1
|
Estrada J, Johnson DC, Kyle KL, Perez J, Parr E, Welch MW, Neill C, Peterson BA, Boler DD. Characterizing sow feed intake during lactation to explain litter and subsequent farrowing performance. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae093. [PMID: 38558022 PMCID: PMC11044703 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Variation in feed intake results in nearly 20% of sows consuming less than the recommended lysine (Lys) intake for lactating sows. The Lys requirement for lactating sows is based on litter size and piglet average daily gain which influences milk production. Litter size continues to increase every year causing the need for routine reevaluation of nutrient requirements. If dietary inclusion levels are not continuously adjusted this can lead to inadequate daily Lys and energy intake and may negatively impact sow body condition and litter performance. The objective was to characterize the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows and define feed intake patterns and their effects on sow body weight, farrowing performance, litter performance, and subsequent farrowing performance. ADFI during lactation was recorded for 4,248 sows from 7 independent research studies. Data collection occurred from November 2021 through November 2023 at a commercial breed-to-wean facility in western Illinois. Each sow was categorized as: consistently low intake (< 5.5 kg/d) throughout the lactation (LLL); low intakes (< 5 kg/d) in the first week, then gradually increased throughout the rest of the lactation period (LHH); gradual increase in intake throughout lactation with no drop and a peak intake after day 10 of lactation (gradual); rapid increase in intake with no drop and the peak intake met before day 10 (rapid); a major drop in feed intake (> 1.6 kg decrease for ≥ 2 d) any time during lactation (MAJOR); minor drop (≤ 1.6 kg for ≥ 2 d; MINOR). Sows were also separated into low (quartile 1; ≤ 25%), average (quartile 2 through 3), or high feed intake (quartile 4; ≥ 75%) by parity (P1, P2, P3+). Sows in the LLL category were younger in parity, had the greatest preweaned mortality, weaned the lightest average pigs, and experienced the greatest loss in body weight percentage compared with sows in all other feed intake categories. Furthermore, sows in the LLL and LHH categories had one fewer subsequent pig born compared with sows in the other four categories. These data support historical findings that feed intake patterns directly contribute to current litter farrowing performance. Lactation intake patterns also influence subsequent farrowing performance. Identifying under-consuming sows that are likely Lys and energy deficient allows producers opportunities to promote consistent, adequate daily intakes to these groups and mitigate negative impacts on sow and litter performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Estrada
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | | | - Kelsey L Kyle
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | - Jeremy Perez
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | - Eric Parr
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | | | - Casey Neill
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| | | | - Dustin D Boler
- Carthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, IL 62321, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pearodwong P, Tretipskul C, Soede NM, Tummaruk P. Factors affecting estrus and ovulation time in weaned sows with induced ovulation by GnRH administration in different seasons. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1567-1574. [PMID: 31527339 PMCID: PMC6895621 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle development in post-weaning sows is influenced by various factors. To control ovulation time using hormone, factors that influence ovulation should be investigated. The present
study was performed to evaluate the effect of GnRH (buserelin) administration in relation to season and sow parameters on ovulation time in weaned sows. Seventy-seven weaned sows were
divided into the following groups: control (hot season, n=21; cool season, n=16) and treatment (hot season, n=22; cool season, n=18). Sows were kept in a close house equipped with an
evaporative cooling system. Ovulation time was determined every 6 hr using transrectal ultrasonography. Administration of 10 µg buserelin at 72 hr after weaning affected
estrus-to-ovulation interval (EOI) and weaning-to-ovulation interval (WOI) in sows (P<0.05). The percentage of sows that ovulated between 44–56 hr after injection was
higher in the cool season than in hot season (P<0.05). Weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) and injection-to-estrus interval (IEI) were affected by season
(P<0.05). Body condition score (BCS) of sows influenced EOI (P<0.01). Sows with low backfat thickness, lactation length <20 days, or litter weight
≥67 kg, had delayed injection-to-ovulation interval (P<0.05). In conclusions, buserelin administration (10 µg, at 72 hr after weaning) advanced
ovulation. Hot season prolonged ovulation time. Sows that were weaned with lactation length of at least 20 days, litter weight less than 67 kg, or BCS of at least 3, had better responses to
buserelin injection. High backfat reserve after weaning is important for ovulation induction response by buserelin injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pachara Pearodwong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanyuth Tretipskul
- Department of Technology of Farm Management, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Panyapiwat Institute of Management, Nonthaburi 11120, Thailand
| | - Nicoline M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700AH, The Netherlands
