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Fan J, Chen D, Wang N, Su R, Li H, Ma H, Gao F. Negative relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and attention: A possible elevation in BDNF level among high-altitude migrants. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1144959. [PMID: 37114226 PMCID: PMC10126458 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophic family that plays a vital role in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity in the brain, affects attention. However, studies investigating the association between BDNF and attention in long-term high-altitude (HA) migrants are limited in the literature. As HA affects both BDNF and attention, the relationship between these factors becomes more complex. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between peripheral blood concentrations of BDNF and the three attentional networks in both behavioral and electrical aspects of the brain in long-term HA migrants. Materials and methods Ninety-eight Han adults (mean age: 34.74 ± 3.48 years, 51 females and 47 males, all have lived at Lhasa for 11.30 ± 3.82 years) were recruited in this study. For all participants, the serum BDNF levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; event-related potentials (N1, P1, and P3) were recorded during the Attentional Networks Test, which was used as the measure of three attentional networks. Results Executive control scores were negatively correlated with P3 amplitude (r = -0.20, p = 0.044), and serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with executive control scores (r = 0.24, p = 0.019) and negatively correlated with P3 amplitude (r = -0.22, p = 0.027). Through grouping of BDNF levels and three attentional networks, executive control was found to be significantly higher in the high BDNF group than in the low BDNF group (p = 0.010). Different BDNF levels were associated with both orienting scores (χ2 = 6.99, p = 0.030) and executive control scores (χ2 = 9.03, p = 0.011). The higher the BDNF level, the worse was the executive function and the lower was the average P3 amplitude and vice versa. Females were found to have higher alerting scores than males (p = 0.023). Conclusion This study presented the relationship between BDNF and attention under HA. The higher the BDNF level, the worse was the executive control, suggesting that after long-term exposure to HA, hypoxia injury of the brain may occur in individuals with relatively higher BDNF levels, and this higher BDNF level may be the result of self-rehabilitation tackling the adverse effects brought by the HA environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
- Office of Safety and Health, Lhasa No. 1 Middle School, Lhasa, China
| | - Niannian Wang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Rui Su
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Hailin Ma
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Hailin Ma
| | - Fei Gao
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
- Fei Gao
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Fujisawa TX, Nishitani S, Makita K, Yao A, Takiguchi S, Hamamura S, Shimada K, Okazawa H, Matsuzaki H, Tomoda A. Association of Epigenetic Differences Screened in a Few Cases of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With Brain Structures. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:799761. [PMID: 35145374 PMCID: PMC8823258 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.799761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between DNA methylation differences and variations in brain structures involved in the development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). First, we used monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant (2 pairs of 4 individuals, 2 boys, mean age 12.5 years) for ADHD to identify candidate DNA methylation sites involved in the development of ADHD. Next, we tried to replicate these candidates in a case-control study (ADHD: N = 18, 15 boys, mean age 10.0 years; Controls: N = 62, 40 boys, mean age 13.9 years). Finally, we examined how methylation rates at those sites relate to the degree of local structural alterations where significant differences were observed between cases and controls. As a result, we identified 61 candidate DNA methylation sites involved in ADHD development in two pairs of discordant MZ twins, among which elevated methylation at a site in the sortilin-related Vps10p domain containing receptor 2 (SorCS2) gene was replicated in the case-control study. We also observed that the ADHD group had significantly reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in the precentral and posterior orbital gyri compared to the control group and that this volume reduction was positively associated with SorCS2 methylation. Furthermore, the reduced GMV regions in children with ADHD are involved in language processing and emotional control, while SorCS2 methylation is also negatively associated with emotional behavioral problems in children. These results indicate that SorCS2 methylation might mediate a reduced GMV in the precentral and posterior orbital gyri and therefore influence the pathology of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi X. Fujisawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi X. Fujisawa,
| | - Shota Nishitani
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Makita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akiko Yao
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shoko Hamamura
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koji Shimada
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi X. Fujisawa,
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Mei S, Chen W, Chen S, Hu Y, Dai X, Liu X. Evaluation of the Relationship Between BDNF Val66Met Gene Polymorphism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:888774. [PMID: 35573386 PMCID: PMC9096026 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.888774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely distributed in the central nervous system and plays an important role in neural development. Despite several previous studies have examined the association between the Val66Met polymorphism BDNF and ADHD, the results are conflicting. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between Val66Met polymorphism and ADHD in case-control and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) studies using a meta-analysis. METHODS Keywords "rs6265" or "Val66Met" and "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" were used to search in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases before April 2021. Genotype data were extracted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Fifteen studies, comprising of 8,692 samples (containing 4,364 cases, 4,328 controls) and 1,578 families were included and results demonstrated that rs6265 was not associated with susceptibility to ADHD (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87-1.04, P = 0.291). Stratified analyses by study design, ethnicity, and sample size further supported that rs6265 was not associated with ADHD. CONCLUSION The present study shows that the polymorphism of the BDNF Val66Met gene is not associated with susceptibility to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Mei
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Yani Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
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El Ghamry R, El-Sheikh M, Abdel Meguid M, Nagib S, Aly El Gabry D. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-021-00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To date, researchers do not fully understand what the aetiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is. As a neurotrophin, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to the growth of neurons as well as to the efficiency and plasticity of the neuronal synapse, which suggests that it may be a contributing aetiological factor in ADHD. Therefore, we sought to investigate the relationship between ADHD and plasma BDNF, including whether there is an association between BDNF and the degree of severity of ADHD and with ADHD subtypes.
