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Episodic and prospective memory difficulties in 13-year-old children born very preterm. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:257-265. [PMID: 35388789 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children born very preterm (VP) are susceptible to a range of cognitive impairments, yet the effects of VP birth on long-term, episodic, and prospective memory remains unclear. This study examined episodic and prospective memory functioning in children born VP compared with their term-born counterparts at 13 years. METHOD VP (n = 81: born <30 weeks' gestation) and term (n = 26) groups were aged between 12 and 14 years. Children completed: (i) standardized verbal and visuospatial episodic memory tests; and (ii) an experimental time- and event-based prospective memory test that included short-term (within assessment session) and long-term (up to 1-week post-session) tasks. Parents completed a questionnaire assessing memory functions in everyday life. RESULTS The VP group performed worse on all measures of verbal and visuospatial episodic memory than the term group. While there were no group differences in event-based or long-term prospective memory, the VP group performed worse on time-based and short-term prospective memory tasks than term-born counterparts. Parents of children born VP reported more everyday memory difficulties than parents of children born at term, with parent-ratings indicating significantly elevated rates of everyday memory challenges in children born VP. CONCLUSIONS Children born VP warrant long-term surveillance, as challenges associated with VP birth include memory difficulties at 13 years. This study highlights the need for greater research and clinical attention into childhood functional memory outcomes.
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Shurtleff HA, Poliakov A, Barry D, Wright JN, Warner MH, Novotny EJ, Marashly A, Buckley R, Goldstein HE, Hauptman JS, Ojemann JG, Shaw DWW. A clinically applicable functional MRI memory paradigm for use with pediatric patients. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 126:108461. [PMID: 34896785 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinically employable functional MRI (fMRI) memory paradigms are not yet established for pediatric patient epilepsy surgery workups. Seeking to establish such a paradigm, we evaluated the effectiveness of memory fMRI tasks we developed by quantifying individual activation in a clinical pediatric setting, analyzing patterns of activation relative to the side of temporal lobe (TL) pathology, and comparing fMRI and Wada test results. METHODS We retrospectively identified 72 patients aged 6.7-20.9 years with pathology (seizure focus and/or tumor) limited to the TL who had attempted memory and language fMRI tasks over a 9-year period as part of presurgical workups. Memory fMRI tasks required visualization of autobiographical memories in a block design alternating with covert counting. Language fMRI protocols involved verb and sentence generation. Scans were both qualitatively interpreted and quantitatively assessed for blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal change using region of interest (ROI) masks. We calculated the percentage of successfully scanned individual cases, compared 2 memory task activation masks in cases with left versus right TL pathology, and compared fMRI with Wada tests when available. Patients who had viable fMRI and Wada tests had generally concordant results. RESULTS Of the 72 cases, 60 (83%), aged 7.6-20.9 years, successfully performed the memory fMRI tasks and 12 (17%) failed. Eleven of 12 unsuccessful scans were due to motion and/or inability to perform the tasks, and the success of a twelfth was indeterminate due to orthodontic metal artifact. Seven of the successful 60 cases had distorted anatomy that precluded employing predetermined masks for quantitative analysis. Successful fMRI memory studies showed bilateral mesial temporal activation and quantitatively demonstrated: (1) left activation (L-ACT) less than right activation (R-ACT) in cases with left temporal lobe (L-TL) pathology, (2) nonsignificant R-ACT less than L-ACT in cases with right temporal lobe (R-TL) pathology, and (3) lower L-ACT plus R-ACT activation for cases with L-TL versus R-TL pathology. Patients who had viable fMRI and Wada tests had generally concordant results. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates evidence of an fMRI memory task paradigm that elicits reliable activation at the individual level and can generally be accomplished in clinically involved pediatric patients. This autobiographical memory paradigm showed activation in mesial TL structures, and cases with left compared to right TL pathology showed differences in activation consistent with extant literature in TL epilepsy. Further studies will be required to assess outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Shurtleff
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Center for Integrated Brain Research Seattle Children's, United States.
