to cellulose and hemicelluloses, and which are mainly available in the upper soil litter layer. This stimulation depends differently on the function of the two blue light receptor proteins BLR-1 and BLR-2, respectively, BLR-1 being responsible for carbon source selectivity and response to permanent light. Evocation of oxidative stress response in darkness imitates the photostimulation on nine of these carbon sources, and this effect was fully dependent on the function of BLR-1. We conclude that light in combination with the availability of litter-specific carbon sources serves as a signal for the fungus to be above ground, thereby stimulating fast growth in order to produce a maximum of propagules in the shortest time. We further deduce that this process involves oxidative stress response and the two blue light receptor proteins BLR-1 and BLR-2, the former playing the major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A Friedl
- Research Area of Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-1665, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Research Area of Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-1665, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Research Area of Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-1665, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Research Area of Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9-1665, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Steinkellner S, Lendzemo V, Langer I, Schweiger P, Khaosaad T, Toussaint JP, Vierheilig H. Flavonoids and strigolactones in root exudates as signals in symbiotic and pathogenic plant-fungus interactions. Molecules 2007; 12:1290-306. [PMID: 17909485 PMCID: PMC6149470 DOI: 10.3390/12071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary plant compounds are important signals in several symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions. The present review is limited to two groups of secondary plant compounds, flavonoids and strigolactones, which have been reported in root exudates. Data on flavonoids as signaling compounds are available from several symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions, whereas only recently initial data on the role of strigolactones as plant signals in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis have been reported. Data from other plant-microbe interactions and strigolactones are not available yet. In the present article we are focusing on flavonoids in plant-fungal interactions such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association and the signaling between different Fusarium species and plants. Moreover the role of strigolactones in the AM association is discussed and new data on the effect of strigolactones on fungi, apart from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegrid Steinkellner
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzen-biotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: , ;
| | - Venasius Lendzemo
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Maroua, Cameroon; E-mail:
| | - Ingrid Langer
- Institut für Bodenforschung, Department für Wald- und Bodenwissenschaften, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: ;
| | - Peter Schweiger
- Institut für Bodenforschung, Department für Wald- und Bodenwissenschaften, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: ;
| | - Thanasan Khaosaad
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzen-biotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: , ;
| | - Jean-Patrick Toussaint
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; E-mail:
| | - Horst Vierheilig
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzen-biotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Peter Jordan-Straße 82, A-1190 Wien, Austria; E-mail: , ;
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Grolig F, Döring M, Galland P. Gravisusception by buoyancy: a mechanism ubiquitous among fungi? PROTOPLASMA 2006; 229:117-23. [PMID: 17180492 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is ubiquitous among the fungal taxa; however, the mechanism(s) of gravisusception have overall remained obscure so far. In the vegetative sporangiophore of the zygomycete Phycomyces blakesleeanus some 200 large lipid globules form a conspicuous spherical complex which is positioned in a dense mesh of filamentous actin about 100 microm below the growing tip of the apex. Experimental suppression of that complex by transient growth at low temperature greatly diminishes the gravitropic response of the sporangiophore. With respect to size and abundance of the globules, the complex of lipid globules meets basic physical criteria for a possible function of gravisusception. Accumulations of similar lipid globules of critical size are documented in the apex of gravitropically growing hyphae of the endomycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita (Glomeromycota) and have been described in the hyphal apices of members of various fungal phyla. We suppose that--in contrast to plants which use starch as a carbon storage and amyloplasts as statoliths--the fungi utilise the buoyancy of carbon-storing oil droplets for gravisusception.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grolig
- Pflanzenphysiologie und Photobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 57:233-66. [PMID: 16669762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1740] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere encompasses the millimeters of soil surrounding a plant root where complex biological and ecological processes occur. This review describes recent advances in elucidating the role of root exudates in interactions between plant roots and other plants, microbes, and nematodes present in the rhizosphere. Evidence indicating that root exudates may take part in the signaling events that initiate the execution of these interactions is also presented. Various positive and negative plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions are highlighted and described from the molecular to the ecosystem scale. Furthermore, methodologies to address these interactions under laboratory conditions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh P Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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