Results
We found significantly elevated plasma BDNF in ADHD subjects in comparison with healthy subjects, but differences among the three subtypes of ADHD did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusion
Compared with the control group, elevated plasma BDNF levels were found in the ADHD group, which suggests it may contribute to the aetiology of ADHD.
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Brain-Derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met induces female-specific changes in impulsive behaviour and alcohol self-administration in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113090. [PMID: 33358916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition, however it remains unclear why some individuals are at greater risk of substance use disorders than others and what genetic factors determine such individual differences. Impulsivity appears a promising candidate endophenotype to bridge the gap between genetic risk and addiction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and in particular the BDNFVal66Met polymorphism, has been suggested to be involved in both impulsivity and substance use disorders, however results so far have been inconsistent. To investigate the role of BDNF, and more specifically the BDNFVal66Met polymorphism, in both impulsivity and operant alcohol self-administration using the same animal model. Separate cohorts of humanized Val66Met transgenic mice were assessed for either trait impulsivity in the 5-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) touchscreen task, or propensity towards obtaining ethanol in an operant paradigm. It was found that female hBDNFVal/Val mice exhibited both greater impulsivity compared to hBDNFMet/Met mice of the same sex as shown by a higher number of premature responses at one of three increased inter-trial intervals tested in the 5-CSRT task, and a greater propensity toward stable ethanol self-administration relative to male mice of the same genotype in the operant paradigm. By contrast, male mice showed no difference between genotypes in impulsivity or stable ethanol self-administration. The hBDNFMet/Met genotype appears to sex-specifically alter aspects of both impulsive behaviour and addiction propensity. These results suggest that impulse behaviour may be a possible predictor of addiction risk.
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Tsai MC, Jhang KJ, Lee CT, Lin YF, Strong C, Lin YC, Hsieh YP, Lin CY. Effects of Childhood Adversity and Its Interaction with the MAOA, BDNF, and COMT Polymorphisms on Subclinical Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms in Generally Healthy Youth. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E122. [PMID: 32899127 PMCID: PMC7552724 DOI: 10.3390/children7090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of childhood adversity and its interaction with the polymorphisms in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes on attention and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a community sample of generally healthy youth. Participants (N = 432) completed questionnaires assessing ADHD symptoms (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness) and adverse childhood experiences, such as adverse environments (AEs) and childhood maltreatment (CM). Salivary genomic DNA was used to test polymorphisms in MAOA, BDNF, and COMT genes. A gene score (GS) was created based on the number of risk allele in the studied genes. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the genetic and environmental effects on ADHD symptoms. The univariate analysis indicated that CM was significantly associated with inattention (β = 0.48 [95% confidence interval 0.16-0.79]), hyperactivity (0.25 [0.06-0.45]), and impulsiveness (1.16 [0.26-2.05]), while the GS was associated with hyperactivity (0.22 [0.11-0.33]) and impulsiveness (0.56 [0.06-1.05]). Only the GS remained significantly associated with hyperactivity (0.25 [0.12-0.37]) and impulsiveness (0.79 [0.20-1.38]) when the gene-environment interaction term was added in the model. No effects were found for AE and the gene-environment interaction term. In conclusion, CM was associated with ADHD symptoms in emerging adulthood. Genetic factors may also play a significant role in the association with these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Che Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (K.-J.J.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Kai-Jyun Jhang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (K.-J.J.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Chih-Ting Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Fang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; (K.-J.J.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Carol Strong
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Early Childhood and Family Education, College of Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei 10671, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ping Hsieh
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong;
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Mehta T, Mannem N, Yarasi NK, Bollu PC. Biomarkers for ADHD: the Present and Future Directions. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-020-00196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jiang Y, Ming Q, Gao Y, Dong D, Sun X, Zhang X, Situ W, Yao S, Rao H. Effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on brain structures and behaviors in adolescents with conduct disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:479-488. [PMID: 31264106 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neural abnormalities in conduct disorder (CD) may be subject to genetic influences, but few imaging studies have taken genetic variants into consideration. The Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a high-interest genetic variant due to its importance in cortical maturation, and several studies have implicated its involvement in neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, it is unclear how this polymorphism may influence brain anatomy and aberrant behaviors in CD. A total of 65 male adolescents with CD and 69 gender-, IQ- and socioeconomic status-matched healthy controls (HCs) (age range 13-17 years) were enrolled in this study. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to assess the main effects of CD diagnosis, BDNF genotype, and diagnosis-genotype interactions on brain anatomy and behaviors. We detected a significant main effect of BDNF genotype on temporal gyrification and antisocial behaviors, but not on CD symptoms. Diagnosis-genotype interactive effects were found for cortical thickness of the superior temporal and adjacent areas. These results suggest that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may exert its influence both on neural alterations and delinquent behaviors in CD patients. This initial evidence highlights the importance of elucidating potentially different pathways between BDNF genotype and cortical alterations or delinquent behaviors in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Jiang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsen Ming