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vilas Boas Ribeiro BP, Lanferdini E, Palencia JYP, Lemes MAG, Teixeira de Abreu ML, de Souza Cantarelli V, Ferreira RA. Heat negatively affects lactating swine: A meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:325-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Craig JR, Collins CL, Bunter KL, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR, Pluske JR. Poorer lifetime growth performance of gilt progeny compared with sow progeny is largely due to weight differences at birth and reduced growth in the preweaning period, and is not improved by progeny segregation after weaning. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4904-4916. [PMID: 29293711 PMCID: PMC6292295 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilt progeny (GP) are born and weaned lighter than sow progeny (SP) and have higher rates of mortality. This study aimed to quantify the performance and survival differences between GP and SP throughout the entire production cycle from birth to sale. Furthermore, the study looked at the effects of segregating GP and SP compared with commingling during rearing within common pens. It was hypothesized that GP would be lighter than SP at every age and have lower rates of survival accompanied by higher rates of medication, and that segregating GP and SP would improve the growth and survival of both groups. All progeny born to 109 gilts (parity 1) and 94 sows (parities 2 to 8) were allocated to 4 postweaning treatments at birth: GP separately penned, GP mixed with SP in a common pen (GM), SP separately penned, and SP mixed with GP in a common pen (SM), with littermates split among treatments. The GM and SM pigs were penned together after weaning. Individual live weight of all progeny was recorded at birth (birth weight [BWT]), weaning (28 d; weaning weight [WWT]), 10 wk of age (10-wk weight [10WT]), and sale (22-23 wk; sale weight [SWT]). Individual HCW, backfat depth, loin depth, and dressing percentage were measured at slaughter. All postweaning mortalities and medications were recorded. The GP had a lighter BWT ( = 0.032), WWT ( < 0.001), 10WT ( < 0.001), and SWT ( < 0.001) than SP as well as a lower HCW ( < 0.001) and dressing percentage ( = 0.012). Postweaning performance differences were mostly attributable to the lighter WWT of GP compared with that of SP when WWT was fitted as a covariate. The GP had a higher mortality in the immediate postweaning period (weaning to 10 wk of age; = 0.028) and from weaning to sale ( = 0.012) than SP, which was also attributable to lower WWT. The GP exhibited a higher incidence of mortality ( = 0.011) due to respiratory tract infection in the grower-finisher period, despite similar medication rates ( = 0.83). Segregation of GP and SP between pens presented no benefit in terms of growth and survival of both groups while requiring added labor and production considerations and, therefore, is not recommended. This study confirms that GP are lighter than SP, on average, at every stage of life from birth to slaughter and that their performance before weaning is an important determinant for whole-of-life performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Craig
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - C. L. Collins
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
| | - K. L. Bunter
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2350
| | - J. J. Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010
| | - F. R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010
| | - J. R. Pluske
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Renaudeau D, Gourdine JL, Fleury J, Ferchaud S, Billon Y, Noblet J, Gilbert H. Selection for residual feed intake in growing pigs: effects on sow performance in a tropical climate. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3568-79. [PMID: 24987064 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the consequences of a divergent selection for residual feed intake (RFI) during growth in a temperate environment (TEMP) on sow performance in a tropical environment (TROP). Sows came from a selection experiment conducted at INRA in which 2 lines were selected for larger (RFI(+)) or smaller (RFI(─)) feed intake than predicted from performance. In the first analysis, a subsample of data obtained in TROP conditions (49 lactations) was compared to those obtained in TEMP on their sibs mated with the same boars (54 lactations). In the second analysis, data obtained in the TROP environment (82 lactations) were analyzed for testing the effect of season (warm vs. hot) and line on sow performance. Except for the lactation length, the interaction between line and climatic environment was not significant for the others traits (P > 0.05). The ADFI expressed per kilogram of litter BW gain tended to be higher in the RFI(+) line bred in the TROP environment (P = 0.080), together with piglet BW at weaning, which tended to be lower (P = 0.080). The ADFI was lower in TROP than in TEMP (4.56 vs. 5.86 kg/d; P = 0.003), with negative consequence on litter BW gain and maternal BW loss. The RFI(-) sows tended to eat less feed than RFI(+) sows during lactation (4.55 vs. 5.86 kg/d; P = 0.099). Litter BW at weaning was higher in the RFI(─) line. The RFI(─) sows ate significantly less feed to produce 1 kg of litter than the RFI(+) sows and tended to lose a larger amount of BW during lactation than the RFI(+) sows (2.40 vs. 3.02 kg/kg and -0.66 vs. -0.39 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.10). Whatever the line, ADFI was reduced by about 21% in the hot season (P < 0.05). Litter BW gain was depressed (P < 0.05) in the hot season (1.72 vs. 2.08 kg/d in the warm season; P = 0.023). Lactation maternal BW loss tended to increase in the hot season (1.10 vs. 0.71 kg/d in the warm season; P = 0.016), but back fat loss remained constant (P = 0.295). In the TROP environment, the amount of feed required to produce 1 kg of litter was not influenced by the line in the warm season (2.53 kg/kg on average; P = 0.99), but it tended to be lower in the RFI(─) line when compared to the RFI(+) line in the hot season (2.06 vs. 3.45 kg/kg; P = 0.050). This higher apparent efficiency in RFI(─) sows was mainly related to greater maternal body reserve mobilization (i.e., BW and back fat losses). In conclusion, selection for low RFI during growth in a TEMP environment did not impair sow and litter performance in tropical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Renaudeau
