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Prihatna C, Larkan NJ, Barbetti MJ, Barker SJ. Tomato CYCLOPS/IPD3 is required for mycorrhizal symbiosis but not tolerance to Fusarium wilt in mycorrhiza-deficient tomato mutant rmc. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:495-507. [PMID: 29948410 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis requires several common symbiosis genes including CYCLOPS/IPD3. The reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) tomato mutant has a deletion of five genes including CYCLOPS/IPD3, and rmc is more susceptible to Fusarium wilt than its wild-type parental line. This study investigated the genetic defects leading to both fungal interaction phenotypes and whether these were separable. Complementation was performed in rmc to test the requirement for CYCLOPS/IPD3 in mycorrhiza formation and Fusarium wilt tolerance. Promoter analysis via GFP expression in roots was conducted to determine the role of native regulatory elements in the proper functioning of CYCLOPS/IPD3. CYCLOPS/IPD3 regulated by its native promoter, but not a 2×35S promoter, restores mycorrhizal association in rmc. GFP regulated by the 2×35S promoter is not expressed in epidermal cells of roots, indicating that expression of CYCLOPS/IPD3 in these cells is required for colonisation by the fungi utilised in this research. CYCLOPS/IPD3 did not restore Fusarium wilt tolerance, however, showing that the genetic requirements for mycorrhizal association and Fusarium wilt tolerance are different. Our results confirm the expected role of CYCLOPS/IPD3 in mycorrhizal symbiosis and suggest that Fusarium tolerance is conferred by one of the other four genes affected by the deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahya Prihatna
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
- PT Wilmar Benih Indonesia, Jalan Jababeka X Blok F No. 9, Bekasi, Jawa Barat, 17530, Indonesia.
| | | | - Martin John Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Susan Jane Barker
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Larkan NJ, Ruzicka DR, Edmonds-Tibbett T, Durkin JMH, Jackson LE, Smith FA, Schachtman DP, Smith SE, Barker SJ. The reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) mutation of tomato disrupts five gene sequences including the CYCLOPS/IPD3 homologue. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:573-584. [PMID: 23572326 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in vascular plant roots is an ancient mutualistic interaction that evolved with land plants. More recently evolved root mutualisms have recruited components of the AM signalling pathway as identified with molecular approaches in model legume research. Earlier we reported that the reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) mutation of tomato mapped to chromosome 8. Here we report additional functional characterisation of the rmc mutation using genotype grafts and proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Our results led to identification of the precise genome location of the Rmc locus from which we identified the mutation by sequencing. The rmc phenotype results from a deletion that disrupts five predicted gene sequences, one of which has close sequence match to the CYCLOPS/IPD3 gene identified in legumes as an essential intracellular regulator of both AM and rhizobial symbioses. Identification of two other genes not located at the rmc locus but with altered expression in the rmc genotype is also described. Possible roles of the other four disrupted genes in the deleted region are discussed. Our results support the identification of CYCLOPS/IPD3 in legumes and rice as a key gene required for AM symbiosis. The extensive characterisation of rmc in comparison with its 'parent' 76R, which has a normal mycorrhizal phenotype, has validated these lines as an important comparative model for glasshouse and field studies of AM and non-mycorrhizal plants with respect to plant competition and microbial interactions with vascular plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Larkan
- School of Plant Biology M090, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Ovchinnikova E, Journet EP, Chabaud M, Cosson V, Ratet P, Duc G, Fedorova E, Liu W, den Camp RO, Zhukov V, Tikhonovich I, Borisov A, Bisseling T, Limpens E. IPD3 controls the formation of nitrogen-fixing symbiosomes in pea and Medicago Spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1333-44. [PMID: 21787150 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis requires the accommodation of rhizobial bacteria as new organelle-like structures, called symbiosomes, inside the cells of their legume hosts. Two legume mutants that are most strongly impaired in their ability to form symbiosomes are sym1/TE7 in Medicago truncatula and sym33 in Pisum sativum. We have cloned both MtSYM1 and PsSYM33 and show that both encode the recently identified interacting protein of DMI3 (IPD3), an ortholog of Lotus japonicus (Lotus) CYCLOPS. IPD3 and CYCLOPS were shown to interact with DMI3/CCaMK, which encodes a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent kinase that is an essential component of the common symbiotic signaling pathway for both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Our data reveal a novel, key role for IPD3 in symbiosome formation and development. We show that MtIPD3 participates in but is not essential for infection thread formation and that MtIPD3 also affects DMI3-induced spontaneous nodule formation upstream of cytokinin signaling. Further, MtIPD3 appears to be required for the expression of a nodule-specific remorin, which controls proper infection thread growth and is essential for symbiosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Manjarrez M, Wallwork M, Smith SE, Smith FA, Dickson S. