1
|
Kalra S, Sachdeva H, Bhushan Pant A, Singh G. Acorus calamus Linn.: A novel neuroprotective approach for traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148953. [PMID: 38643931 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial mortality and morbidity globally. Current treatments only alleviate symptoms and do not halt secondary injury progression. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the neuroprotective potential of Acorus calamus Linn. (AC) in a Drosophila melanogaster model of high-impact TBI. METHODS Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) of the Oregon R + strain were administered hydroalcoholic extracts of Acorus calamus Linn. (HAEAC) at concentrations of 25 and 50 µg/mL, 24 h and continuously for 72 h, respectively, following TBI induction. Mortality rate, locomotor function, neurotransmitter levels, and oxidative stress markers were assessed at 24 and 72 h post-injury as outcomemeasures. RESULTS AC significantly reduced post-TBI mortality and improved locomotor function in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, AC increased acetylcholinesterase, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and dopamine levels while reducing glutamate. It also boosted antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase) and lowered markers of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde, nitrite). CONCLUSIONS AC mitigated behavioral deficits, oxidative damage, and neurotransmitter imbalance in fruit flies after TBI. These findings indicate AC may be more effective than individual drugs for TBI therapy. Further research into its neuroprotective phytochemicals is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunishtha Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India.
| | - Himanshu Sachdeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India.
| | - Aditya Bhushan Pant
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India.
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Velez DR, Duncan AJ, Zreik K. Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Admitted on High-Census Days Receive Less Critical Care and Have an Increased Risk for Delirium. Cureus 2024; 16:e65957. [PMID: 39221291 PMCID: PMC11365572 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The utilization of healthcare services in a growing population has raised concerns about its impact on clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that increased hospital census is associated with higher admission rates and unnecessary consults, tests, and procedures in various areas of healthcare. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), a significant concern due to their potential for long-term disabilities, are commonly encountered in intensive care units (ICUs) and are a leading cause of patient mortality. Despite extensive research on various aspects of TBI, the effect of the patient census on TBI outcomes remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the relationship between healthcare provider patient census and clinical outcomes in TBI patients at a level I trauma center. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted from 2017 to 2022. The mean number of patients per day in the trauma service was determined, with patients below this average considered to be present on low-census days and those above it on high-census days. Patient demographics, mechanisms of injury, vital signs, TBI severity, and associated injuries were analyzed. Adjusted regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Over the study period, 1,527 TBI patients were identified. Demographics were similar between patients admitted on high- and low-census days. Patients with moderate TBI were 30% less likely to be admitted to the ICU on high-census days, whereas there was no difference in ICU admission for patients with mild or severe TBI. Delirium was significantly higher in patients admitted on high-census days compared to those on low-census days. This was further identified to be predominantly driven by patients with mild TBI admitted on high-census days. CONCLUSION While most outcomes remained consistent, significant rates of delirium were found in our mild TBI patients admitted on high-census days suggesting the need for additional factors in the evaluation of these patients on admission. This study also reveals potential under-triage in moderate TBI patients on high-census days as they had significantly lower rates of ICU admission. These findings emphasize the need for further investigations to optimize patient care strategies within the context of fluctuating healthcare system demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Velez
- Department of General Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, USA
| | - Anthony J Duncan
- Department of General Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, USA
| | - Khaled Zreik
- Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Sanford Medical Center Fargo, Fargo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
MacIntosh BJ, Liu Q, Schellhorn T, Beyer MK, Groote IR, Morberg PC, Poulin JM, Selseth MN, Bakke RC, Naqvi A, Hillal A, Ullberg T, Wassélius J, Rønning OM, Selnes P, Kristoffersen ES, Emblem KE, Skogen K, Sandset EC, Bjørnerud A. Radiological features of brain hemorrhage through automated segmentation from computed tomography in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1244672. [PMID: 37840934 PMCID: PMC10568013 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1244672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radiological assessment is necessary to diagnose spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury intracranial hemorrhage (TBI-bleed). Artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning tools provide a means for decision support. This study evaluates the hemorrhage segmentations produced from three-dimensional deep learning AI model that was developed using non-contrast computed tomography (CT) imaging data external to the current study. Methods Non-contrast CT imaging data from 1263 patients were accessed across seven data sources (referred to as sites) in Norway and Sweden. Patients were included based on ICH, TBI-bleed, or mild TBI diagnosis. Initial non-contrast CT images were available for all participants. Hemorrhage location frequency maps were generated. The number of estimated haematoma clusters was correlated with the total haematoma volume. Ground truth expert annotations were available for one ICH site; hence, a comparison was made with the estimated haematoma volumes. Segmentation volume estimates were used in a receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis for all samples (i.e., bleed