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Memon R, Niazi JH, Qureshi A. Biosensors for detection of airborne pathogenic fungal spores: a review. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15419-15445. [PMID: 39078286 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The excessive presence of airborne fungal spores presents major concerns with potential adverse impacts on public health and food safety. These spores are recognized as pathogens and allergens prevalent in both outdoor and indoor environments, particularly in public spaces such as hospitals, schools, offices and hotels. Indoor environments pose a heightened risk of pulmonary diseases due to continuous exposure to airborne fungal spore particles through constant inhalation, especially in those individuals with weakened immunity and immunocompromised conditions. Detection methods for airborne fungal spores are often expensive, time-consuming, and lack sensitivity, making them unsuitable for indoor/outdoor monitoring. However, the emergence of micro-nano biosensor systems offers promising solutions with miniaturized designs, nanomaterial integration, and microfluidic systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in bio-nano-sensor system technology for detecting airborne fungal spores, while also discussing future trends in biosensor device development aimed at achieving rapid and selective identification of pathogenic airborne fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roomia Memon
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah. Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah. Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah. Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Molecular Recognition of Surface Trans-Sialidases in Extracellular Vesicles of the Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137193. [PMID: 35806197 PMCID: PMC9266976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidases (TS) are important constitutive macromolecules of the secretome present on the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) that play a central role as a virulence factor in Chagas disease. These enzymes have been related to infectivity, escape from immune surveillance and pathogenesis exhibited by this protozoan parasite. In this work, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule-force spectroscopy is implemented as a suitable technique for the detection and location of functional TS on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by tissue-culture cell-derived trypomastigotes (Ex-TcT). For that purpose, AFM cantilevers with functionalized tips bearing the anti-TS monoclonal antibody mAb 39 as a sense biomolecule are engineered using a covalent chemical ligation based on vinyl sulfonate click chemistry; a reliable, simple and efficient methodology for the molecular recognition of TS using the antibody-antigen interaction. Measurements of the breakdown forces between anti-TS mAb 39 antibodies and EVs performed to elucidate adhesion and forces involved in the recognition events demonstrate that EVs isolated from tissue-culture cell-derived trypomastigotes of T. cruzi are enriched in TS. Additionally, a mapping of the TS binding sites with submicrometer-scale resolution is provided. This work represents the first AFM-based molecular recognition study of Ex-TcT using an antibody-tethered AFM probe.
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De Pastina A, Padovani F, Brunetti G, Rotella C, Niosi F, Usov V, Hegner M. Multimodal real-time frequency tracking of cantilever arrays in liquid environment for biodetection: Comprehensive setup and performance analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:065001. [PMID: 34243575 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a nanomechanical platform for real-time quantitative label-free detection of target biomolecules in a liquid environment with mass sensitivity down to few pg. Newly fabricated arrays of up to 18 cantilevers are integrated in a micromachined fluidic chamber, connected to software-controlled fluidic pumps for automated sample injections. We discuss two functionalization approaches to independently sensitize the interface of different cantilevers. A custom piezo-stack actuator and optical readout system enable the measurement of resonance frequencies up to 2 MHz. We implement a new measurement strategy based on a phase-locked loop (PLL), built via in-house developed software. The PLL allows us to track, within the same experiment, the evolution of resonance frequency over time of up to four modes for all the cantilevers in the array. With respect to the previous measurement technique, based on standard frequency sweep, the PLL enhances the estimated detection limit of the device by a factor of 7 (down to 2 pg in 5 min integration time) and the time resolution by more than threefold (below 15 s), being on par with commercial gold-standard techniques. The detection limit and noise of the new setup are investigated via Allan deviation and standard deviation analysis, considering different resonance modes and interface chemistries. As a proof-of-concept, we show the immobilization and label-free in situ detection of live bacterial cells (E. coli), demonstrating qualitative and quantitative agreement in the mechanical response of three different resonance modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa De Pastina
