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Jaroenlak P, Cammer M, Davydov A, Sall J, Usmani M, Liang FX, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G. 3-Dimensional organization and dynamics of the microsporidian polar tube invasion machinery. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008738. [PMID: 32946515 PMCID: PMC7526891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia, a divergent group of single-celled eukaryotic parasites, harness a specialized harpoon-like invasion apparatus called the polar tube (PT) to gain entry into host cells. The PT is tightly coiled within the transmissible extracellular spore, and is about 20 times the length of the spore. Once triggered, the PT is rapidly ejected and is thought to penetrate the host cell, acting as a conduit for the transfer of infectious cargo into the host. The organization of this specialized infection apparatus in the spore, how it is deployed, and how the nucleus and other large cargo are transported through the narrow PT are not well understood. Here we use serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reveal the 3-dimensional architecture of the PT and its relative spatial orientation to other organelles within the spore. Using high-speed optical microscopy, we also capture and quantify the entire PT germination process of three human-infecting microsporidian species in vitro: Anncaliia algerae, Encephalitozoon hellem and E. intestinalis. Our results show that the emerging PT experiences very high accelerating forces to reach velocities exceeding 300 μm⋅s-1, and that firing kinetics differ markedly between species. Live-cell imaging reveals that the nucleus, which is at least 7 times larger than the diameter of the PT, undergoes extreme deformation to fit through the narrow tube, and moves at speeds comparable to PT extension. Our study sheds new light on the 3-dimensional organization, dynamics, and mechanism of PT extrusion, and shows how infectious cargo moves through the tube to initiate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattana Jaroenlak
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alina Davydov
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sall
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mahrukh Usmani
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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2
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Medina EM, Robinson KA, Bellingham-Johnstun K, Ianiri G, Laplante C, Fritz-Laylin LK, Buchler NE. Genetic transformation of Spizellomyces punctatus, a resource for studying chytrid biology and evolutionary cell biology. eLife 2020; 9:52741. [PMID: 32392127 PMCID: PMC7213984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chytrids are early-diverging fungi that share features with animals that have been lost in most other fungi. They hold promise as a system to study fungal and animal evolution, but we lack genetic tools for hypothesis testing. Here, we generated transgenic lines of the chytrid Spizellomyces punctatus, and used fluorescence microscopy to explore chytrid cell biology and development during its life cycle. We show that the chytrid undergoes multiple rounds of synchronous nuclear division, followed by cellularization, to create and release many daughter ‘zoospores’. The zoospores, akin to animal cells, crawl using actin-mediated cell migration. After forming a cell wall, polymerized actin reorganizes into fungal-like cortical patches and cables that extend into hyphal-like structures. Actin perinuclear shells form each cell cycle and polygonal territories emerge during cellularization. This work makes Spizellomyces a genetically tractable model for comparative cell biology and understanding the evolution of fungi and early eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar M Medina
- University of Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Kristyn A Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | | | - Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Caroline Laplante
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | | | - Nicolas E Buchler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
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3
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Highly diverse fungal communities in carbon-rich aquifers of two contrasting lakes in Northeast Germany. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Fritz-Laylin LK, Lord SJ, Mullins RD. WASP and SCAR are evolutionarily conserved in actin-filled pseudopod-based motility. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1673-1688. [PMID: 28473602 PMCID: PMC5461030 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use diverse cellular mechanisms to crawl through complex environments. Fritz-Laylin et al. define α-motility as a mode of migration associated with dynamic, actin-filled pseudopods and show that WASP and SCAR constitute an evolutionarily conserved genetic signature of α-motility. Diverse eukaryotic cells crawl through complex environments using distinct modes of migration. To understand the underlying mechanisms and their evolutionary relationships, we must define each mode and identify its phenotypic and molecular markers. In this study, we focus on a widely dispersed migration mode characterized by dynamic actin-filled pseudopods that we call “α-motility.” Mining genomic data reveals a clear trend: only organisms with both WASP and SCAR/WAVE—activators of branched actin assembly—make actin-filled pseudopods. Although SCAR has been shown to drive pseudopod formation, WASP’s role in this process is controversial. We hypothesize that these genes collectively represent a genetic signature of α-motility because both are used for pseudopod formation. WASP depletion from human neutrophils confirms that both proteins are involved in explosive actin polymerization, pseudopod formation, and cell migration. WASP and WAVE also colocalize to dynamic signaling structures. Moreover, retention of WASP together with SCAR correctly predicts α-motility in disease-causing chytrid fungi, which we show crawl at >30 µm/min with actin-filled pseudopods. By focusing on one migration mode in many eukaryotes, we identify a genetic marker of pseudopod formation, the morphological feature of α-motility, providing evidence for a widely distributed mode of cell crawling with a single evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian K Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Samuel J Lord
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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5
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Piotrowski JS, Annis SL, Longcore JE. Physiology ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joyce E. Longcore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
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6
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Moss AS, Reddy NS, Dortaj IM, San Francisco MJ. Chemotaxis of the amphibian pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisand its response to a variety of attractants. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2008.11832493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Paulraj A, Musthafa MS, Altaff K, Ali ARH, Arockiaraj J, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R. Chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis fungal infection in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) - A new report. AQUACULTURE 2016; 464:521-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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8
