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Rauf A, Ibrahim M, Alomar TS, AlMasoud N, Khalil AA, Khan M, Khalid A, Jan MS, Formanowicz D, Quradha MM. Hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potentials of crude methanolic extract from Acacia nilotica L. - results of an in vitro study. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3483-3491. [PMID: 38726429 PMCID: PMC11077208 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acacia nilotica L., also known as babul, belonging to the Fabaceae family and the Acacia genus, is typically used for ornamental purposes and also as a medicinal plant found in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant is a rich source of bioactive compounds. The current study aimed to elucidate the hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of A. nilotica's crude methanolic extract. The results of the in vitro antidiabetic assay revealed that methanolic extract of A. nilotica inhibited the enzyme α-glucosidase (IC50: 33 μg mL-1) and α-amylase (IC50: 17 μg mL-1) in a dose-dependent manner. While in the anticholinesterase enzyme inhibitory assay, maximum inhibition was shown by the extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (637.01 μg mL-1) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (491.98 μg mL-1), with the highest percent inhibition of 67.54% and 71.50% at 1000 μg mL-1, respectively. This inhibitory potential was lower as compared to the standard drug Galantamine that exhibited 82.43 and 89.50% inhibition at the same concentration, respectively. Moreover, the methanolic extract of A. nilotica also significantly inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in a concentration-dependent manner. The percent inhibitory activity of 5-LOX and COX-2 ranged from 42.47% to 71.53% and 43.48% to 75.22%, respectively. Furthermore, in silico, in vivo, and clinical investigations must be planned to validate the above-stated bioactivities of A. nilotica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SwabiSwabi, AnbarKhyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SwabiSwabi, AnbarKhyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Taghrid S. Alomar
- Department of Chemistry, College of SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Muneeb Khan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health SciencesRiphah International UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Ahood Khalid
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of PharmacyBacha Khan UniversityCharsaddaKhyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Dorota Formanowicz
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicinePoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Mohammed Mansour Quradha
- College of EducationSeiyun UniversitySeiyunHadhramawtYemen
- Pharmacy Department, Medical SciencesAljanad University for Science and TechnologyTaizYemen
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Barakat HE, Aziz CN, Abougalambou SSI. Evaluation of the knowledge, practices, and attitudes of community pharmacists towards adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): a cross-sectional study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:132. [PMID: 37915076 PMCID: PMC10621222 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used over-the-counter medications for the treatment of pain, fever, and inflammation. Gastrointestinal problems and renal complications are the most frequently observed adverse effects associated with NSAID usage. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the adverse effects of non-prescription NSAIDs among community pharmacists in Egypt. METHODS A 4-month cross-sectional survey, including licenced community pharmacists in Egypt, was conducted. The anonymous Google Forms survey was accompanied by a cover letter explaining its purpose. The survey link was sent to 2000 verified community pharmacist email addresses with clear instructions to complete and submit the questionnaire within 3 weeks. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using IBM-SPSS version 26. The means of variables were compared using analysis of variance test. Pearson correlation was employed to assess the level of linear association between the overall knowledge, practice, and attitude scores. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Approximately 80% of community pharmacists in Egypt exhibit moderate-to-good knowledge regarding the adverse effects of NSAIDs. Additionally, 60.6% of them demonstrated a positive attitude and 80.9% showed moderate-to-good practice scores towards preventing such adverse effects. The education level was the only demographic factor with significant effects on the NSAIDs-related knowledge, practice, and attitude scores. Community pharmacists primarily rely on internet sources for knowledge updates. Additionally, there was a significant positive linear correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.384, P < 0.001), knowledge and practice (r = 0.178, P < 0.001), and between attitude and practice (r = 0.311, P < 0.001) among the participants. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists have a vital responsibility to perform screenings, assess patient risk elements, and share knowledge to guarantee the appropriate and safe utilisation of NSAIDs. Given that internet sources are presently the most accessible and used sources of information, governmental directions should prioritise the establishment and enhancement of freely accessible drug information sources for community pharmacists. Further research is necessary to assess the effectiveness of counselling and appropriate guidance provided by community pharmacies in promoting safe and proper drug usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Ehab Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Christine Nazir Aziz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
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Assessment of Qatar community pharmacists’ competence and practices related to renal and gastrointestinal adverse effects of nonprescription NSAIDs. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1396-1404. [PMID: 36387344 PMCID: PMC9649341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently dispensed nonprescription drugs in community pharmacies. However, inappropriate use of NSAIDs by consumers has been associated with development of gastrointestinal (GI) injuries and renal injuries. Community pharmacists’ education of consumers on proper use of NSAIDs and their associated adverse effects has been shown to reduce the GI and renal injuries. In Qatar, no studies have been done to assess the community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practices related to renal and GI adverse effects of NSAIDs. Therefore, this study aimed to assess Qatar community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practices on the safe use of nonprescription NSAIDs to reduce the risk of kidney and GI injuries. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among community pharmacists in Qatar. A pre-tested 28-item questionnaire that was developed through a multi-phase iterative process was administered to a convenient sample of community pharmacists in Qatar. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results Overall, 114 community pharmacists responded to the online questionnaire (response rate 15.2%). Approximately 90% of the community pharmacists demonstrated from good to excellent knowledge on the renal and GI adverse effects of NSAIDs, with none of their sociodemographic and professional characteristics having a significant effect on their knowledge scores. More than half of the pharmacists reported that they always or usually educated patients on the dosage (98.6%), administration (95.8%), side effects and precautions (78%), and contraindications (71.2%) of NSAIDs during their routine practices. The majority of the pharmacists had positive attitude towards educating patients about adverse effects of NSAIDs, as well as identifying high-risk patients who should avoid nonprescription NSAIDs. However, 45.7% of the pharmacists strongly agreed or agreed that educating patients about NSAIDs can be time consuming. Conclusion Community pharmacists in Qatar demonstrated good knowledge of the renal and GI adverse effects of NSAIDs with some obvious areas of improvement, and this can be reinforced through continuing professional development. They also showed positive attitudes towards protecting patients against the renal and GI adverse effects of NSAID. However, a significant proportion of the pharmacists admitted that educating patients on NSAIDs was time consuming, which is a cause of concern warranting further investigation. Community pharmacy managers should provide community pharmacists adequate time and support to educate individuals at risk of renal and GI injuries who obtain NSAIDs from their pharmacies. Also, the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar should consider making counseling on high-risk medications (e.g., NSAIDs and insulin) by community pharmacists mandatory so that measures can be put in place in the pharmacies to free the pharmacist for education and counseling.