- School of Physics, Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), D02 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Padovani
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Giulio Brunetti
- School of Physics, Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), D02 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chiara Rotella
- School of Physics, Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), D02 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fabio Niosi
- School of Physics, Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), D02 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Victor Usov
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), D02 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Hegner
- School of Physics, Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), D02 Dublin, Ireland
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Ma J, Du M, Wang C, Xie X, Wang H, Zhang Q. Advances in airborne microorganisms detection using biosensors: A critical review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 15:47. [PMID: 33842019 PMCID: PMC8023783 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-021-1420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Humanity has been facing the threat of a variety of infectious diseases. Airborne microorganisms can cause airborne infectious diseases, which spread rapidly and extensively, causing huge losses to human society on a global scale. In recent years, the detection technology for airborne microorganisms has developed rapidly; it can be roughly divided into biochemical, immune, and molecular technologies. However, these technologies still have some shortcomings; they are time-consuming and have low sensitivity and poor stability. Most of them need to be used in the ideal environment of a laboratory, which limits their applications. A biosensor is a device that converts biological signals into detectable signals. As an interdisciplinary field, biosensors have successfully introduced a variety of technologies for bio-detection. Given their fast analysis speed, high sensitivity, good portability, strong specificity, and low cost, biosensors have been widely used in environmental monitoring, medical research, food and agricultural safety, military medicine and other fields. In recent years, the performance of biosensors has greatly improved, becoming a promising technology for airborne microorganism detection. This review introduces the detection principle of biosensors from the three aspects of component identification, energy conversion principle, and signal amplification. It also summarizes its research and application in airborne microorganism detection. The new progress and future development trend of the biosensor detection of airborne microorganisms are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Manman Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Xinwu Xie
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, 300161 China
- National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, 300161 China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, 300161 China
- School of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300222 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Institute of Particle Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, D-42119 Germany
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5
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Simulation-Based Design and Optimization of Rectangular Micro-Cantilever-Based Aerosols Mass Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030626. [PMID: 31979192 PMCID: PMC7037910 DOI: 10.3390/s20030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Micro-Cantilever (MCL) is a thin film structure that is applied for aerosol particle mass sensing. Several modifications to the rectangular MCL (length-to-width ratio, slots at the anchor, serrations at its side edges) are made to deduce the role and influence of the shape of rectangular MCL-based aerosol mass sensors and reduce gas damping. A finite element fluid-structure interaction model was used to investigate the performance of MCL. It is found that (I) the mass sensitivity and quality factor decline with the increasing of length-to-width ratio which alters the resonant frequency of the MCL. The optimum conditions, including the length-to-width ratio (σlw = 5) and resonant frequency (f0 = 540.7 kHz) of the MCL, are obtained with the constant surface area (S = 45,000 μm2) in the frequency domain ranging from 0 to 600 kHz. (II) The slots can enhance the read-out signal and bring a small Q factor drop. (III) The edge serrations on MCL significantly reduce the gas damping. The results provide a reference for the design of aerosol mass sensor, which makes it possible to develop aerosol mass sensor with high frequency, sensitivity, and quality.