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidian Gao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daifeng Dong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Situ
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139, Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Center of Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Finan JD, Udani SV, Patel V, Bailes JE. The Influence of the Val66Met Polymorphism of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Neurological Function after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:1055-1064. [PMID: 30149456 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) vary widely across patients with apparently similar injuries. This variability hinders prognosis, therapy, and clinical innovation. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) that influence outcome after TBI have been identified. These discoveries create opportunities to personalize therapy and stratify clinical trials. Both of these changes would propel clinical innovation in the field. This review focuses on one of most well-characterized of these SNPs, the Val66Met SNP in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. This SNP influences neurological function in healthy subjects as well as TBI patients and patients with similar acute insults to the central nervous system. A host of other patient-specific factors including ethnicity, age, gender, injury severity, and post-injury time point modulate this influence. These interactions confound efforts to define a simple relationship between this SNP and TBI outcomes. The opportunities and challenges associated with personalizing TBI therapy around this SNP and other similar SNPs are discussed in light of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Finan
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shreya V Udani
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Vimal Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Julian E Bailes
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
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Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060841. [PMID: 31212854 PMCID: PMC6617109 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex symptomatology, and core symptoms as well as functional impairment often persist into adulthood. Recent investigations estimate the worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents to be ~7%, which is a substantial increase compared to a decade ago. Conventional treatment most often includes pharmacotherapy with central nervous stimulants, but the number of non-responders and adverse effects call for treatment alternatives. Exercise has been suggested as a safe and low-cost adjunctive therapy for ADHD and is reported to be accompanied by positive effects on several aspects of cognitive functions in the general child population. Here we review existing evidence that exercise affects cognitive functions in children with and without ADHD and present likely neurophysiological mechanisms of action. We find well-described associations between physical activity and ADHD, as well as causal evidence in the form of small to moderate beneficial effects following acute aerobic exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD. Despite large heterogeneity, meta-analyses find small positive effects of exercise in population-based control (PBC) children, and our extracted effect sizes from long-term interventions suggest consistent positive effects in children and adolescents with ADHD. Paucity of studies probing the effect of different exercise parameters impedes finite conclusions in this regard. Large-scale clinical trials with appropriately timed exercise are needed. In summary, the existing preliminary evidence suggests that exercise can improve cognitive performance intimately linked to ADHD presentations in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis. Based on the findings from both PBC and ADHD children, we cautiously provide recommendations for parameters of exercise.
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Prenatal intimate partner violence exposure predicts infant biobehavioral regulation: Moderation by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ability to regulate stress is a critical developmental milestone of early childhood that involves a set of interconnected behavioral and physiological processes and is influenced by genetic and environmental stimuli. Prenatal exposure to traumatic stress and trauma, including intimate partner violence (IPV), increases risk for offspring biobehavioral regulation problems during childhood and adolescence. Although individual differences in susceptibility to prenatal stress have been largely unexplored, a handful of studies suggest children with specific genetic characteristics are most vulnerable to prenatal stress. We evaluated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met gene (BDNF) as a moderator of the effect of prenatal IPV exposure on infant temperamental and cortisol regulation in response to a psychosocial challenge. Ninety-nine mother–infant dyads recruited from the community were assessed when infants (51% female) were 11 to 14 months. Maternal reports of IPV during pregnancy and infant temperament were obtained, and infant saliva was collected for genotyping and to assess cortisol reactivity (before and after the Strange Situation Task). Significant genetic moderation effects were found. Among infants with the BDNF Met allele, prenatal IPV predicted worse temperamental regulation and mobilization of the cortisol response, while controlling for infant postnatal exposure to IPV, other maternal traumatic experiences, and infant sex. However, prenatal IPV exposure was not associated with temperamental or cortisol outcomes among infant carriers of the Val/Val genotype. Findings are discussed in relation to prenatal programming and biological susceptibility to stress.
