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Yalçin SS, Güneş B, Yalçin S. Influence of season and lactational stage on aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in human milk in a cohort study from southeastern region of Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1192-1203. [PMID: 33307760 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1860200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the changes in aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in human breast milk (HBM) during the first five postpartum months according to the sampling season in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa. From 78 healthy lactating mothers, HBM was taken at the 5-14 days postpartum (D5-14) and the 6th and 18th weeks postpartum (W6 and W18). Mycotoxin levels were analyzed with competitive ELISA. Generalized Estimating Equations with repeated measures (three-correlation matrix dimension) revealed a significantly higher mean AFM1 level at W6 than that on D5-14. AFM1 and OTA levels in winter and spring were considerably higher than that in summer and autumn. Maternal smoke exposure, body mass index, history of moldy food exposure, birth order, and breastfeeding type did not influence the results. Whilst season had a marked effect on the milk levels of both analytes, lactation stage affected AFM1 more notable than OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bülent Güneş
- Child Health and Disease Service, Özel Şan Med Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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de Almeida L, Williams R, Soares DM, Nesbitt H, Wright G, Erskine W. Aflatoxin levels in maize and peanut and blood in women and children: The case of Timor-Leste. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13158. [PMID: 31511633 PMCID: PMC6739342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp. with carcinogenic properties that are a common food contaminant of many crops including maize and peanuts. In Timor-Leste malnutrition and children's stunting are frequent and maize and peanuts are staple foods. This study aimed to provide information on aflatoxin exposure nationally. The study measured levels of aflatoxin in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate in blood samples of women and young children (514 and 620 respectively) across all municipalities. The average concentration of aflatoxin in the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - lower than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. Although aflatoxin-albumin conjugate was detected in more than 80% of blood samples, the average concentration in children and adults of 0.64 and 0.98 pg mg-1 alb, respectively, is much lower than in other similar rural-based countries. Although low in concentration, blood aflatoxin levels and aflatoxin contamination levels in maize across municipalities were correlated significantly for mothers (R2 = 37%, n = 495) but not for children (R2 = 10%). It is unlikely that the consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is a causative factor in the current level of malnutrition and stunting affecting Timor-Leste children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Almeida
- AI-Com, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, PO Box 221, Comoro-Dili, Timor-Leste.,Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment & Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Robert Williams
- AI-Com, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, PO Box 221, Comoro-Dili, Timor-Leste.,Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment & Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Harry Nesbitt
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment & Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Graeme Wright
- Peanut Company of Australia (PCA), 133 Haly Street, Kingaroy, Qld, 4610, Australia
| | - William Erskine
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment & Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Ghadiri S, Spalenza V, Dellafiora L, Badino P, Barbarossa A, Dall'Asta C, Nebbia C, Girolami F. Modulation of aflatoxin B1 cytotoxicity and aflatoxin M1 synthesis by natural antioxidants in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:174-183. [PMID: 30849473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) B1, a widespread food and feed contaminant, is bioactivated by drug metabolizing enzymes (DME) to cytotoxic and carcinogenic metabolites like AFB1-epoxide and AFM1, a dairy milk contaminant. A number of natural antioxidants have been reported to afford a certain degree of protection against AFB1 (cyto)toxicity. As the mammary gland potentially participates in the generation of AFB1 metabolites, we evaluated the role of selected natural antioxidants (i.e. curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol) in the modulation of AFB1 toxicity and metabolism using a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BME-UV1). Quercetin and, to a lesser extent, resveratrol and curcumin from Curcuma longa (all at 5 μM) significantly counteracted the AFB1-mediated impairment of cell viability (concentration range: 96-750 nM). Moreover, quercetin was able to significantly reduce the synthesis of AFM1. The quantitative PCR analysis on genes encoding for DME (phase I and II) and antioxidant enzymes showed that AFB1 caused an overall downregulation of the detoxifying systems, and mainly of GSTA1, which mediates the GSH conjugation of the AFB1-epoxide. The negative modulation of GSTA1 was efficiently reversed in the presence of quercetin, which significantly increased GSH levels as well. It is suggested that quercetin exerts its beneficial effects by depressing the bio-transformation of AFB1 and counterbalancing its pro-oxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Ghadiri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Veronica Spalenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy.
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Aydın M, Aydın S, Bacanlı M, Başaran N. Aflatoxin levels in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in Balıkesir, Turkey. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:926-35. [PMID: 25894298 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, the secondary metabolites produced by species of naturally occurring Aspergilli, are commonly found in food such as cereals, dried fruits and juice, wine, beer and spices. They are hepatotoxic and are well known human carcinogens based on evidence from human studies. Aflatoxins are an environmental risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic hepatitis B-infected patients are at increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic failure and liver cancer. This study was designed to determine the serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2 ), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2 ) concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in hepatitis B-infected patients with or without cirrhosis and liver cancer, alongside healthy controls in Balıkesir, Turkey. The mean AFB1 and total AF levels in patients without liver cancer and cirrhosis were significantly higher than healthy controls. The mean AFB1 and total AF levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B and HCC were significantly higher than infected patients with or without cirrhosis. These results suggest that patients with chronic hepatitis B who are exposed to AFs are at increased risk for developing HCC, which might be prevented by reducing consumption of contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aydın
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Hospital of Başkent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Aydın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Başaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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