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Gachumi G, Demelenne A, Poudel A, Dallal Bashi Z, El-Aneed A. Novel Fast Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Quantitative Approach for the Determination of Plant-Extracted Phytosterols and Tocopherols. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051402. [PMID: 33807675 PMCID: PMC7961602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols and tocopherols are commonly used in food and pharmaceutical industries for their health benefits. Current analysis methods rely on conventional liquid chromatography, using an analytical column, which can be tedious and time consuming. However, simple, and fast analytical methods can facilitate their qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this study, a fast chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (FC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of phytosterols and tocopherols. Omitting chromatography by employing flow injection analysis—mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) failed in the quantification of target analytes due to analyte-to-analyte interferences from phytosterols. These interferences arise from their ambiguous MS fingerprints that would lead to false identification and inaccurate quantification. Therefore, a C18 guard column with a 1.9 µm particle size was employed for FC-MS/MS under isocratic elution using acetonitrile/methanol (99:1 v/v) at a flow rate of 600 µL/min. Analyte-to-analyte interferences were identified and eliminated. The false peaks could then be easily identified due to chromatographic separation. In addition, two internal standards were evaluated, namely cholestanol and deuterated cholesterol. Both internal standards contributed to the observed analyte-to-analyte interferences; however, adequate shift in the retention time for deuterated cholesterol eliminated its interferences and allowed for an accurate quantification. The method is fast (1.3 min) compared to published methods and can distinguish false peaks observed in FIA-MS. Seven analytes were quantified simultaneously, namely brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol. The method was successfully applied in the quantitative analysis of phytosterols and tocopherols present in the unsaponifiable matter of canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD). β-sitosterol and γ-tocopherol were the most abundant phytosterols and tocopherols, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
| | - Alice Demelenne
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Asmita Poudel
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
| | - Zafer Dallal Bashi
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Casas R, Estruch R, Sacanella E. Influence of Bioactive Nutrients on the Atherosclerotic Process: A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1630. [PMID: 30400153 PMCID: PMC6266892 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effects of a dietary intervention as a useful tool in the prevention of atherosclerosis disease has gained greater attention in recent years. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated the importance of diet in reducing expensive treatments or possible undesirable side effects. The main aim of this review is to examine the effects of specific nutrients on the development and progression of atherosclerosis in patients with cardiovascular disease. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardioprotective effect of different nutrients. In this sense, results have shown stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques or downregulation of biomarkers related to inflammation through nutrients such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, hydroxytyrosol of extra virgin olive oil, lycopen, phytosterols of plants, or flavonols of fruits and vegetables, among others. The accumulated evidence on the anti-inflammatory effects related to these nutrients is summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Casas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio Sacanella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Gachumi G, El-Aneed A. Mass Spectrometric Approaches for the Analysis of Phytosterols in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10141-10156. [PMID: 29058915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant sterols (phytosterols) are important structural components of plant cellular membranes, and they play a major role during development and metabolism. They have health-associated benefits, especially in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Because of their many health claims, there is a growing interest in their analysis. Although various analytical strategies have been employed in analyzing phytosterols, chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (MS) is superior due to its sensitivity. Furthermore, specificity and selectivity are enhanced by utilizing tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This article reviews the various mass spectrometric strategies used for the analysis of phytosterols. It highlights the applications and limitations associated with each MS strategy in various sample matrixes such as plant, human, animal, food, and dietary supplements. GC-MS was historically the method of choice for analysis; however, the derivatization step rendered it tedious and time-consuming. On the other hand, liquid chromatography coupled to MS (LC-MS) simplifies the analysis. Many ionization techniques have been used, namely, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). APCI showed superiority in terms of ion intensity and consistency in ion formation, primarily forming [M + H - H2O]+ ions rather than [M + H]+. In addition, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) as well as ambient mass spectrometry such as direct analysis in real time (DART) have also been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada , S7N 5E5