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Nunes F, Pochmann D, Almeida AS, Marques DM, Porciúncula LDO. Differential Behavioral and Biochemical Responses to Caffeine in Male and Female Rats from a Validated Model of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8486-8498. [PMID: 29557061 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest sex differences in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology. The potential benefits of caffeine have been reported in the management of ADHD, but its effects were not properly addressed with respect to sex differences. The present study examined the effects of caffeine (0.3 g/L) administered since childhood in the behavior and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its related proteins in both sexes of a rat model of ADHD (spontaneously hypertensive rats-SHR). Hyperlocomotion, recognition, and spatial memory disturbances were observed in adolescent SHR rats from both sexes. However, females showed lack of habituation and worsened spatial memory. Although caffeine was effective against recognition memory impairment in both sexes, spatial memory was recovered only in female SHR rats. Besides, female SHR rats showed exacerbated hyperlocomotion after caffeine treatment. SHR rats from both sexes presented increases in the BDNF, truncated and phospho-TrkB receptors and also phospho-CREB levels in the hippocampus. Caffeine normalized BDNF in males and truncated TrkB receptor at both sexes. These findings provide insight into the potential of caffeine against fully cognitive impairment displayed by females in the ADHD model. Besides, our data revealed that caffeine intake since childhood attenuated behavioral alterations in the ADHD model associated with changes in BDNF and TrkB receptors in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Nunes
- Laboratory of Studies on the Purinergic System, Department of Biochemistry, Health and Basic Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pochmann
- Laboratory of Studies on the Purinergic System, Department of Biochemistry, Health and Basic Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Amanda Staldoni Almeida
- Laboratory of Studies on the Purinergic System, Department of Biochemistry, Health and Basic Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Lisiane de Oliveira Porciúncula
- Laboratory of Studies on the Purinergic System, Department of Biochemistry, Health and Basic Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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13
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Zhang J, Luo W, Li Q, Xu R, Wang Q, Huang Q. Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:298-304. [PMID: 29132072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that dysfunction of BDNF is a possible contributor to the pathology and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several studies have found changes of peripheral BDNF levels in ADHD, but findings are not always consistent. The aim of our study was to assess the association between peripheral BDNF levels and ADHD by using a meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search of Pubmed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure identified 10 articles encompassing a sample of 1183 individuals for the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed in a fixed/random effect model by using the software Review Manager 5.2. RESULTS Our meta-analysis suggests that peripheral BDNF levels did not differ significantly between ADHD and controls with the standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.62 (95% CI -0.12 to 1.35, p = 0.10). However, it is intriguing that BDNF levels were significantly higher in males with ADHD compared with controls (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.14-0.84, p = 0.006), whereas there was no difference in BDNF levels between ADHD female patients and control groups (SMD = 0.21,95% CI = -0.44 to 0.86, p = 0.53). LIMITATIONS High heterogeneity was noted across sampled studies, which may be a function of sample size, participants sampled, variations in study design, or other factors. CONCLUSIONS We found that though there was no significantly difference in peripheral BDNF levels between ADHD patients and control groups overall, BDNF levels were significantly higher in males with ADHD compared with controls. Our results suggested a sex-specific association between peripheral blood BDNF levels and ADHD male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wanjun Luo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiyang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoting Xu
- Department of Neurology, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiqiong Wang
- Department of Neonatology, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qitao Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Panenka WJ, Gardner AJ, Dretsch MN, Crynen GC, Crawford FC, Iverson GL. Systematic Review of Genetic Risk Factors for Sustaining a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2093-2099. [PMID: 28100103 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examined the association between genetics and risk for sustaining a traumatic brain injury. We retrieved articles published in English from 1980 to July 2016 obtained from the online databases PubMed, PsycINFO®, MEDLINE®, Embase, and Web of Science. In total 5903 articles were identified, 77 underwent full-text screening, and 6 were included in this review. Five studies examined the risk of concussion associated with apolipoprotein E alleles (APOE-ɛ2, ɛ3,ɛ4), and polymorphisms of the APOE promoter (rs405509), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, rs6265), and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2, rs1800497) were each considered in two studies. Microtubule associated protein tau (TAU exon 6 polymorphisms His47Tyr [rs2258689] and Ser53Pro [rs10445337]), and neurofilament heavy (NEHF, rs165602) genotypic variants, were the focus of single studies. No study showed an increased risk associated solely with the presence of the APOE-ɛ4 allele, nor were there any significant findings for the NEFH, TAU, or DRD2 genotypic variants. Two studies examined the APOE promoter -219G/T polymorphism in athletes, and both found an association with concussion. Both BDNF studies also found a significant association with concussion incidence; United States soldiers with the Met/Met genotype were more likely to report a history of concussion prior to deployment and to sustain a concussion during deployment. We conclude that the APOE promoter -219G/T polymorphism and the BDNF Met/Met genotype might confer risk for sustaining a TBI. Based on research to date, the APOE-ɛ4 allele does not appear to influence risk. More research is needed to determine if these findings replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Panenka
- 1 British Columbia Neuropsychiatry Program and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Gardner
- 2 Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Program; & Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael N Dretsch