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Gaikwad A, Joshi M, Patil K, Sathaye S, Rode C. Fluorescent Carbon-Dots Thin Film for Fungal Detection and Bio-labeling Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5829-5840. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gaikwad
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Meenal Joshi
- Late Prin. B. V. Bhide Foundation, Sir Parashurambhau
College Campus, Pune 411030, India
| | - Kashinath Patil
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shivaram Sathaye
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Rode
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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7
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Li X, Zhang X, Liu Q, Zhao W, Liu S, Sui G. Microfluidic System for Rapid Detection of Airborne Pathogenic Fungal Spores. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2095-2103. [PMID: 30264565 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Airborne fungi, including Aspergillus species, are the major causes of human asthma. Direct capture and analysis of pathogenic fungi in indoor air is important for disease prevention and control. In this paper, we demonstrated an integrated microfluidic system capable of enrichment and high-throughput detection for airborne fungal spores of Aspergillus niger, a well-known allergenic harmful species. The microfluidic system allowed semiquantitative detection of Aspergillus niger spores based on immunofluorescence analysis. To assess its contaminated level, the whole analysis time could be completed in 2-3 h including ∼1 h of enrichment and ∼1 h of target detection. The detection limit was ∼20 spores, equivalent to ∼300 spores·m-3 of the concerned targets in air. In addition, the microfluidic system has integrated sampling and sample analysis to avoid additional sample concentration step, showing the potential for point-of-care detection for other pathogenic fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Sixiu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, No. 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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8
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Precise mass determination of single cell with cantilever-based microbiosensor system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188388. [PMID: 29161333 PMCID: PMC5697875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Having determined the mass of a single cell of brewer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of a microcantilever-based biosensor Cantisens CSR-801 (Concentris, Basel, Switzerland), it was found that its dry mass is 47,65 ± 1,05 pg. Found to be crucial in this mass determination was the cell position along the length of the cantilever. Moreover, calculations including cells positions on the cantilever provide a threefold better degree of accuracy than those which assume uniform mass distribution. We have also examined the influence of storage time on the single cell mass. Our results show that after 6 months there is an increase in the average mass of a single yeast cell.
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9
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Direct measurement of IgM-Antigen interaction energy on individual red blood cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:373-378. [PMID: 28454066 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most blood grouping tests rely on the principle of red blood cells (RBCs) agglutination. Agglutination is triggered by the binding of specific blood grouping antibodies to the corresponding RBC surface antigen on multiple cells. The interaction energies between blood grouping antibodies and antigens have been poorly defined in immunohaematology. Here for the first time, we functionalized atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers with the IgM form of blood grouping antibodies to probe populations of individual RBCs of different groups under physiological conditions. The force-mapping mode of AFM allowed us to measure specific antibody - antigen interactions, and simultaneously localize and quantify antigen sites on the scanned cell surface. This study provides a new insight of the interactions between IgM antibodies and its corresponding antigen. The technique and information can be translated to develop better blood typing diagnostics and optimize target-specific drug delivery for medical applications.
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10
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Mapping the distribution of specific antibody interaction forces on individual red blood cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41956. [PMID: 28157207 PMCID: PMC5291206 DOI: 10.1038/srep41956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current blood typing methods rely on the agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) to macroscopically indicate a positive result. An indirect agglutination mechanism is required when blood typing with IgG forms of antibodies. To date, the interaction forces between anti-IgG and IgG antibodies have been poorly quantified, and blood group related antigens have never been quantified with the atomic force microscope (AFM). Instead, the total intensity resulting from fluorescent-tagged antibodies adsorbed on RBC has been measured to calculate an average antigen density on a series of RBCs. In this study we mapped specific antibody interaction forces on the RBC surface. AFM cantilever tips functionalized with anti-IgG were used to probe RBCs incubated with specific IgG antibodies. This work provides unique insight into antibody-antigen interactions in their native cell-bound location, and crucially, on a per-cell basis rather than an ensemble average set of properties. Force profiles obtained from the AFM directly provide not only the anti-IgG – IgG antibody interaction force, but also the spatial distribution and density of antigens over a single cell. This new understanding might be translated into the development of very selective and quantitative interactions that underpin the action of drugs in the treatment of frontier illnesses.
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11
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Shiba K, Imamura G, Yoshikawa G. Nanomechanical Sensors. BIOMATERIALS NANOARCHITECTONICS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152471 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-37127-8.00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This chapter introduces nanomechanical sensors and their applications. All molecules have “volume” and “mass.” Direct measurement of these fundamental parameters can realize label-free and real-time measurements. Nanomechanical sensors have been emerging as a key device for such label-free and real-time measurements with their multiple operation modes; static and dynamic modes for detecting volume- and mass-related features, respectively. A cantilever array sensor is a representative example among various geometries, while structural optimization can enhance the scope of nanomechanical sensors in both academic and industrial applications. One of the most advanced sensing platforms is a membrane-type surface stress sensor (MSS), which realizes both high sensitivity and compact system at the same time. The MSS is also expected to contribute to addressing nanomechanical behavior of living cells and their network.
