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Peer ND, Yamin HG, Cohen D. Multidimensional encoding of movement and contextual variables by rat globus pallidus neurons during a novel environment exposure task. iScience 2022; 25:105024. [PMID: 36117990 PMCID: PMC9475330 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) play a critical role in a variety of functions that are essential for animal survival. Information from different cortical areas propagates through the BG in anatomically segregated circuits along the parallel direct and indirect pathways. We examined how the globus pallidus (GP), a nucleus within the indirect pathway, encodes input from the motor and cognitive domains. We chronically recorded and analyzed neuronal activity in the GP of male rats engaged in a novel environment exposure task. GP neurons displayed multidimensional responses to movement and contextual information. A model predicting single unit activity required many task-related behavioral variables, thus confirming the multidimensionality of GP neurons. In addition, populations of GP neurons, but not single units, reliably encoded the animals’ locomotion speed and the environmental novelty. We posit that the GP independently processes information from different domains, effectively compresses it and collectively conveys it to successive nuclei. Single GP neurons encode independently many behavioral and contextual variables Many behavioral variables contribute to the prediction of single neuron firing rate Single neurons fail to approximate the rat’s locomotion and the environment novelty Populations of GP neurons encode the rats’ locomotion and the environment novelty
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Clarke T, Jamieson JD, Malone P, Rayhan RU, Washington S, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JN. Connectivity differences between Gulf War Illness (GWI) phenotypes during a test of attention. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226481. [PMID: 31891592 PMCID: PMC6938369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One quarter of veterans returning from the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War have developed Gulf War Illness (GWI) with chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Exertion leads to characteristic, delayed onset exacerbations that are not relieved by sleep. We have modeled exertional exhaustion by comparing magnetic resonance images from before and after submaximal exercise. One third of the 27 GWI participants had brain stem atrophy and developed postural tachycardia after exercise (START: Stress Test Activated Reversible Tachycardia). The remainder activated basal ganglia and anterior insulae during a cognitive task (STOPP: Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception). Here, the role of attention in cognitive dysfunction was assessed by seed region correlations during a simple 0-back stimulus matching task (“see a letter, push a button”) performed before exercise. Analysis was analogous to resting state, but different from psychophysiological interactions (PPI). The patterns of correlations between nodes in task and default networks were significantly different for START (n = 9), STOPP (n = 18) and control (n = 8) subjects. Edges shared by the 3 groups may represent co-activation caused by the 0-back task. Controls had a task network of right dorsolateral and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, posterior insulae and frontal eye fields (dorsal attention network). START had a large task module centered on the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with direct links to basal ganglia, anterior insulae, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex nodes, and through dorsal attention network (intraparietal sulci and frontal eye fields) nodes to a default module. STOPP had 2 task submodules of basal ganglia–anterior insulae, and dorsolateral prefrontal executive control regions. Dorsal attention and posterior insulae nodes were embedded in the default module and were distant from the task networks. These three unique connectivity patterns during an attention task support the concept of Gulf War Disease with recognizable, objective patterns of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Clarke
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jessie D. Jamieson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Patrick Malone
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rakib U. Rayhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stuart Washington
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - John W. VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - James N. Baraniuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Apaydın N, Üstün S, Kale EH, Çelikağ İ, Özgüven HD, Baskak B, Çiçek M. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Time Perception and Reward Anticipation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:115. [PMID: 29662447 PMCID: PMC5890198 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings suggest that the physiological mechanisms involved in the reward anticipation and time perception partially overlap. But the systematic investigation of a potential interaction between time and reward systems using neuroimaging is lacking. Eighteen healthy volunteers (all right-handed) participated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment that employs a visual paradigm that consists monetary reward to assess whether the functional neural representations of time perception and reward prospection are shared or distinct. Subjects performed a time perception task in which observers had to extrapolate the velocity of an occluded moving object in “reward” vs. “no-reward” sessions during fMRI scanning. There were also “control condition” trials in which participants judged about the color tone change of the stimuli. Time perception showed a fronto-parietal (more extensive in the right) cingulate and peristriate cortical as well as cerebellar activity. On the other hand, reward anticipation activated anterior insular cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, thalamus, cerebellum, postcentral gyrus, and peristriate cortex. Interaction between the time perception and the reward prospect showed dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal and caudate nucleus activity. Our findings suggest that a prefrontal-striatal circuit might integrate reward and timing systems of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Apaydın
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sertaç Üstün
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre H Kale
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İpek Çelikağ
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halise D Özgüven
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bora Baskak