- 3 Human Dimension Division (HDD), Headquarters Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC) , Fort Eustis, Virginia
| | | | | | - Grant L Iverson
- 5 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program; and Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program , Boston, Massachusetts
- 6 Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda, Maryland
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15
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Heinrich H, Grunitz J, Stonawski V, Frey S, Wahl S, Albrecht B, Goecke TW, Beckmann MW, Kornhuber J, Fasching PA, Moll GH, Eichler A. Attention, cognitive control and motivation in ADHD: Linking event-related brain potentials and DNA methylation patterns in boys at early school age. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630479 PMCID: PMC5476641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the underpinnings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we targeted the relationship of attentional, cognitive control and motivational processes with DNA methylation patterns of 60 candidate genes in boys at early school age. Participants (6 to 8 years; N = 82) were selected from a German longitudinal cohort (FRANCES). ADHD-related behaviour was assessed via maternal ratings. Performance and event-related potential measures (inter alia Cue-P3 and Nogo-P3), which were recorded in a motivational go/nogo task, indicated diminished attentional orienting, reduced inhibitory response control and a larger motivational effect on performance in ADHD already at this relatively young age. Methylation patterns were analysed in buccal cell DNA with the Illumina HumanMethylation 450K array. For CpG sites at genes of the dopaminergic (COMT, ANKK1) and the neurotrophic (BDNF, NGFR) system, associations with the Nogo-P3 as well as ADHD symptom severity were found suggesting that these systems are involved in response control deficits in ADHD. Methylation effects related to both functional aspects and ADHD behaviour were also observed for DPP10 and TPH2. Epigenetic mechanisms may play a role in ADHD-associated deficits but findings need to be replicated in larger samples and are limited by the fact that only peripheral methylation could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Heinrich
- Dept. of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,kbo-Heckscher-Klinikum, München, Germany.
| | - Juliane Grunitz
- Dept. of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valeska Stonawski
- Dept. of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Frey
- Dept. of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Wahl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Björn Albrecht
- Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tamme W Goecke
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Dept. of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Eichler
- Dept. of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Tsai SJ. Role of neurotrophic factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Bilgiç A, Toker A, Işık Ü, Kılınç İ. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3 levels in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:355-363. [PMID: 27561780 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that neurotrophins are involved in the etiopathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate whether there are differences in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NTF3) levels between children with ADHD and healthy controls. A total of 110 treatment-naive children with the combined presentation of ADHD and 44 healthy controls aged 8-18 years were enrolled in this study. The severity of ADHD symptoms was determined by scores on the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short and Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-Revised Short. The severity of depression and anxiety symptoms of the children were evaluated by the self-report inventories. Serum levels of neurotrophins were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed a significant main effect of groups in the levels of serum neurotrophins, an effect that was independent of age, sex, and the severity of the depression and anxiety. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that the mean serum GDNF and NTF3 levels of ADHD patients were significantly higher than that of controls. However, serum BDNF and NGF levels did not show any significant differences between groups. No correlations between the levels of serum neurotrophins and the severity of ADHD were observed. These results suggest that elevated serum GDNF and NTF3 levels may be related to ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Bilgiç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram/Konya, Turkey.
| | - Aysun Toker
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ümit Işık
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram/Konya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kılınç
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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18
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Dretsch MN, Silverberg N, Gardner AJ, Panenka WJ, Emmerich T, Crynen G, Ait-Ghezala G, Chaytow H, Mathura V, Crawford FC, Iverson GL. Genetics and Other Risk Factors for Past Concussions in Active-Duty Soldiers. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:869-875. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Dretsch
- United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, Alabama
- Human Dimension Division (HDD), Headquarters Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC), Fort Eustis, Virginia
| | - Noah Silverberg
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Andrew J. Gardner
- Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Program and Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - William J. Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Grant L. Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Home Base, Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, Massachusetts
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Matsumoto J, Hirano Y, Hashimoto K, Ishima T, Kanahara N, Niitsu T, Shiina A, Hashimoto T, Sato Y, Yokote K, Murano S, Kimura H, Hosoda Y, Shimizu E, Iyo M, Nakazato M. Altered serum level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its association with decision-making in eating disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:124-134. [PMID: 27891714 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aims of this study were to determine whether the serum levels of precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), mature BDNF (mBDNF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are altered in patients with eating disorders (ED), including anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), and to explore whether those levels are associated with decision-making abilities. METHODS Nineteen women with AN, 28 women with BN, and 22 age-matched healthy control women (HC) were enrolled in the current study. All participants had their decision-making abilities assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Their eating-related pathophysiology and depressive/anxiety symptoms were also evaluated. RESULTS The MMP-9 level in AN was significantly lower than that in either BN or HC, but the serum levels of proBDNF and mBDNF did not differ among the three groups. Investigation of the serum levels of proBDNF and MMP-9 in patients with ED and controls revealed a significant correlation between them. In the BN, there were positive correlations between mBDNF level and IGT performance and also between MMP-9 level and IGT performance, but these correlations did not occur in AN. The MMP-9 level was positively associated with the Symptom Scale, one of the subscales of the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh, only in AN. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the serum level of MMP-9 plays a role in the pathophysiology of AN, and both the serum levels of mBDNF and MMP-9 may be associated with decision-making abilities in patients with BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsumoto