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce differences in cellular responses and fungal activity in a mycorrhiza-defective mutant of tomato (rmc). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:86-96. [PMID: 32688630 DOI: 10.1071/fp08032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) mutant of tomato forms different phenotypes with different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Our aim was to characterise microscopically the cellular responses in plant and fungus in order to reveal how these varied when colonisation was blocked at different stages. Synchronised colonisation coupled with vital staining, autofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) were used to determine how long the AM fungi stay alive during the interactions with rmc, whether nuclear repositioning occurred in the same way as in wild-type interactions and whether there was evidence for deployment of defence responses. The results showed that (1) all the AM fungi tested were attracted to roots of rmc, on which they developed active external mycelium and appressoria, the latter sometimes in higher numbers than on the wild type; (2) plant cellular responses, such as nuclear movement, occurred only when the AM fungus was able to penetrate the epidermal cells of rmc; and (3) plant defence responses such as autofluorescence were observed only transiently and callose deposition was not involved in blocking AM fungi in rmc. The results demonstrate that multi-step AM colonisation is not only an outcome of cellular processes influenced by both plant and fungus, but is also modified by the capacity of different AM fungi to respond to the plant phenotype induced by the rmc mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manjarrez
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Meredith Wallwork
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sally E Smith
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - F Andrew Smith
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sandy Dickson
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Rosewarne GM, Smith FA, Schachtman DP, Smith SE. Localization of proton-ATPase genes expressed in arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato plants. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:249-258. [PMID: 17216501 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, solutes such as phosphate are transferred to the plant in return for photoassimilates. The uptake mechanism is probably facilitated by a proton gradient generated by proton H(+)-ATPases. We investigated expression of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. H(+)-ATPases in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants to determine if any are specifically regulated in response to colonization. Tissue expression and cellular localization of H(+)-ATPases were determined by RNA gel blot analysis and in situ hybridization of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. LHA1, LHA2, and LHA4 had high levels of expression in roots and were expressed predominantly in epidermal cells. LHA1 and LHA4 were also expressed in cortical cells containing arbuscules. The presence of arbuscules in root sections was correlated with lower levels of expression of these two isoforms in the epidermis. These results suggest that LHA1 and LHA4 expression is decreased in epidermal cells located in regions of the root that contain arbuscules. This provides evidence of differential regulation between molecular mechanisms involved in proton-coupled nutrient transfer either from the soil or fungus to the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Andrew Smith
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sally E Smith
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia
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Hohnjec N, Henckel K, Bekel T, Gouzy J, Dondrup M, Goesmann A, Küster H. Transcriptional snapshots provide insights into the molecular basis of arbuscular mycorrhiza in the model legume Medicago truncatula. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:737-748. [PMID: 32689284 DOI: 10.1071/fp06079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association between terrestrial plants and soil fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota is the most widespread beneficial plant-microbe interaction on earth. In the course of the symbiosis, fungal hyphae colonise plant roots and supply limiting nutrients, in particular phosphorus, in exchange for carbon compounds. Owing to the obligate biotrophy of mycorrhizal fungi and the lack of genetic systems to study them, targeted molecular studies on AM symbioses proved to be difficult. With the emergence of plant genomics and the selection of suitable models, an application of untargeted expression profiling experiments became possible. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, high-throughput expressed sequence tag (EST)-sequencing in conjunction with in silico and experimental transcriptome profiling provided transcriptional snapshots that together defined the global genetic program activated during AM. Owing to an asynchronous development of the symbiosis, several hundred genes found to be activated during the symbiosis cannot be easily correlated with symbiotic structures, but the expression of selected genes has been extended to the cellular level to correlate gene expression with specific stages of AM development. These approaches identified marker genes for the AM symbiosis and provided the first insights into the molecular basis of gene expression regulation during AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Hohnjec
- Institute for Genome Research, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kolja Henckel
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Bekel
