Quantitative analysis of particle distributions by comparison with simulations

Layered spherical carbon composites with nanoparticles of different metals grown simultaneously inside and outside

We report a general one-step route to place nanoparticles (NPs) of different noble metals controllably into interior or surface locations of submicron nanoporous carbon spheres (CSs). In particular, Pd and Au NPs can be easily put either inside or outside of the CSs by selecting these metals' differently charged precursor ions. Employing mixed precursor solutions, the method allows different metals to grow simultaneously yet selectively in the separate locations, thus resulting in composites with a complex layered structure, for example Pd or Au outside and Ag inside, Au or Pt outside and Pd inside, and other combinations. The synthesis is fast and needs no additional steps like a functionalization of surfaces. It crucially involves microwave heating, the power setting of which further influences the locations and sizes of the NPs especially in the interior of the amorphous carbon matrix. The three-dimensional composite structures are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersed x-ray spectroscopy combined with quantitative analysis by comparison with simulation. The UV-visible absorption of monometallic and layered composites is compared. The involved mechanisms leading to the selective decoration are discussed; important aspects being the charge of the precursor ions and selective microwave absorption.