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Ju S, He J, Wang H, Yang L, Guo A, Guo Y, Qi M, Wang H, Ai L. Potential therapeutic drug targets and pathways prediction for premature ovarian insufficiency -Based on network pharmacologic method. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 304:116054. [PMID: 36526095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The incidence of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is gradually increasing, the proportion is rising especially in female infertility patients. The risk of death of POI patients with cardiovascular disease also increases significantly. The cause of POI is complex and unclear, and clinical treatment is still in the exploratory stage, are two major constraints of treating POI. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used in the treatment of POI, and it is a good way to combine the development of modern new drugs with the help of TCM to predict the therapeutic targets. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, four herbs commonly used in clinical treatment of POI, namely Radix Paeoniae, Polygonatum sibiricum, Rehmannia glutinosa and Eucommia ulmoides were selected to predict their mechanism in the treatment of POI, using network pharmacology methods. Then verify the predicted targets by animal test. Aim to find more effective POI potential core treatment targets and main pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS We screened the active ingredients of drugs from the TCM System Pharmacology Analysis Platform (TCMSP), Performed target prediction of active ingredients from databases such as SwissTargetPrediction and compare and analyze the POI-related targets retrieved from them to obtain potential targets for drug treatment of POI. Used STRING database to construct a protein interaction network, Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to construct an active ingredient-target-pathway network, and DAVID database to conduct the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) on the intersection targets and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. RESULTS The result is: there were 25 key targets for the treatment of POI with Radix Paeoniae Alba, 31 for the treatment of POI by Eucommia ulmoides, 28 for the treatment of POI by Polygonatum sibiricum, and 8 key targets for the treatment of Rehmannia glutinosa. The intersection targets of four herbs were defined as the core targets, which are CYP19A1, EGF, ESR1, ESR2, MDM2, AR, PCYP17A1, PPARG. Four Chinese herbs treat POI mainly through HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Estrogen signaling pathway etc. A mouse model of POI was constructed based on the results of network pharmacology to verify the predicted targets. The results showed that the protein expression of the core target changed, and the estrogen level was increased by reducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). CONCLUSIONS This study predicts the mechanism of multiple herbs in the treatment of POI, screens out more potential therapeutic drug targets and main pathways of POI treatment and provides new ideas for the subsequent development of POI therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ju
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Jialin He
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research(NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Hanbi Wang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Reproductive Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Medical College /Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Liya Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research(NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - AiXin Guo
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research(NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yiming Guo
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research(NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Mingkang Qi
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research(NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research(NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
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Wang W, Lv J, Duan H, Ding Z, Zeng J, Lv C, Hu J, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Regulatory role of melatonin on epidermal growth factor receptor, Type I collagen α1 chain, and caveolin 1 in granulosa cells of sheep antral follicles. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13760. [PMID: 35932205 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Type I collagen α1 chain (COL1A1), and caveolin 1 (CAV1) during follicular development and examined the regulatory role of melatonin (MLT) on EGFR, COL1A1, and CAV1 in sheep antral ovaries. The expression was detected in granulosa and theca cells by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to examine the expression levels of EGFR, COL1A1, and CAV1 in small (≤2 mm), medium (2-5 mm), and large (≥5 mm) follicles. The mRNA and protein levels of EGFR, COL1A1, and CAV1 were found to be the highest in large follicles. Furthermore, cultured granulosa cells were treated with MLT (10-7 -10-11 M), luzindole (nonselective MT1 and MT2 receptor antagonist, 10-7 M), and 4-phenyl-2-propanamide tetraldehyde (4P-PDOT, MT2 selective antagonist, 10-7 M) to detect the regulatory role of MLT on EGFR, COL1A1, and CAV1. Results indicated COL1A1 and CAV1 were at least partially regulated by MLT through MT1 and MT2 pathways, whereas EGFR was not. This study provided a reference for further studies on MLT regulatory role on EGFR, COL1A1, and CAV1 during sheep follicular development and elucidated the physiological mechanism of MLT regulator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
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Silva JRV, van den Hurk R, Figueiredo JR. Ovarian follicle development in vitro and oocyte competence: advances and challenges for farm animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 55:123-35. [PMID: 26836404 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last 2 decades, research on in vitro preantral follicle growth and oocyte maturation has delivered fascinating advances concerning the knowledge of processes regulating follicle growth and the developmental competence of oocytes. These advances include (1) information about the role of several hormones and growth factors on in vitro activation of primordial follicles; (2) increased understanding of the intracellular pathway involved in the initiation of primordial follicle growth; (3) the growth of primary and secondary follicles up to antral stages; and (4) production of embryos from oocytes from in vitro grown preantral follicles. This review article describes these advances, especially in regard farm animals, and discusses the reasons that limit embryo production from oocytes derived from preantral follicles cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R V Silva
- Biotechnology Nucleus of Sobral, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE 62042-280, Brazil.