detected) and then specifically for one site with few TBI-bleed cases. Results The hemorrhage frequency maps showed spatial patterns of estimated lesions consistent with ICH or TBI-bleed presentations. There was a positive correlation between the estimated number of clusters and total haematoma volume for each site (correlation range: 0.45-0.74; each p-value < 0.01) and evidence of ICH between-site differences. Relative to hand-drawn annotations for one ICH site, the VIOLA-AI segmentation mask achieved a median Dice Similarity Coefficient of 0.82 (interquartile range: 0.78 and 0.83), resulting in a small overestimate in the haematoma volume by a median of 0.47 mL (interquartile range: 0.04 and 1.75 mL). The bleed detection ROC analysis for the whole sample gave a high area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.92 (with sensitivity and specificity of 83.28% and 95.41%); however, when considering only the mild head injury site, the TBI-bleed detection gave an AUC of 0.70. Discussion An open-source segmentation tool was used to visualize hemorrhage locations across multiple data sources and revealed quantitative hemorrhage site differences. The automated total hemorrhage volume estimate correlated with a per-participant hemorrhage cluster count. ROC results were moderate-to-high. The VIOLA-AI tool had promising results and might be useful for various types of intracranial hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. MacIntosh
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences, Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qinghui Liu
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Till Schellhorn
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona K. Beyer
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge Rasmus Groote
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Pål C. Morberg
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Joshua M. Poulin
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences, Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience & Recovery, Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maiken N. Selseth
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ragnhild C. Bakke
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina Naqvi
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amir Hillal
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Teresa Ullberg
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wassélius
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ole M. Rønning
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Selnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Espen S. Kristoffersen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyrre Eeg Emblem
- Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Skogen
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else C. Sandset
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Bjørnerud
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence Unit, Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Egeland J, Raudeberg R. Patterns of proactive interference in CVLT-II: evidence of a low-organized, disorganized, and highly organized learning style. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:693-704. [PMID: 37807914 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2265615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have interpreted proactive interference (PI) either as indicating executive dysfunction or a normal process indicating deep level encoding. We investigated these competing models of PI in a large clinical sample using cluster analyses. We expected to find clusters defined by high PI but otherwise characterized by either EF impairment or of good memory performance. METHOD File records of 731 patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders were analyzed. PI-scores, false positive recognition errors, and semantic organization scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) were subjected to cluster analyses. Clusters were compared regarding buildup and release from PI, memory performance and strategy measures, measures of intelligence, EF, and processing speed. RESULTS The analyses revealed six analyzable clusters. Two clusters showed no buildup of PI and normal release from PI. Discriminability was impaired both in List A and B. Learning acquisition and speeded measures of EF were reduced. One cluster showed both buildup of PI and problems with releasing from PI, and particularly impaired discriminability of List B. Semantic organization was low. Learning consolidation and EF speeded measures were impaired. Two other clusters showed buildup of PI, but no problem with release. Learning was highly organized, and they showed good memory and normal neuropsychological performance. CONCLUSIONS Results shows differentiation between a low organized EF dysfunction pattern with no PI, a disorganized PI pattern also indicating EF dysfunction and a highly organized pattern where PI seems to be the price to pay for high effort put into the learning process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Egeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Raudeberg
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watson WD, Lahey S, Baum KT, Hamner T, Koterba CH, Alvarez G, Chan JB, Davis KC, DiVirgilio EK, Howarth RA, Jones K, Kramer M, Tlustos SJ, Zafiris CM, Slomine BS. The role of the Neuropsychologist across the stages of recovery from acquired brain injury: a summary from the pediatric rehabilitation Neuropsychology collaborative. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:299-320. [PMID: 35726723 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2086691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychologists working in a pediatric neurorehabilitation setting provide care for children and adolescents with acquired brain injuries (ABI) and play a vital role on the interdisciplinary treatment team. This role draws on influences from the field of clinical neuropsychology and its pediatric subspecialty, as well as rehabilitation psychology. This combination of specialties is uniquely suited for working with ABI across the continuum of recovery. ABI recovery often involves a changing picture that spans across stages of recovery (e.g., disorders of consciousness, confusional state, acute cognitive impairment), where each stage presents with distinctive characteristics that warrant a specific evidence-based approach. Assessment and intervention are used reciprocally to inform diagnostics, treatment, and academic planning, and to support patient and family adjustment. Neuropsychologists work with the interdisciplinary teams to collect and integrate data related to brain injury recovery and use this data for treatment planning and clinical decision making. These approaches must often be adapted and adjusted in real time as patients recover, demanding a dynamic expertise that is currently not supported through formal training curriculum or practice guidelines. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities of pediatric rehabilitation neuropsychologists across the stages of ABI recovery with the goal of increasing awareness in order to continue to develop and formalize this role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Watson