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jerome Gouzy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes LIPM, Chemin de Borde-Rouge-Auzeville, BP 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, Cedex, France
| | - Michael Dondrup
- International Graduate School in Bioinformatics and Genome Research, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Institute for Genome Research, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
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Poulsen KH, Nagy R, Gao LL, Smith SE, Bucher M, Smith FA, Jakobsen I. Physiological and molecular evidence for Pi uptake via the symbiotic pathway in a reduced mycorrhizal colonization mutant in tomato associated with a compatible fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 168:445-54. [PMID: 16219083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A Lycopersicon esculentum mutant (rmc) is resistant to colonization by most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but one Glomus intraradices isolate (WFVAM 23) develops arbuscules and vesicles in the rmc cortex. It is unknown whether the symbiotic phosphate (Pi)-uptake pathway is operational in this interaction. Hyphal uptake of (32)Pi and expression of plant Pi transporter genes were investigated in the rmc mutant and its wild-type progenitor (76R) associated with three AMF. Hyphae transferred (32)Pi in all symbioses with 76R and in the rmc-G. intraradices WFVAM 23 symbiosis. The other AMF did not colonize rmc. The Pi transporter-encoding LePT1 and LePT2 were expressed constitutively or in P-starved roots, respectively. The mycorrhiza-inducible Pi transporters LePT3 and LePT4 were expressed only in plants with AMF colonization and symbiotic (32)Pi transfer. LePT3 and LePT4 transcripts were reliable markers for a functional mycorrhizal uptake pathway in rmc. Our novel approach to the physiology and molecular biology of P transport can be applied to other arbuscular-mycorrhizal symbioses, irrespective of the size of plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine H Poulsen
- Department of Biosystems, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark
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Timonen S, Smith SE. Effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on expression of cytoskeletal proteins in tomato roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/b04-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression patterns of the cytoskeletal proteins α-, β-, and γ-tubulin, actin, and myosin were investigated in young tomato roots and older roots at different intensities of mycorrhizal colonization. The relative level of cytoskeletal proteins was estimated by protein blotting and immunostaining. The contribution of plant α-, β-, and γ-tubulin to the total protein pool was higher in uncolonized 2-week-old roots than in 10-week-old roots, whereas the contribution of actin remained constant. The level of plant tubulin expression was clearly higher in mycorrhizal root systems than in uncolonized older root systems. These results indicate that tubulins are more involved in plant cell differentiation than actin. Myosin of approximately 230 kDa was expressed in the roots of 10-week-old wild-type tomato but not in young or mycorrhizal tomatoes. In contrast, a smaller ca. 170 kDa myosin was consistently present in all root samples. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy showed that plant myosin was located particularly along the periarbuscular membranes surrounding the arbuscule branches. In uncolonized roots, myosin was associated mainly with membranes adjacent to plant cell walls. These data provide novel evidence that myosin expression and localization in root cells responds to mycorrhizal colonization.Key words: actin, myosin, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, protein expression, tubulin.
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Gao LL, Knogge W, Delp G, Smith FA, Smith SE. Expression patterns of defense-related genes in different types of arbuscular mycorrhizal development in wild-type and mycorrhiza-defective mutant tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1103-13. [PMID: 15497403 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.10.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of defense-related genes was analyzed in the interactions of six arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with the roots of wild-type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. 76R and of the near-isogenic mycorrhiza-defective mutant rmc. Depending on the fungal species, wild-type tomato forms both major morphological AM types, Arum and Paris. The mutant rmc blocks the penetration of the root surface or invasion of the root cortex by most species of AM fungi, but one fungus has been shown to develop normal mycorrhizas. In the wild-type tomato, accumulation of mRNA representing a number of defense-related genes was low in Arum-type interactions, consistent with findings for this AM morphotype in other plant species. In contrast, Paris-type colonization, particularly by members of the family Gigasporaceae, was accompanied by a substantial transient increase in expression of some defense-related genes. However, the extent of root colonization did not differ significantly in the two wild-type AM morphotypes, suggesting that accumulation of defense gene products per se does not limit mycorrhiza development. In the mutant, interactions in which the fungus failed to penetrate the root lacked significant accumulation of defense gene mRNAs. However, phenotypes in which the fungus penetrated epidermal or hypodermal cells were associated with an enhanced and more prolonged gene expression. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms that may underlie the specificity of the interactions between AM fungi and the rmc mutant.