| | | | - Dwight Barry
- Clinical Analytics, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States
| | - Jason N Wright
- Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Molly H Warner
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Center for Integrated Brain Research Seattle Children's, United States
| | - Edward J Novotny
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Center for Integrated Brain Research Seattle Children's, United States; Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ahmad Marashly
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Center for Integrated Brain Research Seattle Children's, United States; Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Robert Buckley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Hannah E Goldstein
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States
| | - Jason S Hauptman
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Neurosciences Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Center for Integrated Brain Research Seattle Children's, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States
| | - Dennis W W Shaw
- Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
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Abstract
Since the seminal work on the patient HM, who in his adulthood presented an acquired amnesic syndrome following the resection of the bilateral temporal lobe, other research has described several cases of isolated memory dysfunction in children. This chapter presents developmental and long-lasting memory disorders emerging from an organic or neurologic cause at birth or in infancy. More notably, we focus on developmental amnesic syndrome caused by neonatal bihippocampal damage and memory dysfunction caused by medial temporal developmental epilepsy. We describe these two pediatric populations and present the consequences of hippocampal/medial temporal lobe damage in the development of memory systems. We review episodic memory deficits in children with developmental amnesia and temporal lobe epilepsy and highlight their impact on new learning, personal memories, and independent life. Finally, we provide a brief overview of some of the insights and debates emerging from classic work and recent advances in the context of episodic memory dysfunction displayed by children with hippocampal/medial temporal lobe amnesia and propose new perspectives in child neuropsychology of memory, suggesting new avenues for more ecologic memory assessment and rehabilitation.
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Höller Y, Höhn C, Schwimmbeck F, Plancher G, Trinka E. Effects of Antiepileptic Drug Tapering on Episodic Memory as Measured by Virtual Reality Tests. Front Neurol 2020; 11:93. [PMID: 32153492 PMCID: PMC7045343 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs impair episodic memory in patients with epilepsy, but this effect has so far only been examined with tests that do not provide first-person experience-an aspect that is crucial for episodic memory. Virtual reality techniques facilitate the development of ecologically valid tests. In the present study, we measure the effect of antiepileptic drug changes in a within-subject design using a virtual reality test in order to provide direct evidence for effects of antiepileptic drugs on episodic memory. Among 106 recruited patients, 97 participated in a virtual reality test up to six times during a 4-day hospitalization, and 78 patients underwent changes in drug load during this period. There were six parallel versions of a virtual town test, with immediate recall and delayed recall after about 12 h. The test requires recall of elements, details, sequence of experience, and egocentric and allocentric spatial memory. We determined drug load by defined daily dose, and compared test performance at lowest antiepileptic drug load to highest antiepileptic drug load. Across the six towns, performance was lower in delayed compared to immediate recall. There was an overall effect of medication when comparing patients taking vs. not taking antiepileptic drugs and/or psychoactive drugs (p = 0.005). Furthermore, there was a within-subject effect of antiepileptic drug load (p = 0.01), indicating lower test performance at higher drug load. There was no effect of gender, daytime, circadian type, depression, seizures, lesions, and epilepsy. For patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, there was no effect of lateralization. The present study provides direct evidence for episodic memory impairment due to antiepileptic drugs, suggesting that a small change in drug load can matter. This study can serve as a proof of principle for the methodology, but a larger sample is needed to examine the differential effects of individual antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland.,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christopher Höhn
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabian Schwimmbeck
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gaën Plancher
- Laboratoire EMC, Mémoire, Émotion et Action, Université Lumiére Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Strikwerda‐Brown C, Mothakunnel A, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Irish M. External details revisited – A new taxonomy for coding ‘non‐episodic’ content during autobiographical memory retrieval. J Neuropsychol 2018; 13:371-397. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Strikwerda‐Brown
- Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- School of Psychology The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Annu Mothakunnel
- Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- School of Psychology The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - John R. Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- School of Psychology The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- School of Psychology The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Camperdown New South Wales Australia
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Lah S, Gott C, Parry L, Black C, Epps A, Gascoigne M. Selective, age-related autobiographical memory deficits in children with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychol 2017; 13:253-271. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Chloe Gott
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Louise Parry
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program; Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's Hospital (Randwick); NSW Australia
| | - Carly Black
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Adrienne Epps