- Department of Regional Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Departments of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Global Clinical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunichi Murano
- Department of Regional Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Departments of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hosoda
- Departments of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.,Departments of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Departments of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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20
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Ozturk O, Basay BK, Buber A, Basay O, Alacam H, Bacanlı A, Yılmaz ŞG, Erdal ME, Herken H, Ercan ES. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Val66Met Polymorphism Is a Risk Factor for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Turkish Sample. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:518-525. [PMID: 27757130 PMCID: PMC5067346 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.5.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that negatively affects different areas of life. We aimed to evaluate the associations between the Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ADHD and to assess the effect of the BDNF polymorphism on the neurocognitive profile and clinical symptomatology in ADHD. METHODS Two hundred one ADHD cases and 99 typically developing subjects (TD) between the ages of 8 and 15 years were involved in the study. All subjects were evaluated using a complete neuropsychological battery, Child Behavior Checklist, the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) and the DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale-teacher and parent forms. RESULTS The GG genotype was significantly more frequent in the patients with ADHD than in the TD controls, and the GG genotype was also significantly more frequent in the ADHD-combined (ADHD-C) subtype patients than in the TDs. However, there were no significant associations of the BDNF polymorphism with the ADHD subtypes or neurocognitive profiles of the patients. The teacher-assessed hyperactivity and inattention symptom count and the total score were higher, and the appropriately behaving subtest score of the TRF was lower in the GG genotypes than in the GA and AA (i.e., the A-containing) genotypes. CONCLUSION We found a positive association between the BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism and ADHD, and this association was observed specifically in the ADHD-C subtype and not the ADHD-predominantly inattentive subtype. Our findings support that the Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene might be involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Furthermore Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene may be more closely associated with hyperactivity rather than inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Ozturk
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Burge Kabukcu Basay
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Buber
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Omer Basay
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Alacam
- Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ali Bacanlı
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Polyclinic, Children Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şenay Görücü Yılmaz
- Department of Nutritions and Dietetics, Faculty of Healthy Science, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Medical Biology and Genetics Department, Mersin University Medical Faculty, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hasan Herken
- Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir Turkey
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Association of peripheral BDNF level with cognition, attention and behavior in preschool children. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:10. [PMID: 27200107 PMCID: PMC4872344 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been reported to affect development, cognition, attention and behavior. However, few studies have investigated preschool children with regard to these areas. We evaluated the relationship between cognition, attention and peripheral blood concentration of BDNF in preschool children. METHODS Twenty-eight children (mean age: 6.16 ± 0.60 years) were recruited. For all subjects, serum and plasma BDNF levels were assessed; intelligence was assessed using the Korean standardisation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (KEDI-WISC); attention was assessed using the computerised continuous performance test (CCPT), the children's color trails test (CCTT), the Stroop color-word test for preschool children, and the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder rating scale (K-ARS); and finally emotional and behavioral problems were assessed using the child behavior checklist (K-CBCL). We confirmed the previously reported correlations between the various psychometric properties assessed and serum and plasma levels of BDNF in our sample. RESULTS Serum BDNF levels were negatively correlated with both KEDI-WISC full scale IQ (FSIQ, r = -0.39, p = 0.04) and verbal IQ (VIQ, r = -0.05, p = 0.01), but not with the performance IQ (PIQ, r = -0.12, p = 0.56). There were no significant relationships between plasma BDNF level and VIQ, PIQ or FSIQ. No correlations were found between either serum or plasma level of BDNF and any of the attentional measures (CCPT, ARS, CCTT or Stroop color word test). The CBCL total behavioral problem and attention problem sections were positively correlated with plasma BDNF level (r = 0.41, p = 0.03), (r = 0.44, p = 0.02), however, no relationship was found between the serum BDNF and any of the composite CBCL measures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high peripheral BDNF may be negatively correlated with intelligence, behavioral problems and clinical symptoms of neuro-developmental disorders such as intellectual disability in preschool children. A high peripheral BDNF concentration may, if these findings are further replicated, prove to be a useful biomarker for such issues in preschool children.