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Abstract
• A survey of 12 plants colonized by six species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was conducted to explore the diversity of Arum and Paris mycorrhizal structures. • Surveyed root material was sectioned both longitudinally and transversely, double-stained and mycorrhizal structures were identified. A detailed time course experiment using four plant, and four fungal species, was used to investigate the sequential development of hyphae, arbuscules, hyphal coils, arbusculate coils and vesicles. • The survey indicated that there was a continuum of mycorrhizal structures ranging from Arum to Paris, depending upon both the host plant and the fungus. The time course showed that total colonization increased, and that the establishment of the various mycorrhizal structures did not appear to change greatly over time. • It was concluded that identification of fungal structures and their subsequent development into morphological types is not easily defined. Visual inspection of root squashes is not always adequate, especially where transverse sections are needed to determine if longitudinal hyphae are inter or intracellular; this is essential to distinguish intermediate types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dickson
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Cavagnaro TR, Smith FA, Hay G, Carne-Cavagnaro VL, Smith SE. Inoculum type does not affect overall resistance of an arbuscular mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant to colonisation but inoculation does change competitive interactions with wild-type tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:485-494. [PMID: 33873510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
• The influence of inoculum type on colonisation of a mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutant, rmc, by the AM fungus Glomus coronatum was studied by comparing inoculum composed predominantly of spores with hyphae growing from mycorrhizal 'nurse plants', including the wild-type tomato progenitor (WT), other Lycopersicon species, and leek. • Colonisation of rmc was not primarily influenced by inoculum source; minor differences could be attributed to differences in inoculum potential. The mutation is therefore different from other mycorrhiza-defective tomato mutants. • Growth of rmc was reduced in the presence of nurse plants, because of competition with them, so a second experiment examined the effects of AM colonisation on competition between rmc and the WT tomato. This experiment was a replacement series in which rmc and WT were grown in competition and as single plants, inoculated with G. coronatum or uninoculated. • The WT did not respond to G. coronatum when grown alone, but responded positively when in competition with rmc. We conclude from the second experiment that mycorrhizal responsiveness is influenced by competition with (in this case) a surrogate nonhost plant rmc in a situation that mimics interspecific competition. It is therefore a community-based parameter. Results are discussed in the context of responses of mycorrhizal vs nonmycorrhizal species and competition in natural plant ecosytems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Cavagnaro
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
- Plant and Pest Sciences, School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - F A Smith
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
| | - G Hay
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
- Present address: Environmental Biology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - V L Carne-Cavagnaro
- Plant and Pest Sciences, School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and
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Delp G, Timonen S, Rosewarne GM, Barker SJ, Smith S. Differential expression of Glomus intraradices genes in external mycelium and mycorrhizal roots of tomato and barley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 107:1083-93. [PMID: 14563136 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203008311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Relative quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting were used to investigate the expression of three genes with potentially regulatory functions from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in symbiosis with tomato and barley. Standardisation of total RNA per sample and determination of different ratios of plant and fungal RNA in roots as colonisation proceeded were achieved by relative quantitative RT-PCR using universal (NS1/NS21) and organism-specific rRNA primers. In addition, generic primers were designed for amplification of plant or fungal beta-tubulin genes and for plant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes as these have been suggested as useful controls in symbiotic systems. The fungal genes Ginmyc1 and Ginhb1 were expressed only in the external mycelium and not in colonised roots at both mRNA and protein levels, with the proteins detected almost exclusively in the insoluble fractions. In contrast, mRNA of Ginmyc2 was identified in both external and intraradical mycelium. In mycorrhizal roots, Ginmyc2 and fungal beta-tubulin mRNAs increased in proportion to fungal rRNA as colonisation proceeded, suggesting that accumulation reflected intraradical fungal growth. Fungal alpha-tubulin protein and beta-tubulin mRNA both appeared to be more abundantly accumulated in AM hyphae within heavily colonised roots than in external hyphae, relative to fungal rRNA. Tomato GAPDH mRNA accumulation was proportional to tomato rRNA, but accumulation of tomato beta-tubulin mRNA was reduced in colonised roots compared to non-mycorrhizal roots. These results provide novel evidence of differential spatial and temporal regulation of AM fungal genes, indicate that the expression of tubulin genes of both plant and fungus may be regulated during colonisation and validate the use of multiple 'control' genes in analysis of mycorrhizal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Delp