| | - R van den Hurk
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 80151, The Netherlands
| | - J R Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 62700-000, Brazil
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Brito AB, Santos RR, van den Hurk R, Lima JS, Miranda MS, Ohashi OM, Domingues SFS. Short-term culture of ovarian cortical strips from capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): a morphological, viability, and molecular study of preantral follicular development in vitro. Reprod Sci 2013; 20:990-7. [PMID: 23314959 PMCID: PMC3713647 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112472737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an in vitro culture (IVC) medium containing either or not β-mercaptoethanol (BME), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), or pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) could be able to promote the development of capuchin monkeys' preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian cortical strips. Follicular viability after IVC was similar to control (89.32%). Primordial follicle recruitment to primary stage was not reached with IVC, but the rate of secondary follicle formation was increased in the medium supplemented with BME, BMP4, and PMSG (44.86%) when compared to IVC control (9.20%). In the medium supplemented with BME, BMP4, and PMSG, contrary to other media, anti-müllerian hormone-messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in ovarian tissue was upregulated (3.4-fold), while that of growth differentiation factor-9 was maintained. The BMP4-mRNA expression, however, appeared downregulated in all cultured tissues. Our findings show a favorable effect of BME, BMP4, and PMSG on the in vitro development of secondary follicles from capuchin monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Brito
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Animal Science Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - R. R. Santos
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Animal Science Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R. van den Hurk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. S. Lima
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Animal Science Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - M. S. Miranda
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | - O. M. Ohashi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Brazil
| | - S. F. S. Domingues
- Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Animal Science Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil
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Silva CMG, Castro SV, Faustino LR, Rodrigues GQ, Brito IR, Rossetto R, Saraiva MVA, Campello CC, Lobo CH, Souza CEA, Moura AAA, Donato MAM, Peixoto CA, Figueiredo JR. The effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the in vitro development of isolated goat secondary follicles and the relative mRNA expression of EGF, EGF-R, FSH-R and P450 aromatase in cultured follicles. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:453-61. [PMID: 23270918 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of varying concentrations of EGF were evaluated in terms of in vitro follicular development and the mRNA expression levels of EGF, EGF-R, FSH-R and P450 aromatase. After 6 days, the addition of 50 ng/mL of EGF to the culture medium increased the antrum formation rates in comparison to cultured control and after 18 days of culture produced oocytes with higher rates of meiosis resumption when compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). The daily follicular growth rates in presence of EGF (50 or 100) were increased in comparison to the cultured control (P<0.05). Treatment with EGF 50 stimulated the expression of EGF mRNA but reduced EGF-R mRNA expression and estradiol secretion as compared to the cultured control (P<0.05). After 18 days of culture, the mRNA levels for FSH-R and P450 aromatase were greater than those of the non-cultured controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, the effects of EGF treatment on the mRNA levels for EGF, EGF-R, FSH-R, and P450 aromatase varied according to the stage of follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M G Silva
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Celestino JJH, Bruno JB, Saraiva MVA, Rocha RMP, Brito IR, Duarte ABG, Araújo VR, Silva CMG, Matos MHT, Campello CC, Silva JRV, Figueiredo JR. Steady-state level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA and effect of EGF on in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:539-50. [PMID: 21503599 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to verify the steady-state level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA in goat follicles at various developmental stages and to investigate the influence of EGF on the survival, antrum formation and growth of secondary follicles cultured for 6 days. Primordial, primary and secondary goat follicles and small and large antral follicles were obtained to quantify EGF mRNA by real-time reverse transcription with the polymerase chain reaction. The influence of EGF and the presence or absence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the development of secondary follicles and on mRNA expression for EGF and FSH receptor (FSH-R) was determined after 6 days of culture. Survival, antrum formation and follicular diameter were evaluated every other day of culture. EGF mRNA levels in secondary follicles were significantly higher than those in primordial follicles, whereas in small and large antral follicles, EGF mRNA levels in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were significantly higher than in granulosa/theca cells. During culture, EGF in the presence or absence of FSH increased the follicular daily growth rate of secondary follicles when compared with that in enriched alpha minimal essential medium. FSH, EGF or both reduced EGF mRNA levels, whereas EGF reduced FSH-R mRNA levels after follicle culture for 6 days. Thus, EGF mRNA levels are higher in secondary follicles than in earlier stages, with both FSH and EGF promoting the growth of goat secondary follicles. EGF and/or FSH reduce EGF mRNA levels, whereas EGF decreases FSH-R mRNA levels, in cultured secondary follicles.