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22
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The analysis of BDNF gene polymorphism haplotypes and impulsivity in methamphetamine abusers. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 59:62-7. [PMID: 25764907 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of evidence showed that genetic factors might contribute to drug abuse vulnerability. Data from genetic scans in humans suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophic factor family, may be associated with substance abuse or dependence. To test the hypothesis that the BDNF gene polymorphism is involved in methamphetamine abuse, we compared three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs16917204, rs16917234, and rs2030324) of the BDNF gene in 200 methamphetamine abusers and 219 healthy individuals. We also considered the association of these polymorphisms with impulsivity in methamphetamine abusers using Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11(BIS-11) Chinese version. Individual SNP analysis showed no significant differences in genotype and allele distributions between the methamphetamine abusers and controls. Haplotype analysis of rs16917204-rs16917234-rs2030324 revealed that a major C-C-T haplotype was significantly associated a lower odds of methamphetamine abuse, even after Bonferroni correction. Within the methamphetamine-abuse group, subjects carrying the T allele of rs2030324 genotype had significantly higher motor impulsivity scores of BIS compared to those with the C/C genotype. Our findings suggest that the BDNF gene polymorphism may contribute to the impulsivity in methamphetamine abusers.
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23
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Su H, Tao J, Zhang J, Xie Y, Sun Y, Li L, Xu K, Han B, Lu Y, Sun H, Wei Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zou S, Wu W, Zhang J, Zhang X, He J. An association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and impulsivity in methamphetamine abusers. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Neurodegenerative Aspects in Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:400-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Ramos-Quiroga JA, Corominas-Roso M, Palomar G, Gomez-Barros N, Ribases M, Sanchez-Mora C, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Corrales M, Valero S, Casas M. Changes in the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder after treatment with atomoxetine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1389-95. [PMID: 24202115 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non-stimulant drug approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although animal models have provided evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the effects of ATX in the brain, there are no studies of BDNF in ADHD patients undergoing treatment with ATX. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible changes in serum levels of BDNF in adults treated with ATX and its relationship with clinical improvement. METHODS A total of 54 adults with ADHD (age 33.43 ± 8.99 years) without any medical or psychiatric comorbidities were treated with ATX for 3 months; 35 of them completed the protocol. The clinical data for ADHD diagnosis, including Conners' ADHD Rating Scale and blood samples, were collected at baseline (V1) and at the end of the treatment (V2). RESULTS Adults with ADHD who completed ATX treatment for 3 months showed a significant improvement in their clinical symptoms. No significant differences were found in BDNF levels before and after treatment with ATX in the whole group of patients (p = 0.15). The inattentive subgroup of ATX responders showed a decrease of serum BDNF after 3 months of ATX treatment (p = 0.05) not present in the combined subtype (p = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BDNF is not directly involved in the neurobiological mechanisms of ATX-induced improvement of clinical symptoms of ADHD. The differences between the combined and inattentive subtypes in serum BDNF changes suggest selective ATX-induced effects in the function of brain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d'Infermeria building 5th floor, Pg. Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Yochum C, Doherty-Lyon S, Hoffman C, Hossain MM, Zelikoff JT, Richardson JR. Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure causes hyperactivity and aggressive behavior: role of altered catecholamines and BDNF. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:145-52. [PMID: 24486851 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a variety of untoward effects on the offspring. However, recent epidemiological studies have brought into question whether the association between neurobehavioral deficits and maternal smoking is causal. We utilized an animal model of maternal smoking to determine the effects of prenatal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure on neurobehavioral development. Pregnant mice were exposed to either filtered air or mainstream CS from gestation day (GD) 4 to parturition for 4h/d and 5d/wk, with each exposure producing maternal plasma concentration of cotinine equivalent to smoking <1 pack of cigarettes per day (25ng/ml plasma cotinine level). Pups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 21 and behavior was assessed at 4weeks of age and again at 4-6months of age. Male, but not female, offspring of CS-exposed dams demonstrated a significant increase in locomotor activity during adolescence and adulthood that was ameliorated by methylphenidate treatment. Additionally, male offspring exhibited increased aggression, as evidenced by decreased latency to attack and number of attacks in a resident-intruder task. These behavioral abnormalities were accompanied by a significant decrease in striatal and cortical dopamine and serotonin and a significant reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein. Taken in concert, these data demonstrate that prenatal exposure to CS produces behavioral alterations in mice that are similar to those observed in epidemiological studies linking maternal smoking to neurodevelopmental disorders. Further, these data also suggest a role for monaminergic and BDNF alterations in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Yochum
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shannon Doherty-Lyon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hossain