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada , S7N 5E5
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Abstract
Consumption of dietary soluble fibers has been associated with health benefits such as reduced lipid levels, lower blood pressure, improved blood glucose control, weight loss, improved immune function, and reduced inflammation. Many of these health benefits relate to a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we have reviewed recent studies on the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary soluble fibers as well as fiber-rich foods. Findings include the following: (a) consumption of water-soluble, viscous-forming fibers can reduce total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by about 5-10 %; (b) minimal changes of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride levels were observed; (c) cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble fibers depend on their physical and chemical properties; and (d) medium to high molecular weight fibers are more effective in reducing lipid levels. Hypocholesterolemic benefits were also observed with some fiber-rich foods, such as whole oats, whole barley, legumes, peas, beans, flax seeds, apples, and citrus foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Surampudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Byambaa Enkhmaa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erdembileg Anuurad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,2UC Davis Medical Center, CTSC, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Effects of plant stanol or sterol-enriched diets on lipid profiles in patients treated with statins: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31337. [PMID: 27539156 PMCID: PMC4990897 DOI: 10.1038/srep31337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacy and safety data from trials with suitable endpoints have shown that non-statin medication in combination with a statin is a potential strategy to further reduce cardiovascular events. We aimed to evaluate the overall effect of stanol- or sterol-enriched diets on serum lipid profiles in patients treated with statins by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We used the PubMed, Cochrane library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to search for literature published up to December 2015. Trials were included in the analysis if they were RCTs evaluating the effect of plant stanols or sterols in patients under statin therapy that reported corresponding data on serum lipid profiles. We included 15 RCTs involving a total of 500 participants. Stanol- or sterol-enriched diets in combination with statins, compared with statins alone, produced significant reductions in total cholesterol of 0.30 mmol/L (95% CI −0.36 to −0.25) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 0.30 mmol/L (95% CI −0.35 to −0.25), but not in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides. These results persisted in the subgroup analysis. Our meta-analysis provides further evidence that stanol- or sterol-enriched diets additionally lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in patients treated with statins beyond that achieved by statins alone.
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Dong S, Zhang R, Ji YC, Hao JY, Ma WW, Chen XD, Xiao R, Yu HL. Soy milk powder supplemented with phytosterol esters reduced serum cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemia independently of lipoprotein E genotype: a random clinical placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Res 2016; 36:879-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Deng Q, Yu X, Xu J, Kou X, Zheng M, Huang F, Huang Q, Wang L. Single frequency intake of α-linolenic acid rich phytosterol esters attenuates atherosclerosis risk factors in hamsters fed a high fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:23. [PMID: 26843021 PMCID: PMC4739386 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggested phytosterol esters (PE) exhibited an advantage over naturally occurring phytosterols in reducing atherosclerosis risk factors due to improved fat solubility and compatibility. However, the effects of dietary patterns of PE on lipid-lowering activity were limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the effects of dose and frequency of α-linolenic acid rich phytosterol esters (ALA-PE) on cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism markers focused on intestinal cholesterol absorption and bioconversion of ALA in liver. Methods Dose-dependency study Male Syrian golden hamsters were fed high-fat diets (HFD) containing low, medium and high dose of ALA-PE (0.72 %, 2.13 % and 6.39 %) for 6 weeks. The high fat diet contained 89.5 % chow diet, 0.2 % cholesterol, 10 % lard and 0.3 % bile salt. Dose-frequency study Male Syrian golden hamsters were provided: (I) 0.4 mL/100 g peanut oil by gavage once a day; (II) 0.4 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage once a day; (III) 0.2 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage twice a day; (IV) 0.133 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage three times a day; (V) 0.1 mL/100 g ALA-PE by gavage four times a day for 6 weeks with a high-fat diet simultaneously. Results ALA-PE dose-dependently lowered plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations with a maximal decrease of 42 %, 59 % and 73 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Compared to HFD, TC, LDL-C and TG concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in hamsters consumed HFD plus ALA-PE