- Soil and Land Systems, School of Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Private Bag 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Dickson S, Schweiger P, Smith FA, Söderström B, Smith S. Paired arbuscules in the Arum-type arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Linum usitatissimum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/b03-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the "paired" arbuscules characteristic of Arum-type mycorrhizal colonization in Linum usitatissimum L. The development and senescence of arbuscular structures were followed in a time course study. Roots were freeze-sectioned longitudinally and mycorrhizal structures visualized using nitroblue tetrazolium, a vital stain to indicate metabolically active arbuscules and intercellular hyphae, followed by acid fuchsin counterstaining. Arbuscules were imaged using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The volume and surface area of each arbuscule of a developing paired structure were measured using three-dimensional imaging software. Arbuscules occurred in pairs in adjacent cortical cells arising from a single, radial intercellular hypha. These "paired" arbuscules often appeared to be at different developmental stages. Logistic regression and measurement of surface area indicated that there was a delay in initiation of the second arbuscule.Key words: Arum-type arbuscular mycorrhiza, double staining, metabolic activity, morphology, confocal microscopy, Linum usitatissimum.
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Hause B, Maier W, Miersch O, Kramell R, Strack D. Induction of jasmonate biosynthesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal barley roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1213-20. [PMID: 12427988 PMCID: PMC166642 DOI: 10.1104/pp.006007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2002] [Revised: 05/14/2002] [Accepted: 08/02/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Salome) roots by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, leads to elevated levels of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and its amino acid conjugate JA-isoleucine, whereas the level of the JA precursor, oxophytodienoic acid, remains constant. The rise in jasmonates is accompanied by the expression of genes coding for an enzyme of JA biosynthesis (allene oxide synthase) and of a jasmonate-induced protein (JIP23). In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that expression of these genes occurred cell specifically within arbuscule-containing root cortex cells. The concomitant gene expression indicates that jasmonates are generated and act within arbuscule-containing cells. By use of a near-synchronous mycorrhization, analysis of temporal expression patterns showed the occurrence of transcript accumulation 4 to 6 d after the appearance of the first arbuscules. This suggests that the endogenous rise in jasmonates might be related to the fully established symbiosis rather than to the recognition of interacting partners or to the onset of interaction. Because the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates, a model is proposed in which the induction of JA biosynthesis in colonized roots is linked to the stronger sink function of mycorrhizal roots compared with nonmycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hause
- Abteilung Sekundärstoffwechsel, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany.
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Fester T, Hause B, Schmidt D, Halfmann K, Schmidt J, Wray V, Hause G, Strack D. Occurrence and localization of apocarotenoids in arbuscular mycorrhizal plant roots. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:256-65. [PMID: 11917079 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The core structure of the yellow pigment from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) maize roots contains the apocarotenoids mycorradicin (an acyclic C14 polyene) and blumenol C cellobioside (a C13 cyclohexenone diglucoside). The pigment seems to be a mixture of different esterification products of these apocarotenoids. It is insoluble in water and accumulates as hydrophobic droplets in the vacuoles of root cortical cells. Screening 58 species from 36 different plant families, we detected mycorradicin in mycorrhizal roots of all Liliopsida analyzed and of a considerable number of Rosopsida, but also species were found in which mycorradicin was undetectable in mycorrhizal roots. Kinetic experiments and microscopic analyses indicate that accumulation of the yellow pigment is correlated with the concomitant degradation of arbuscules and the extensive plastid network covering these haustorium-like fungal structures. The role of the apocarotenoids in mycorrhizal roots is still unknown. The potential C40 carotenoid precursors, however, are more likely to be of functional importance in the development and functioning of arbuscules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fester
- Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Abteilung Sekundärstoffwechsel, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Dickson S, Smith SE. Cross walls in arbuscular trunk hyphae form after loss of metabolic activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:735-742. [PMID: 33853256 DOI: 10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• A time-course of Allium porrum colonized by Glomus coronatum examined the formation of cross walls in arbuscular trunk hyphae in relation to the development and senescence of arbuscules. • Mycorrhizal structures visualized using nitroblue tetrazolium as a vital stain indicated metabolically active arbuscules and intercellular hyphae with counterstaining by acid fuchsin. The intrahyphal location and intact nature of cross walls was examined using confocal microscopy. Their presence was correlated with the metabolic status of the mycorrhizal unit (i.e. arbuscule branches, arbuscular trunk hypha and intercellular hypha) using an interdependence magnified intersects technique (IMIT). • Loss of metabolic activity was observed first from arbuscule branches, then from trunk hypha and lastly from intercellular hyphae. Cross walls were seen in trunk hyphae of many inactive arbuscules. The incidence of cross walls increased with time and was associated with loss of activity. • Observations suggest cross walls appeared after loss of metabolic activity in arbuscule branches in several plant-fungal combinations. The implications of cross-wall formation for mechanisms of transfer of nutrients between fungus and plant are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dickson