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (URZ), F-97170 Petit Bourg, France INRA, UMR1348, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage (PEGASE), F-35590 Rennes, France
| | - J L Gourdine
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (URZ), F-97170 Petit Bourg, France
| | - J Fleury
- INRA, UE1294, Plateforme Tropicale Expérimentale Animale (PTEA) F-97170 Petit Bourg, France
| | - S Ferchaud
- INRA, UE1372, Génétique, Expérimentation et Systèmes Innovants (GenESI), F-17700 Surgères, France
| | - Y Billon
- INRA, UE1372, Génétique, Expérimentation et Systèmes Innovants (GenESI), F-17700 Surgères, France
| | - J Noblet
- INRA, UMR1348, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage (PEGASE), F-35590 Rennes, France
| | - H Gilbert
- INRA, UMR1388, Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE), F-31326 Toulouse, France INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suriyasomboon A, Lundeheim N, Kunavongkrit A, Einarsson S. Effect of temperature and humidity on reproductive performance of crossbred sows in Thailand. Theriogenology 2006; 65:606-28. [PMID: 16009413 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of season, temperature, and humidity on the reproductive performance of sows under tropical conditions. Data were collected from 11 sow herds from January 2001 to June 2002. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily for each herd from January 2001 to February 2002. Semen used was collected from boars housed in conventional open-air stables (six herds) or in evaporative cooling stables (five herds). A total of 43,875 farrowing records were included in the statistical analysis. Fourteen-day moving averages of daily maximum temperature and minimum humidity were calculated and merged with each reproductive record. ANOVA was applied to the reproductive records. In addition to the fixed effects included in the statistical models (e.g. system, season, parity, temperature, and humidity), the random effect of herd within system was included. The total number of piglets born was analyzed in relation to the climate at previous weaning (NTB-w), at mating (NTB-m), and at farrowing (NTB-f). The housing system of the boars had no significant effect on any of the reproductive variables analyzed. Season (2-month periods) as well as parity number had a significant effect on all reproductive variables analyzed. Increased length of previous lactation had a significant and favorable effect (P < 0.001) on NTB-w, NTB-m, and weaning-to-first-service interval. There were indications that high temperature and humidity (recorded at the herd level) at previous weaning/mating or at farrowing had negative effects on litter size, but these negative influences were not consistent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annop Suriyasomboon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gourdine JL, Bidanel JP, Noblet J, Renaudeau D. Effects of breed and season on performance of lactating sows in a tropical humid climate1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:360-9. [PMID: 16424264 DOI: 10.2527/2006.842360x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 179 lactations obtained on 71 multiparous sows [30 Creole (CR) and 41 Large White (LW)] between June 2001 and July 2004 were used to determine effects of breed (CR vs. LW) and season (hot vs. warm) in a tropical humid climate on performance during a 28-d lactation period. Mean daily ambient temperature was greater during the hot season than during the warm season (26.0 vs. 23.8 degrees C), and relative humidity was similar in both seasons (85% on average). For both breeds, ADFI was reduced (-700 g/d, P < 0.01), sow BW loss was greater (17 vs. 12 kg, P < 0.01), and piglet growth was reduced (197 vs. 210 g/d, P < 0.05) during the hot vs. the warm season. At farrowing, LW sows were heavier (255 vs. 186 kg, P < 0.01) and had less backfat (21 vs. 40 mm, P < 0.01) than CR sows. The growth rate of CR piglets was lower than that of LW piglets (192 vs. 215 g/d, P < 0.01). A breed x season interaction was observed (P < 0.05) for ADFI and sow BW loss. During the hot season, the reduction of ADFI was more pronounced in LW than in CR sows (-910 vs. -470 g/d). Regardless of the season, BW loss of CR sows remained constant (14.2 kg), whereas it increased during the hot season for LW sows (10 kg). The weaning-to-estrus and the weaning-to-conception intervals were not affected by breed or season and averaged 4.8 and 6.1 d, respectively. The rectal temperature was greater (0.3 degrees C) during the hot season than during the warm season and greater in LW than in CR sows (39.1 vs. 38.8 degrees C, P < 0.10). This study confirms the negative effect of hot season in a tropical humid climate on performance of lactating sows and that breed can have a significant effect on lactation performance. The results also suggest that CR sows are more heat tolerant than LW sows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Gourdine
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches Zootechniques, 97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, F.W.I, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|