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12
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Paradigm Shift in Plant Disease Diagnostics: A Journey from Conventional Diagnostics to Nano-diagnostics. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Label-free detection of liver cancer cells by aptamer-based microcantilever biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 79:353-8. [PMID: 26735868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common and highly malignant cancers in the world. There are no effective therapeutic options if an early liver cancer diagnosis is not achieved. In this work, detection of HepG2 cells by label-free microcantilever array aptasensor was developed. The sensing microcantilevers were functionalized by HepG2 cells-specific aptamers. Meanwhile, to eliminate the interferences induced by the environment, the reference microcantilevers were modified with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol self-assembled monolayers. The aptasensor exhibits high specificity over not only human liver normal cells, but also other cancer cells of breast, bladder, and cervix tumors. The linear relation ranges from 1×10(3) to 1×10(5)cells/mL, with a detection limit of 300 cells/mL (S/N=3). Our work provides a simple method for detection of liver cancer cells with advantages in terms of simplicity and stability.
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14
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Fang Y, Ramasamy RP. Current and Prospective Methods for Plant Disease Detection. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:537-61. [PMID: 26287253 PMCID: PMC4600171 DOI: 10.3390/bios5030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Food losses due to crop infections from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are persistent issues in agriculture for centuries across the globe. In order to minimize the disease induced damage in crops during growth, harvest and postharvest processing, as well as to maximize productivity and ensure agricultural sustainability, advanced disease detection and prevention in crops are imperative. This paper reviews the direct and indirect disease identification methods currently used in agriculture. Laboratory-based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence (IF), fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry (FCM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are some of the direct detection methods. Indirect methods include thermography, fluorescence imaging and hyperspectral techniques. Finally, the review also provides a comprehensive overview of biosensors based on highly selective bio-recognition elements such as enzyme, antibody, DNA/RNA and bacteriophage as a new tool for the early identification of crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ramaraja P Ramasamy
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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15
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Jin JH, Kim J, Jeon T, Shin SK, Sohn JR, Yi H, Lee BY. Real-time selective monitoring of allergenic Aspergillus molds using pentameric antibody-immobilized single-walled carbon nanotube-field effect transistors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A SWNT-FET directly functionalized with immunoglobulin M shows a wide detection range from sub-picomolar to micromolar with an excellent sensitivity due to chemical gating in selective monitoring of fungal allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyung Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
| | - Junhyup Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
| | - Taejin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
| | - Su-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Public Health Science
- Graduate School
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-703
- Korea
| | - Jong-Ryeul Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-703
- Korea
| | - Hana Yi
- Department of Public Health Science
- Graduate School
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-703
- Korea
| | - Byung Yang Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713
- Korea
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16
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Atomic force microscopy in microbiology: new structural and functional insights into the microbial cell surface. mBio 2014; 5:e01363-14. [PMID: 25053785 PMCID: PMC4120197 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01363-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cells sense and respond to their environment using their surface constituents. Therefore, understanding the assembly and biophysical properties of cell surface molecules is an important research topic. With its ability to observe living microbial cells at nanometer resolution and to manipulate single-cell surface molecules, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a powerful tool in microbiology. Here, we survey major breakthroughs made in cell surface microbiology using AFM techniques, emphasizing the most recent structural and functional insights.