- Department of Soil and Water and the Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Adelaide University, Waite Campus, PBM 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Department of Soil and Water and the Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, Adelaide University, Waite Campus, PBM 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Cavagnaro TR, Smith FA, Lorimer MF, Haskard KA, Ayling SM, Smith SE. Quantitative development of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizas formed between Asphodelus fistulosus and Glomus coronatum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 149:105-113. [PMID: 33853237 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Arum- and Paris-type symbioses are the two main morphological types of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Here, the developmental time-course of the Paris-type association formed from colonization of Asphodelus fistulosus (onion weed) by Glomus coronatum is presented. • Development was monitored over 27 d. Root colonization was assessed using a modification of the magnified intersects technique (MIT), for investigating the interdependence (thus IMIT) of structures. • Hyphal and arbusculate coils were found predominantly in the outer and inner cortex of the root, respectively. The interdependence of external hyphae, hyphal coils and arbusculate coils was determined during the relatively slow development of the symbiosis. • The time required for development of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizas is slower than for the Arum type, and both time and space influence the formation of hyphal coils. Use of IMIT for scoring colonization allows determination of the interdependence of different fungal structures, and thus the technique has potentially wide applications, such as in relating the presence of different structures to signals from molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Cavagnaro
- Department of Soil and Water, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- The Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - F A Smith
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- The Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - M F Lorimer
- BiometricsSA, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - K A Haskard
- BiometricsSA, SARDI, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - S M Ayling
- Department of Soil and Water, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- The Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Department of Soil and Water, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- The Centre for Plant Root Symbioses, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Isolation by differential display of three partial cDNAs potentially coding for proteins from the VA mycorrhizal Glomus intraradices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barker SJ, Stummer B, Gao L, Dispain I, O'Connor PJ, Smith SE. A mutant in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. with highly reduced VA mycorrhizal colonization: isolation and preliminary characterisation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 15:791-797. [PMID: 29368808 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the successful isolation and preliminary characterisation of a mutant of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. with highly reduced vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal colonization. The mutation is recessive and has been designated rmc . Colonization by G. mosseae is characterised by poor development of external mycelium and a few abnormal appressoria. Vesicles were never formed by this fungus in association with the mutant. Gi. margarita formed large amounts of external mycelium, complex branched structures and occasional auxiliary cells. Small amounts of internal colonization also occurred. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) gave a clear picture of the differences in development of G. intraradices and Gi. margarita in mutant and wild-type roots and confirmed that the fungus is restricted to the root surface of the mutants. The amenability of tomato for molecular genetic characterisation should enable us to map and clone the mutated gene, and thus identify one of the biochemical bases for inability to establish a normal mycorrhizal symbiosis. The mutant represents a key advance in molecular research on VA mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Barker
- Department of Plant Science andDepartment of Soil Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - B Stummer
- Department of Plant Science andDepartment of Soil Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - L Gao
- Department of Plant Science andDepartment of Soil Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - I Dispain
- Department of Plant Science andDepartment of Soil Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - P J O'Connor
- Department of Plant Science andDepartment of Soil Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Department of Plant Science andDepartment of Soil Science, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
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Tagu D, Delp G. Regulation of root and fungal morphogenesis in mycorrhizal symbioses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:1201-7. [PMID: 9536036 PMCID: PMC1539176 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.4.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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