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Figueiredo JR, Rodrigues APR, Silva JRV, Santos RR. Cryopreservation and in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:40-7. [PMID: 21366979 DOI: 10.1071/rd10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preantral follicles (PFs) form a far larger oocyte reservoir (~90% of the follicular population) than antral follicles. Several laboratories have focussed efforts on cryopreservation and in vitro culture (IVC) of PFs to obtain large numbers of fertilisable oocytes. This technology could be used to improve the reproductive potential of economically important animals, including goats, to preserve endangered species and breeds and improve fertility after chemotherapy in young women. Caprine PFs have been successfully cryopreserved using either vitrification or slow freezing. In addition, in vitro embryo production from oocytes enclosed in caprine PFs grown and matured in vitro was also achieved. The present paper selectively reviews the published studies on cryopreservation and IVC of caprine PFs to highlight advances, limitations and prospects.
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Saraiva M, Rossetto R, Brito I, Celestino J, Silva C, Faustino L, Almeida A, Bruno J, Magalhães D, Matos M, Campello C, Figueiredo J. Dynamic Medium Produces Caprine Embryo From Preantral Follicles Grown In Vitro. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:1135-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719110379269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.V.A. Saraiva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil,
| | - R. Rossetto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - I.R. Brito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - J.J.H. Celestino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - C.M.G. Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - L.R. Faustino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - A.P. Almeida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - J.B. Bruno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - D.M. Magalhães
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - M.H.T. Matos
- Biotechnology Nucleus of Sobral (NUBIS), Nucleus of Biotechnology Applied to Ovarian Follicle Development Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - C.C. Campello
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - J.R. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
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Stability of housekeeping genes and expression of locally produced growth factors and hormone receptors in goat preantral follicles. ZYGOTE 2010; 19:71-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199410000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate the stability of six housekeeping genes, and the relative expression of growth factors (EGF, GDF-9, BMP-15, VEGF, FGF-2, BMP-6, IGF-1 and KL) and hormone receptors (FSH, LH and GH) in goat preantral follicles. To evaluate to stability of housekeeping genes micro-dissected fresh follicles (150–200 μm) as well as follicles that have been in vitro cultured for 12 days were used. In addition, isolated fresh follicles were used to compare expression of various growth factors and hormone receptors before culture. Both fresh and cultured follicles were subjected to total RNA extraction and synthesis of cDNA. After amplification of cDNA by real-time PCR, the geNorm software program was used to evaluate the stability of glyceraldehyde-2-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin, β-actin, phosphoglycerokinase (PGK), 18S rRNA, ubiquitin (UBQ) and ribosomal protein 19 (RPL-19). In addition, follicular steady-state levels of mRNA from the various growth factors under study were compared. Results demonstrated that, in goat preantral follicles, UBQ and β-actin were the most suitable reference genes and thus could be used as parameters to normalize data from future in vitro studies. In contrast, 18S RNA appeared the least stable gene among the tested housekeeping genes. Analysis of mRNA for several hypophyseal hormone receptors in fresh preantral follicles showed significantly higher FSH-R mRNA levels than those of LH-R and GH-R, and no difference between GH-R and LH-R mRNA levels. In regard growth factor mRNA expression in goat preantral follicles, EGF mRNA levels appeared significantly lower than those of the other studied growth factors. Increasingly higher relative mRNA levels were observed for GDF-9, BMP-15, BMP-6, FGF-2, VEGF, Kl and IGF-1, successively. In conclusion, UBQ and β-actin are the most stable housekeeping genes in fresh and 12-days cultured caprine preantral follicles. Furthermore, in fresh follicles, high levels of FSH-R mRNA are detected while among eight growth factors, IGF-1 is the most highly expressed and EGF the weakest expressed compound.
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Celestino J, Bruno J, Lima-Verde I, Matos M, Saraiva M, Chaves R, Martins F, Lima L, Name K, Campello C, Silva J, Bao S, Figueiredo J. Recombinant Epidermal Growth Factor Maintains Follicular Ultrastructure and Promotes the Transition to Primary Follicles in Caprine Ovarian Tissue Cultured In Vitro. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:239-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719108325756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.J.H. Celestino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil,
| | - J.B. Bruno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - I.B. Lima-Verde
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - M.H.T. Matos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - M.V.A. Saraiva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - R.N. Chaves
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - F.S. Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - L.F. Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - K.P.O. Name
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - C.C. Campello
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
| | - J.R.V. Silva
- Biotechnology Nucleus of Sobral (NUBIS), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral-CE Brazil
| | - S.N. Bao
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - J.R. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LAMOFOPA, PPGCV, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE Brazil
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