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17
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Maloney N, Lukacs G, Jensen J, Hegner M. Nanomechanical sensors for single microbial cell growth monitoring. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8242-8249. [PMID: 24931547 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A nanomechanical technique for rapid real time detection and monitoring of microorganism growth will significantly reduce costs and diagnosis times in industrial and clinical settings. Owing to their label free detection mechanism and unprecedented sensitivity to the mass and elastic modulus of biological structures, dynamically operated cantilever arrays provide an opportunity to rapidly detect and track the evolution of microbial growth. Here we report the monitoring of the growth of single Aspergillus niger spores via the multimode response of microcantilevers. The fungal hyphal structure affects the cantilevers' nanomechanical properties as it propagates along the sensor. We demonstrate, for the first time, the mapping of cellular events with great accuracy using a cantilever frequency response. Imaging of growth conditions on the cantilever, which is performed in parallel, allows for verification of these results. Theoretical comparison and finite element modelling confirm experimental findings and allow for determination of the hyphal elastic modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Maloney
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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18
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Mishra R, Hegner M. Effect of non-specific species competition from total RNA on the static mode hybridization response of nanomechanical assays of oligonucleotides. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:225501. [PMID: 24807191 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/22/225501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate here the nanomechanical response of microcantilever sensors in real-time for detecting a range of ultra-low concentrations of oligonucleotides in a complex background of total cellular RNA extracts from cell lines without labeling or amplification. Cantilever sensor arrays were functionalized with probe single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and reference ssDNA to obtain a differential signal. They were then exposed to complementary target ssDNA strands that were spiked in a fragmented total cellular RNA background in biologically relevant concentrations so as to provide clinically significant analysis. We present a model for prediction of the sensor behavior in competitive backgrounds with parameters that are indicators of the change in nanomechanical response with variation in the target and background concentration. For nanomechanical assays to compete with current technologies it is essential to comprehend such responses with eventual impact on areas like understanding non-coding RNA pharmacokinetics, nucleic acid biomarker assays and miRNA quantification for disease monitoring and diagnosis to mention a few. Additionally, we also achieved a femtomolar sensitivity limit for online oligonucleotide detection in a non-competitive environment with these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mishra
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Maloney N, Lukacs G, Ball SL, Hegner M. Device for filamentous fungi growth monitoring using the multimodal frequency response of cantilevers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:015003. [PMID: 24517802 DOI: 10.1063/1.4854655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi cause opportunistic infections in hospital patients. A fast assay to detect viable spores is of great interest. We present a device that is capable of monitoring fungi growth in real time via the dynamic operation of cantilevers in an array. The ability to detect minute frequency shifts for higher order flexural resonance modes is demonstrated using hydrogel functionalised cantilevers. The use of higher order resonance modes sees the sensor dependent mass responsivity enhanced by a factor of 13 in comparison to measurements utilizing the fundamental resonance mode only. As a proof of principle measurement, Aspergillus niger growth is monitored using the first two flexural resonance modes. The detection of single spore growth within 10 h is reported for the first time. The ability to detect and monitor the growth of single spores, within a small time frame, is advantageous in both clinical and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maloney
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Lukacs
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S L Ball
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M Hegner
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Johnson BN, Mutharasan R. Biosensing using dynamic-mode cantilever sensors: a review. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 32:1-18. [PMID: 22119230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Current progress on the use of dynamic-mode cantilever sensors for biosensing applications is critically reviewed. We summarize their use in biosensing applications to date with focus given to: cantilever size (milli-, micro-, and nano-cantilevers), their geometry, and material used in fabrication. The review also addresses techniques investigated for both exciting and measuring cantilever resonance in various environments (vacuum, air, and liquid). Biological targets that have been detected to date are summarized with attention to bio-recognition chemistry, surface functionalization method, limit of detection, resonant frequency mode type, and resonant frequency measurement scheme. Applications published to date are summarized in a comprehensive table with description of the aforementioned details including comparison of sensitivities. Further, the general theory of cantilever resonance is discussed including fluid-structure interaction and its dependence on the Reynolds number for Newtonian fluids. The review covers designs with frequencies ranging from ∼1 kHz to 10 MHz and cantilever size ranging from millimeters to nanometers. We conclude by identifying areas that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake N Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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21