- Brain Research Center, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metehan Çiçek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Fiore VG, Nolte T, Rigoli F, Smittenaar P, Gu X, Dolan RJ. Value encoding in the globus pallidus: fMRI reveals an interaction effect between reward and dopamine drive. Neuroimage 2018; 173:249-257. [PMID: 29481966 PMCID: PMC5929903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The external part of the globus pallidus (GPe) is a core nucleus of the basal ganglia (BG) whose activity is disrupted under conditions of low dopamine release, as in Parkinson's disease. Current models assume decreased dopamine release in the dorsal striatum results in deactivation of dorsal GPe, which in turn affects motor expression via a regulatory effect on other nuclei of the BG. However, recent studies in healthy and pathological animal models have reported neural dynamics that do not match with this view of the GPe as a relay in the BG circuit. Thus, the computational role of the GPe in the BG is still to be determined. We previously proposed a neural model that revisits the functions of the nuclei of the BG, and this model predicts that GPe encodes values which are amplified under a condition of low striatal dopaminergic drive. To test this prediction, we used an fMRI paradigm involving a within-subject placebo-controlled design, using the dopamine antagonist risperidone, wherein healthy volunteers performed a motor selection and maintenance task under low and high reward conditions. ROI-based fMRI analysis revealed an interaction between reward and dopamine drive manipulations, with increased BOLD activity in GPe in a high compared to low reward condition, and under risperidone compared to placebo. These results confirm the core prediction of our computational model, and provide a new perspective on neural dynamics in the BG and their effects on motor selection and cognitive disorders. We investigate the representation of action-state values in the basal ganglia. Value representation is enhanced in the GPe under reduced dopaminergic drive. Value representation is enhanced in the SNr under basal dopaminergic drive. The results validate a proposed neural model of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo G Fiore
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Tobias Nolte
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Francesco Rigoli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Smittenaar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
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Justin Rossi P, Peden C, Castellanos O, Foote KD, Gunduz A, Okun MS. The human subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus differentially encode reward during action control. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:1952-1964. [PMID: 28130916 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) have recently been shown to encode reward, but few studies have been performed in humans. We investigated STN and GPi encoding of reward and loss (i.e., valence) in humans with Parkinson's disease. To test the hypothesis that STN and GPi neurons would change their firing rate in response to reward- and loss-related stimuli, we recorded the activity of individual neurons while participants performed a behavioral task. In the task, action choices were associated with potential rewarding, punitive, or neutral outcomes. We found that STN and GPi neurons encode valence-related information during action control, but the proportion of valence-responsive neurons was greater in the STN compared to the GPi. In the STN, reward-related stimuli mobilized a greater proportion of neurons than loss-related stimuli. We also found surprising limbic overlap with the sensorimotor regions in both the STN and GPi, and this overlap was greater than has been previously reported. These findings may help to explain alterations in limbic function that have been observed following deep brain stimulation therapy of the STN and GPi. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1952-1964, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Justin Rossi
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Corinna Peden
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Oscar Castellanos
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael S Okun
- Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Bischoff-Grethe A, Connolly CG, Jordan SJ, Brown GG, Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Heaton RK, Woods SP, Grant I. Altered reward expectancy in individuals with recent methamphetamine dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:17-30. [PMID: 27649775 PMCID: PMC5225125 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic methamphetamine use may lead to changes in reward-related function of the ventral striatum and caudate nucleus. Whether methamphetamine-dependent individuals show heightened reactivity to positively valenced stimuli (i.e. positive reinforcement mechanisms), or an exaggerated response to negatively valenced stimuli (i.e. driven by negative reinforcement mechanisms) remains unclear. This study investigated neural functioning of expectancy and receipt for gains and losses in adults with (METH+) and without (METH-) histories of methamphetamine dependence. METHODS Participants (17 METH+; 23 METH-) performed a probabilistic feedback expectancy task during blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were given visual cues probabilistically associated with monetary gain, loss, or neutral outcomes. General linear models examined the BOLD response to: (1) anticipation of gains and losses, and (2) gain and loss monetary outcomes. RESULTS METH+ had less BOLD response to loss anticipation than METH- in the ventral striatum and posterior caudate. METH+ also showed more BOLD response to loss outcomes than to gain outcomes in the anterior and posterior caudate, whereas METH- did not show differential responses to the valence of outcomes. DISCUSSION METH+ individuals showed attenuated neural response to anticipated gains and losses, but their response to loss outcomes was greater than to gain outcomes. A decreased response to loss anticipation, along with a greater response to loss outcomes, suggests an altered ability to evaluate future risks and benefits based upon prior experience, which may underlie suboptimal decision-making in METH+ individuals that increases the likelihood of risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephan J Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Preliminary evidence for human globus pallidus pars interna neurons signaling reward and sensory stimuli. Neuroscience 2016; 328:30-9. [PMID: 27109924 PMCID: PMC4884665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-motor responses of human GPi neurons are described. Cells were identified that showed increased firing to reward-stimuli. Visual-sensory responses unrelated to reward also observed.
The globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) is a component of the basal ganglia, a network of subcortical nuclei that process motor, associative, and limbic information. While non-human primate studies have suggested a role for the GPi in non-motor functions, there have been no single-unit studies of non-motor electrophysiological behavior of human GPi neurons. We therefore sought to extend these findings by collecting single-unit recordings from awake patients during functional stereotactic neurosurgery targeting the GPi for deep brain stimulation. To assess cellular responses to non-motor information, patients performed a reward task where virtual money could be won, lost, or neither, depending on their performance while cellular activity was monitored. Changes in the firing rates of isolated GPi neurons after the presentation of reward-related stimuli were compared between different reward contingencies (win, loss, null). We observed neurons that modulated their firing rate significantly to the presentation of reward-related stimuli. We furthermore found neurons that responded to visual-stimuli more broadly. This is the first single-unit evidence of human GPi neurons carrying non-motor information. These results are broadly consistent with previous findings in the animal literature and suggest non-motor information may be represented in the single-unit activity of human GPi neurons.
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