for 1–4 times per day but there were not remarkable differences among different consumption frequencies. No significant changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation levels were observed among HFD and HFD plus different doses of ALA-PE groups. The contents of hepatic α-linolenic (ALA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were dose-dependently increased in different ALA-PE groups compared to those in HFD group. The abundance of mRNA for intestinal sterol transporters Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 indicated no significant differences among all groups. Conclusion ALA-PE dose-dependently improved lipid profile in hamsters fed HFD independent of intestinal ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1, accompanying by increased conversion of ALA to DPA and DHA in liver. ALA-PE manifested “once a day” lipid-lowering efficacy, highlighting a promising preventive strategy for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jiqu Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xiuying Kou
- Functional Oil Laboratory Associated by Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Infinite (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Qingde Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Institute for Farm Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. "Add-on" effect of phytosterols-enriched fermented milk on lipids and markers of cholesterol metabolism in statin-treated elderly patients. Steroids 2015; 99:293-8. [PMID: 25796548 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of plant sterol (PS) enriched matrices on lipid profile has been evaluated in statin-treated individuals, with LDL-C concentrations between 3.35mmol/L and 4.90mmol/L, but studies in the elderly are scarce. In this study the additional effect of a low-fat PS-enriched fermented milk (PS-FM) on cholesterol metabolism markers and serum lipids was evaluated in the elderly on stable statin therapy with baseline LDL-C<3.35mmol/L. Thirty-five individuals (88.6% women; 81±8years old; BMI 29.9±6.0kg/m(2)), living in elderly nursing care facilities were placed on a daily intake of 2g PS-FM for 6weeks, in addition to their statin monotherapy. A fasting blood sample was collected at baseline (t0), after 2 consecutive periods of 3weeks intake (t1 and t2), and after 6weeks of washout (t3), for the analysis of serum lipid profile and cholesterol synthesis (lathosterol, desmosterol) and absorption (sitosterol, campesterol and cholestanol) markers. PS-FM consumption led to a LDL-C reduction of 0.15mmol/L (t1) and 0.27mmol/L (t2) from baseline (P<0.05). Serum campesterol and sitosterol (P<0.001) increased (t0-t1; t0-t2), reflecting PS intake and contributing to the inhibition of cholesterol intestinal absorption, leading to a decrease in cholestanol-to-cholesterol ratio. There was a reciprocal homeostatic rise of serum cholesterol precursors, desmosterol and lathosterol (P<0.001) from baseline, based on the up-regulation of the opposing pathway. Statin-treated elderly individuals, with baseline LDL-C<3.35mmol/L, may still have therapeutic benefit from strategies that reduce cholesterol absorption, such as 2g/day PS-FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Andrade
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Complementares, Rua 5 Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; CEF - Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospitals, Medicine Faculty, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF - Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bard JM, Paillard F, Lecerf JM. Effect of phytosterols/stanols on LDL concentration and other surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2015; 41:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ras RT, van der Schouw YT, Trautwein EA, Sioen I, Dalmeijer GW, Zock PL, Beulens JWJ. Intake of phytosterols from natural sources and risk of cardiovascular disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-the Netherlands (EPIC-NL) population. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:1067-75. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487314554864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders, Belgium
| | - Geertje W Dalmeijer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L Zock
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - Joline WJ Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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AbuMweis SS, Marinangeli CP, Frohlich J, Jones PJ. Implementing Phytosterols Into Medical Practice as a Cholesterol-Lowering Strategy: Overview of Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Safety. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Bruckert E, Masana L, Chapman MJ, Descamps O, Bosi E, Allaert FA. Dietary supplementation contributes to lifestyle improvement in hypercholesterolemic patients in real-life contexts. Curr Med Res Opin 2014; 30:1309-16. [PMID: 24502771 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2014.890924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Assess the evolution of cardiovascular lifestyle behaviors in hypercholesterolemic patients concomitantly with changes in their daily intake of phytosterol-supplemented yoghurt (Phyto-SY). METHODS Nationwide prospective observational study conducted in general practices across France and Spain. Each practitioner suggested lifestyle changes to five consecutive patients with hypercholesterolemia (whether or not they were taking hypocholesterolemic drugs) and recommended daily consumption of Phyto-SY. The study design involved an inclusion visit, a patient's self-monitoring assessment after 1 month, and a final visit after 4 months. Primary evaluation criterion: changes in dietary