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Reusable chromium-coated quartz crystal microbalance for immunosensing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:191-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Buchapudi KR, Huang X, Yang X, Ji HF, Thundat T. Microcantilever biosensors for chemicals and bioorganisms. Analyst 2011; 136:1539-56. [PMID: 21394347 DOI: 10.1039/c0an01007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last fifteen years, microcantilevers (MCLs) have been emerging as a sensitive tool for the detection of chemicals and bioorganisms. Because of their small size, lightweight, and high surface-to-volume ratio, MCL-based sensors improve our capability to detect and identify biological agents by orders of magnitude. A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component. The MCL biosensors have recently been reviewed in several papers. All of these papers were organized based on the sensing biological elements (antibody, enzyme, proteins, etc.) for recognition of analytes. In this review, we intend to summarize the microcantilever biosensors in a format of each specific chemical and bioorganism species to make information on individual biosensors easily accessible. We did this to aid researchers to locate relevant references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koutilya R Buchapudi
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
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23
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Tothill I. Biosensors and nanomaterials and their application for mycotoxin determination. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin analysis and detection in food and drinks is vital for ensuring food quality and safety, eliminating and controlling the risk of consuming contaminated foods, and complying with the legislative limits set by food authorities worldwide. Most analysis of these toxins is still conducted using conventional methods; however, biosensor methods are currently being developed as screening tools for use in field analysis. Biosensors have demonstrated their ability to provide rapid, sensitive, robust and cost-effective quantitative methods for on-site testing. The development of biosensor devices for different mycotoxins has attracted much research interest in recent years with a range of devices being designed and reported in the scientific literature. However, with the advent of nanotechnology and its impact on the evolution of ultrasensitive devices, mycotoxin analysis is also benefiting from the advances taking place in applying nanomaterials in sensors development. This paper reviews the developments in the area of biosensors and their applications for mycotoxin analysis, as well as the development of micro/nanoarray transducers and nanoparticles and their use in the development of new rapid devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tothill
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK 43 0AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Backmann N, Kappeler N, Braun T, Huber F, Lang HP, Gerber C, Lim RYH. Sensing surface PEGylation with microcantilevers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 1:3-13. [PMID: 21977390 PMCID: PMC3045929 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are often used to modify surface properties to control interfacial processes. Their sensitivity to solvent conditions and ability to undergo conformational transitions makes polymers attractive in tailoring surface properties with specific functionalities leading to applications in diverse areas ranging from tribology to colloidal stability and medicine. A key example is polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is widely used as a protein-resistant coating given its low toxicity and biocompatibility. We report here a microcantilever-based sensor for the in situ characterization of PEG monolayer formation on Au using the "grafting to" approach. Moreover, we demonstrate how microcantilevers can be used to monitor conformational changes in the grafted PEG layer in different solvent conditions. This is supported by atomic force microscope (AFM) images and force-distance curve measurements of the microcantilever chip surface, which show that the grafted PEG undergoes a reversible collapse when switching between good and poor solvent conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Backmann
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Nanoscale Science, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natascha Kappeler
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Nanoscale Science, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Braun
- Center for Cellular Imaging and Nanoanalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Huber
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Nanoscale Science, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Lang
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Nanoscale Science, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gerber
- National Centre of Competence in Research in Nanoscale Science, Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Tan W, Huang Y, Nan T, Xue C, Li Z, Zhang Q, Wang B. Development of Protein A Functionalized Microcantilever Immunosensors for the Analyses of Small Molecules at Parts per Trillion Levels. Anal Chem 2009; 82:615-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901937g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiegui Nan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changguo Xue
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China, and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Singh A, Glass N, Tolba M, Brovko L, Griffiths M, Evoy S. Immobilization of bacteriophages on gold surfaces for the specific capture of pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3645-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
At the cross-roads of nanoscience and microbiology, the nanoscale analysis of microbial cells using atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an exciting, rapidly evolving research field. Over the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in our use of AFM to observe membrane proteins and live cells at high resolution. Remarkable advances have also been made in applying force spectroscopy to manipulate single membrane proteins, to map surface properties and receptor sites on cells and to measure cellular interactions at the single-cell and single-molecule levels. In addition, recent developments in cantilever nanosensors have opened up new avenues for the label-free detection of microorganisms and bioanalytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves F Dufrêne