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Amiri A, Torabi Parizi G, Kousha M, Saadat F, Modabbernia MJ, Najafi K, Atrkar Roushan Z. Changes in plasma Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels induced by methylphenidate in children with Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:20-4. [PMID: 23933054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been suggested that BDNF may play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Our aim is to determine whether methylphenidate can induce changes in plasma BDNF levels of children with ADHD. METHODS We assessed levels of plasma BDNF in 28 ADHD patients (age range = 3.5-10 years) before and after 6 weeks treatment with effective dosages of methylphenidate. Then we evaluated the correlation of levels of plasma BDNF with clinical variables, especially ADHD Conner's parents rating scale. RESULTS According to the paired sample T-test, the mean plasma BDNF level in the baseline was 193.06 pg/ml, whereas 271.06 pg/ml in the end point, thus showing significantly higher mean plasma BDNF levels in the post-treatment situation than in the pretreatment (t = -3.393, df = 27, p = 0.002). Pearson's correlation test revealed that there was also significant negative correlation between levels of BDNF in the plasma of ADHD patients before treatment and improvement in hyperactivity symptoms with treatment (Pearson's correlation = -0.395, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION The mean plasma BDNF levels increased after 6 weeks of treatment with methylphenidate. Also, we found an improvement in hyperactivity symptoms with decreasing baseline plasma BDNF levels. We recommend that more studies should be conducted in order to assess the possible roles of plasma BDNF levels in treatment response prediction and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Shafa Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Rommel AS, Halperin JM, Mill J, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Protection from genetic diathesis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possible complementary roles of exercise. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:900-10. [PMID: 23972692 PMCID: PMC4257065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The degree of functional impairment and adverse developmental outcomes in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) likely reflect interplay between genes and environment. To establish whether physical exercise might reduce the level of ADHD symptoms or ADHD-related impairments, we conducted a comprehensive review of the effect of exercise in children with ADHD. Findings on the impact of exercise in animals and typically developing human beings, and an overview of putative mechanisms involved, are also presented to provide the context in which to understand this review. METHOD The electronic databases PubMed, OVID, and Web of Knowledge were searched for all studies investigating the effect of exercise in children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as animal models of ADHD behaviors (available in January 2013). Of 2,150 initially identified records, 16 were included. RESULTS Animal studies indicate that exercise, especially early in development, may be beneficial for ADHD symptom reduction. The limited research investigating the effect of exercise in children and adolescents with ADHD suggests that exercise may improve executive functioning and behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD. Although animal research suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catecholamines (CAs) play a role in mediating these effects, the association between BDNF and ADHD remains unclear in human beings. CONCLUSIONS The potential protective qualities of exercise with regard to reducing symptoms and impairments commonly associated with ADHD may hold promise for the future. Further research is needed to firmly establish whether there are clinically significant effects of exercise on the severity of ADHD symptoms, impairments, and associated developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophie Rommel
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London.
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Decreased serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1267-1275. [PMID: 23363778 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although experimental data regarding the contribution of BDNF gene polymorphisms to this psychiatric disorder are controversial. Recently, changes in BDNF serum levels have been reported in children with ADHD, but there are no studies about the possible role of this neurotrophin in adults. A total of 54 Caucasoid ADHD adults, including the predominantly inattentive and combined types (aged 33.43 ± 8.99 yr) and 59 Caucasoid unrelated healthy controls (aged 35.52 ± 9.37 yr) were included in a study to evaluate BDNF levels in serum. Medical, neurological and psychiatric co-morbidities were excluded. Clinical data concerning ADHD diagnosis and blood samples for patients and controls were collected. BDNF serum levels were significantly lower in adults with ADHD compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Although the combined type of ADHD subgroup displayed lower BDNF serum levels than the inattentive type, the differences did not reach statistical significance. No significant correlations were found between serum BDNF levels and scores on the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Subscales. These results suggest a role for BDNF in ADHD, at least in those patients whose disorder persists throughout life. Low BDNF levels may contribute to the neurodevelopmental deficits of ADHD and to the persistence of the disorder into adulthood. BDNF differences between ADHD subtypes should be further studied.
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Archer T, Oscar-Berman M, Blum K, Gold M. Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:1000115. [PMID: 23264884 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adverse, unfavourable life conditions, particularly during early life stages and infancy, can lead to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in stress-response, behavioral disinhibition, and cognitive-emotional systems. Over time, the ultimate final outcome can be expressed through behaviors bedeviled by problems with impulse control, such as eating disorders, alcoholism, and indiscriminate social behavior. While many reward gene polymorphisms are involved in impulsive behaviors, a polymorphism by itself may not translate to the development of a particular behavioral disorder unless it is impacted by epigenetic effects. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects the development and integrity of the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems, and plasma levels of the neurotrophin are associated with both cognitive and aggressive impulsiveness. Epigenetic mechanisms associated with a multitude of environmental factors, including premature birth, low birth weight, prenatal tobacco exposure, non-intact family, young maternal age at birth of the target child, paternal history of antisocial behavior, and maternal depression, alter the developmental trajectories for several neuropsychiatric disorders. These mechanisms affect brain development and integrity at several levels that determine structure and function in resolving the final behavioral expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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