- Blythedale Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Lahey
- Department of Psychology, Brooks Rehabilitation Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine T Baum
- Comprehensive Neuropsychology Services, PLLC, Paoli, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taralee Hamner
- Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine H Koterba
- Pediatric Psychology and Neuropsychology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabrielle Alvarez
- Department of Rehabilitation Services, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jana B Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Neurology, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kimberly C Davis
- Department of Psychology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Robyn A Howarth
- Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly Jones
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Kramer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J Tlustos
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital Colorado and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina M Zafiris
- Department of Neuropsychology, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | - Beth S Slomine
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tso S, Saha A, Cusimano MD. The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database: A Review of Published Research. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:149-164. [PMID: 34223550 PMCID: PMC8240866 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) is the largest longitudinal TBI data set in the world. Our study reviews the works using TBIMS data for analysis in the last 5 years. A search (2015–2020) was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for studies that used the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research NIDILRR/VA-TBIMS data. Search terms were as follows: [“TBIMS” national database] within PubMed and Google Scholar, and [“TBIMS” AND national AND database] on EMBASE. Data sources, study foci (in terms of data processing and outcomes), study outcomes, and follow-up information usage were collected to categorize the studies included in this review. Variable usage in terms of TBIMS' form-based variable groups and limitations from each study were also noted. Assessment was made on how TBIMS' objectives were met by the studies. Of the 74 articles reviewed, 23 used TBIMS along with other data sets. Fifty-four studies focused on specific outcome measures only, 6 assessed data aspects as a major focus, and 13 explored both. Sample sizes of the included studies ranged from 11 to 15,835. Forty-two of the 60 longitudinal studies assessed follow-up from 1 to 5 years, and 15 studies used 10 to 25 years of the same. Prominent variable groups as outcome measures were “Employment,” “FIM,” “DRS,” “PART-O,” “Satisfaction with Life,” “PHQ-9,” and “GOS-E.” Limited numbers of studies were published regarding tobacco consumption, the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT), the Supervision Rating Scale (SRS), general health, and comorbidities as variables of interest. Generalizability was the most significant limitation mentioned by the studies. The TBIMS is a rich resource for large-sample longitudinal analyses of various TBI outcomes. Future efforts should focus on under-utilized variables and improving generalizability by validation of results across large-scale TBI data sets to better understand the heterogeneity of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tso
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashirbani Saha
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
More than amnesia: prospective cohort study of an integrated novel assessment of the cognitive and behavioural features of PTA. BRAIN IMPAIR 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2021.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Objective:Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is an early significant stage of recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Current prospective PTA scales do not assess the full range of PTA symptomatology. This study conducted a novel integrated assessment of cognition and behaviour during PTA.Method:Twenty-four moderate-to-severe TBI participants in PTA and 23 TBI controls emerged from PTA were matched for age, gender, and years of education. All completed PTA measures (Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: GOAT, Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia Scale: WPTAS), a cognitive battery; and behaviour ratings scored by 2 independent raters (informant and staff).Results:Significantly poorer performance was found during PTA for attention, processing speed, delayed verbal free recall and recognition, and visual learning. A large effect size was found for category fluency only. Behaviour ratings were significantly higher during PTA. Five behaviours were rated as high frequency (>50%) by both raters: Inattention, Impulsivity, Sleep Disturbance, Daytime Arousal, and Self-Monitoring. Prospective PTA measures produced significantly different duration estimates from 2 days (GOAT vs. WPTAS 1st day) to 9 days (WPTAS 1st day vs. 3-day). The WPTAS correlated most highly with processing speed and language tasks; whilst the GOAT correlated most highly with language and executive control of verbal memory.Conclusion:New prospective measures are needed that integrate core cognitive and behavioural features are brief, easy to administer, and capable of measuring emergence. The term PTA is a misnomer that requires revision to better accommodate the clinical syndrome.
Collapse
|
8
|
García-Molina A, Enseñat-Cantallops A. [Disorders of consciousness secondary to traumatic brain injuries]. Rehabilitacion (Madr) 2020; 55:80-81. [PMID: 32653095 DOI: 10.1016/j.rh.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A García-Molina
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, España; Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Enseñat-Cantallops
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, España
| |
Collapse
|