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Deacon J. The Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms. Fungal Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118685068.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Costa SR, Kerry BR, Bardgett RD, Davies KG. Interactions between nematodes and their microbial enemies in coastal sand dunes. Oecologia 2012; 170:1053-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gleason FH, Crawford JW, Neuhauser S, Henderson LE, Lilje O. Resource seeking strategies of zoosporic true fungi in heterogeneous soil habitats at the microscale level. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 45:79-88. [PMID: 22308003 PMCID: PMC3261367 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Zoosporic true fungi have frequently been identified in samples from soil and freshwater ecosystems using baiting and molecular techniques. In fact some species can be components of the dominant groups of microorganisms in particular soil habitats. Yet these microorganisms have not yet been directly observed growing in soil ecosystems. Significant physical characteristics and features of the three-dimensional structures of soils which impact microorganisms at the microscale level are discussed. A thorough knowledge of soil structures is important for studying the distribution of assemblages of these fungi and understanding their ecological roles along spatial and temporal gradients. A number of specific adaptations and resource seeking strategies possibly give these fungi advantages over other groups of microorganisms in soil ecosystems. These include chemotactic zoospores, mechanisms for adhesion to substrates, rhizoids which can penetrate substrates in small spaces, structures which are resistant to environmental extremes, rapid growth rates and simple nutritional requirements. These adaptations are discussed in the context of the characteristics of soils ecosystems. Recent advances in instrumentation have led to the development of new and more precise methods for studying microorganisms in three-dimensional space. New molecular techniques have made identification of microbes possible in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Gleason
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John W. Crawford
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens–University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda E. Henderson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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11
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Venesky MD, Kerby JL, Storfer A, Parris MJ. Can differences in host behavior drive patterns of disease prevalence in tadpoles? PLoS One 2011; 6:e24991. [PMID: 21949824 PMCID: PMC3174251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in host behavior and resistance to disease can influence the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. We capitalized on the variation in aggregation behavior of Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus [ = Bufo] fowleri) and grey treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles and tested for differences in transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and host-specific fitness consequences (i.e., life history traits that imply fitness) of infection in single-species amphibian mesocosms. On average, A. fowleri mesocosms supported higher Bd prevalences and infection intensities relative to H. versicolor mesocosms. Higher Bd prevalence in A. fowleri mesocosms may result, in part, from higher intraspecific transmission due to the aggregation of tadpoles raised in Bd treatments. We also found that, independent of species, tadpoles raised in the presence of Bd were smaller and less developed than tadpoles raised in disease-free conditions. Our results indicate that aggregation behavior might increase Bd prevalence and that A. fowleri tadpoles carry heavier infections relative to H. versicolor tadpoles. However, our results demonstrate that Bd appears to negatively impact larval growth and developmental rates of A. fowleri and H. versicolor similarly, even in the absence of high Bd prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Venesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
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Evidence for the involvement of surface carbohydrates in the recognition of Haematococcus pluvialis by the parasitic blastoclad Paraphysoderma sedebokerensis. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:803-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Garner TWJ, Walker S, Bosch J, Leech S, Marcus Rowcliffe J, Cunningham AA, Fisher MC. Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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16
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Hoffman Y, Aflalo C, Zarka A, Gutman J, James TY, Boussiba S. Isolation and characterization of a novel chytrid species (phylum Blastocladiomycota), parasitic on the green alga Haematococcus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Yang J, Tian B, Liang L, Zhang KQ. Extracellular enzymes and the pathogenesis of nematophagous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:21-31. [PMID: 17318531 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi are an important group of soil microorganisms that can suppress the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. The pathogenic mechanisms of nematophagous fungi are diverse: They can be parasitical-mechanical through producing specialized capturing devices, or toxin-dependent. During infections, a variety of virulence factors may be involved against nematodes by nematophagous fungi. In this review, we present up-to-date information on the modes of infection by nematophagous fungi. The roles of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and other virulence factors involved in infection against nematodes were summarized. The biochemical properties and peptide sequences of a special group of enzymes, the serine proteases, were compared, and their implications in infections were discussed. We also discussed the impact of emerging new techniques on our understanding of this unique group of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
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Skalamera D, Wasson AP, Hardham AR. Genes expressed in zoospores of Phytophthora nicotianae. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 270:549-57. [PMID: 14652735 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Phytophthora includes many highly destructive plant pathogens. In many Phytophthora species, pathogen dispersal and initiation of plant infection are achieved by motile, biflagellate zoospores that are chemotactically attracted to suitable infection sites. In order to study gene expression in zoospores, we have constructed a cDNA library using mRNA from zoospores of Phytophthora nicotianae. The library was arrayed and screened using probes derived from mycelium or zoospore mRNA. More than 400 clones representing genes preferentially expressed in zoospores were identified and sequenced from the 5' end of the insert. The expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated were found to represent 240 genes. The ESTs were compared to sequences in GenBank and in the Phytophthora Genome Consortium database, and classified according to putative function based on homology to known proteins. To further characterize the identified genes, a colony array was created on replicate nylon filters and screened with probes derived from four Phytophthora developmental stages including zoospores, germinating cysts, vegetative mycelium and sporulating hyphae, and from inoculated and uninoculated tobacco seedlings. Data from sequence analysis and colony array screening were compiled into a local database, and searched to identify genes that are preferentially expressed in zoospores for future functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Skalamera
- Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Protection and Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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