- Unité de chimie des interfaces, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/18, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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28
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Braun T, Ghatkesar MK, Backmann N, Grange W, Boulanger P, Letellier L, Lang HP, Bietsch A, Gerber C, Hegner M. Quantitative time-resolved measurement of membrane protein-ligand interactions using microcantilever array sensors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:179-85. [PMID: 19265848 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are central to many biological processes, and the interactions between transmembrane protein receptors and their ligands are of fundamental importance in medical research. However, measuring and characterizing these interactions is challenging. Here we report that sensors based on arrays of resonating microcantilevers can measure such interactions under physiological conditions. A protein receptor--the FhuA receptor of Escherichia coli--is crystallized in liposomes, and the proteoliposomes then immobilized on the chemically activated gold-coated surface of the sensor by ink-jet spotting in a humid environment, thus keeping the receptors functional. Quantitative mass-binding measurements of the bacterial virus T5 at subpicomolar concentrations are performed. These experiments demonstrate the potential of resonating microcantilevers for the specific, label-free and time-resolved detection of membrane protein-ligand interactions in a micro-array format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Braun
- School of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Naughton Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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29
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Cottenye N, Teixeira F, Ponche A, Reiter G, Anselme K, Meier W, Ploux L, Vebert-Nardin C. Oligonucleotide nanostructured surfaces: effect on Escherichia coli curli expression. Macromol Biosci 2009; 8:1161-72. [PMID: 18683166 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide model surfaces allowing independent variation of topography and chemical composition were designed to study the adhesion and biofilm growth of E.coli. Surfaces were produced by covalent binding of oligonucleotides and immobilization of nucleotide-based vesicles. Their properties were confirmed through a combination of fluorescence microscopy, XPS, ellipsometry, AFM and wettability studies at each step of the process. These surfaces were then used to study the response of three different strains of E.coli quantified in a static biofilm growth mode. This study led to convincing evidence that oligonucleotide-modified surfaces, independent of the topographical feature used in this study, enhanced curli expression without an increase in the number of adherent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cottenye
- Institut de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, CNRS UPR 9069, Mulhouse Cedex, France
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30
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Yoshikawa G, Lang HP, Akiyama T, Aeschimann L, Staufer U, Vettiger P, Aono M, Sakurai T, Gerber C. Sub-ppm detection of vapors using piezoresistive microcantilever array sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:015501. [PMID: 19417252 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/1/015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The performance of microfabricated piezoresistive cantilever array sensors has been evaluated using various vapors of volatile organic compounds including alkanes with different chain length from 5 (n-pentane) to 14 (n-tetradecane). We demonstrate that piezoresistive microcantilever array sensors have the selectivity of discriminating individual alkanes in a homologous series as well as common volatile organic compounds according to principal component analysis. We developed a new method to evaluate the sensitivity, taking advantage of the low vapor pressures of alkanes with longer chains, such as n-dodecane, n-tridecane and n-tetradecane, under saturated vapor conditions. This method reveals sub-ppm sensitivity and the cantilever response is found to follow the mass of evaporated analytes as calculated using a quantitative model based on the Langmuir evaporation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Yoshikawa
- National Center of Competence for Research in Nanoscience (NCCR), Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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31
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Skottrup PD, Nicolaisen M, Justesen AF. Towards on-site pathogen detection using antibody-based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:339-48. [PMID: 18675543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the recent progress within biosensors for plant pathogen detection will be reviewed. Bio-recognition layers on sensors can be designed in various ways, however the most popular approach is to immobilise antibodies for specific capture of analytes. Focus will be put on antibody surface-immobilisation strategies as well as the use of antibodies in the widely used sensors, quartz crystal microbalance, surface plasmon resonance and cantilevers. We will describe the available data on antibody-based plant pathogen detection and furthermore use examples from detection of the pathogens Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli. We will touch upon optimal assay design and further discuss the strengths and limitations of current sensor technologies for detection of viruses, bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Durand Skottrup
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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32
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Müller DJ, Dufrêne YF. Atomic force microscopy as a multifunctional molecular toolbox in nanobiotechnology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:261-9. [PMID: 18654521 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Müller
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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