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program; Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's Hospital (Randwick); NSW Australia
| | - Michael Gascoigne
- School of Psychology; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
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Smith ML. Rethinking cognition and behavior in the new classification for childhood epilepsy: Examples from frontal lobe and temporal lobe epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:313-317. [PMID: 27346387 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The new approach to classification of the epilepsies emphasizes the role of dysfunction in networks in defining types of epilepsies. This paper reviews the structural and neuropsychological deficits in two types of childhood epilepsy: frontal lobe and temporal lobe epilepsy. The evidence for and against a pattern of specificity of deficits in executive function and memory associated with these two types of epilepsies is presented. The evidence varies with the methodologies used in the studies, but direct comparison of the two types of epilepsies does not suggest a clear-cut mapping of function onto structure. These findings are discussed in light of the concept of network dysfunction. The evidence supports the conceptualization of epilepsy as a network disease. Implications for future work in the neuropsychology of pediatric epilepsy are suggested. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The new approach to classification: Rethinking cognition and behavior in epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lou Smith
- University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Lechowicz M, Miller L, Irish M, Addis DR, Mohamed A, Lah S. Imagining future events in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 55:187-205. [PMID: 26893202 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Imagining future events, which contain episodic and non-episodic details, has been found to (1) engage the temporal lobes bilaterally and (2) be impaired in patients with bilateral temporal lobe pathology. Here, we examined whether unilateral temporal lobe dysfunction also impairs the ability to generate future events. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional. METHODS Twenty patients with a history of unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy [TLE; 10 left (LTLE) and 10 right (RTLE)] and 20 normal control (NC) subjects comparable on age, sex and education completed the Adapted Autobiographical Interview, which required recall of past and generation of future events and distinguished episodic (internal) from non-episodic (external) details. Participants also completed a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS Patients with unilateral TLE were significantly impaired in provision of internal details for past and future events, but not in the generation of external details. Examination of detail subcategories revealed that patients with LTLE did exhibit a significant deficit relative to patients with RTLE (and NC) with respect to the generation of perceptual details for both past and future events. Moreover, patients with LTLE generated significantly fewer place details for future events (relative to NC only). The overall number of internal details recalled by patients with LTLE was related to semantic fluency. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence that unilateral temporal lobe dysfunction is associated with not only impaired recall of past, but also the generation of future episodic details. Clinically, deficits in future thinking may reduce motivation and decision-making, and as such adversely impact behavioural regulation and socialization. PRACTITIONER POINTS Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy generate less details when asked to describe past and potential future events, particularly with regard to details involving specific events, places and perceptions. These same patients are aware of their difficulties in this realm, but judge their past memories as similar in vividness and even more personally significant than the memories generated by control participants. The deficits in generation of future episodic details were particularly pronounced in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Verbal semantic fluency was correlated with the ability to generate future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryn Lechowicz
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurie Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Armin Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sheldon S, Levine B. The role of the hippocampus in memory and mental construction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:76-92. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Lah S, Smith ML. Verbal memory and literacy outcomes one year after pediatric temporal lobectomy: a retrospective cohort study. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 44:225-33. [PMID: 25771353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), temporal lobectomy (TL) is a treatment of choice for those children with seizure that are difficult to control with medication. Semantic memory is dependent on functional integrity of the temporal lobes and is thought to be critical for development of literacy skills. However, little is known about semantic memory and literacy outcomes post-TL in children. METHOD In this retrospective cohort study, 40 children with TLE were administered tests of memory and literacy pre-TL and 1year post-TL in one hospital between 1996 and 2011. RESULTS One year post-TL, 60% of the children became seizure-free. A significant decline was found in one aspect of semantic memory (naming) in children who underwent left TL. In addition, a significant drop was also evident in one aspect of literacy (reading accuracy), irrespective of the side of surgery. These declines were related neither to each other nor to epilepsy variables including seizure outcome. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest pediatric outcome study of memory and literacy skills to date and shows that TL is associated with a risk of a mild drop in specific aspects of semantic memory (naming, following left TL) and reading accuracy, while other areas of memory and literacy remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncica Lah
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Australia.
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Autobiographical memory in children with Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy. Neuropsychologia 2015; 66:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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