habits assessed by a standardized Nutritional Lifestyle score. Secondary criteria: changes in lipid profile, anthropometry (waist circumference) and lifestyle behavior. RESULTS A total of 2376 hypercholesterolemic patients (of whom 54.8% were women) were included. The average age was 56.2 years old. The Nutritional Lifestyle score improved from 15.4 ± 5.4 to 8.7 ± 4.0 (p < 0.0001). Total cholesterol decreased by 10.6% (<0.0001), HDL-C increased by 8.0% (<0.0001), and LDL-C fell by 12.7% (<0.0001). Similar results were observed in patients treated with statins and those who were not. Frequency of walking (>30 min) increased from 59.3% to 78.3% (p < 0.0001). The overweight rate decreased from 22.8% to 17.5% (p < 0.0001) and waist circumference from 94.6 ± 13.3 cm to 93.0 ± 12.8 cm (p < 0.0001). Nutritional Lifestyles and other lifestyle markers' improvement were parallel to adherence to Phyto-SY adherence. CONCLUSION Improvements in Nutritional Lifestyle scores, which included regular consumption of Phyto-SY over 4 months, was significantly linked to healthier lifestyles and to beneficial modifications in atherogenic lipid profiles, which reflected patient empowerment in a 'real life' context.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bruckert
- Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
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Basu A, Nguyen A, Betts NM, Lyons TJ. Strawberry As a Functional Food: An Evidence-Based Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:790-806. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.608174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rondanelli M, Monteferrario F, Faliva MA, Perna S, Antoniello N. Key points for maximum effectiveness and safety for cholesterol-lowering properties of plant sterols and use in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2605-2610. [PMID: 23584958 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
According to the American Diabetes Association and the Adult Treatment Panel III, the starting point for treating metabolic syndrome (MS) is a change of lifestyle. In addition, action on the main symptoms of MS by means of dietary supplements, can be helpful in view of the chronic course of the disease. The term 'phytosterols' refers to sterols and stanols composed of lipophilic triterpenes, a family that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and whose cholesterol-lowering properties have been amply demonstrated. In the light of the recent literature, the key points for maximum effectiveness and safety of sterols are the following. (A) Plant sterols should be taken with meals: clinical trials have shown that when plant sterols are consumed close to mealtimes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may decrease by 9.4%, while when they are taken between meals, the reduction is about 6%. (B) The optimal dosage is 2-2.5 g day(-1) in a single dose. More than 3 g day(-1) has not been found to have any additional beneficial effect and increases the risk of side effects. (C) The food matrix used to dissolve the phytosterols should contain a certain amount of fat. A milk-based matrix appears optimal from this point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- Human Nutrition Section, Health Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Pavia, Italy
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Modelling approach to simulate reductions in LDL cholesterol levels after combined intake of statins and phytosterols/-stanols in humans. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:187. [PMID: 22018353 PMCID: PMC3229468 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the effects on LDL cholesterol of the combined use of statins and phytosterols/-stanols, in vivo studies and clinical trials are necessary. However, for a better interpretation of the experimental data as well as to possibly predict cholesterol levels given a certain dosing regimen of statins and phytosterols/-stanols a more theoretically based approach is helpful. This study aims to construct a mathematical model to simulate reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in persons who combine the use of statins with a high intake of phytosterols/-stanols, e.g. by the use of functional foods. METHODS AND RESULTS The proposed model includes the cholesterol pool size in the liver and serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Both an additional and a multiplicative effect of phytosterol/-stanol intake on LDL cholesterol reduction were predicted from the model. The additional effect relates to the decrease of dietary cholesterol uptake reduction, the multiplicative effect relates to the decrease in enterohepatic recycling efficiency, causing increased cholesterol elimination through bile. From the model, it was demonstrated that a daily intake of 2 g phytosterols/-stanols reduces LDL cholesterol level by about 8% to 9% on top of the reduction resulting from statin use. The additional decrease in LDL cholesterol caused by phytosterol/-stanol use at the recommended level of 2 g/d appeared to be similar or even greater than the decrease achieved by doubling the statin dose. CONCLUSION We proposed a simplified mathematical model to simulate the reduction in LDL cholesterol after separate and combined intake of statins and functional foods acting on intestinal (re)absorption of cholesterol or bile acids in humans. In future work, this model can be extended to include more complex (regulatory) mechanisms.
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Costs and health effects of adding functional foods containing phytosterols/-stanols to statin therapy in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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