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Thapa P, KC B, Lee SWH, Dujaili JA, Gyawali S, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Alrasheedy AA. Managing Pain in Low Resource Settings: Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Pain Management in Western Nepal. J Pain Res 2022; 15:1587-1599. [PMID: 35677698 PMCID: PMC9169832 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s360243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parbati Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bhuvan KC
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Correspondence: Bhuvan KC, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia, Email
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sudesh Gyawali
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
| | | | - Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Alian A Alrasheedy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia, Email
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Pervaiz A, Jan MS, Hassan Shah SM, Khan A, Zafar R, Ansari B, Shahid M, Hussain F, Ijaz Khan M, Zeb A, Mukarram Shah SM. Comparative in-vitro anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and antidiabetic evaluation: computational and kinetic assessment of succinimides cyano-acetate derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35507043 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This research was planned to synthesize cyano-acetate derivatives of succinimide and evaluate its comparative biological efficacy as anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and anti-diabetic, which was further validated by molecular docking studies. The three cyano-acetate derivatives of succinimide including compound 23 Methyl 2-cyano-2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)acetate, compound 31 Methyl 2-cyano-2-(1-methyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)acetate and compound 44 Methyl 2-cyano-2-(1-ethyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl) acetate were synthesized. The mentioned compounds were checked for in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and anti-diabetic (α-amylase inhibition) activity. To validate the in vitro results, computational studies were carried out using molecular operating environment to analyse the BE, i.e. binding energies of all synthesized compounds against the respective enzymes. The Compounds 23, 31, 44 exhibited anti-inflammatory via inhibiting COX-2 (IC50 value of 204.08, 68.60 and 50.93 µM, respectively), COX-1 (IC50 value of 287, 185, and 143 µM, respectively) and 5-LOX (IC50 value of 138, 50.76 and 20, 87 µM respectively). They exhibited choline-mimetic potential, such as compound 23, 31 and 44 inhibited AChE enzyme (IC50 value of 240, 174, and 134 µM, respectively) and BChE enzyme (IC50 value of 203, 134 and 97 µM, respectively). The Compounds 23, 31, 44 exhibited anti-diabetic effect via inhibiting α-amylase enzyme (IC50 values of 250, 106 and 60 µM, respectively). Molecular docking studies revealed that the synthesized compounds have good binding affinity in the binding pockets of AChE, BChE, COX-2, 5-LOX and α-amylase enzyme and showed high binding energies. The synthesized succinimide derivatives, i.e. compound 23, 31, 44 showed marked inhibitory activities against cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, α-amylase and cholinesterase enzymes. Among these three, compound 44 and 31 showed strong anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity while they displayed moderate anti-cholinesterase activity supported by molecular docking results.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Fida Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan
| | | | - Anwar Zeb
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan
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Murphy L, Ng K, Isaac P, Swidrovich J, Zhang M, Sproule BA. The Role of the Pharmacist in the Care of Patients with Chronic Pain. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 10:33-41. [PMID: 33959490 PMCID: PMC8096635 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s248699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacists across the healthcare continuum are well positioned to collaborate with patients to effectively manage their chronic pain. Evidence supports positive outcomes when pharmacists undertake these roles; however, there are barriers preventing uptake across the profession. This paper aims to expand awareness of the breadth of these roles, including pharmaceutical care provision, interprofessional collaboration, pain and medication education, support for patients in self-management and acceptance of responsibility to be culturally responsive and decrease stigma. Pharmacists are accessible healthcare professionals and can improve the care of patients with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Murphy
- Department of Pharmacy, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Ng
- Toronto Academic Pain Medicine Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pearl Isaac
- Pharmacy Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jaris Swidrovich
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maria Zhang
- Pharmacy Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beth A Sproule
- Pharmacy Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Malebari AM, Khayyat AN, Mahdali RA, Alamoudi JS, Alsayed BY, Alrasheed SA. Evaluation of the community pharmacists' performance in the screening of non-steroidal anti-inflmmatory drugs risks in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41:849-857. [PMID: 32789426 PMCID: PMC7502958 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2020.8.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess community pharmacists' knowledge and practices regarding screening risk factors and providing safety information about the use of non- steroidal anti-in ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to patients. METHODS Cross-sectional and a self-administered questionnaire-based study was conducted over a 4-month period (May-August 2019) with selected community pharmacies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire composed of demographic data and the pharmacist's role in supplying NSAIDs. RESULTS The majority of participating community pharmacists dispense NSAIDs. However, many did not apply relevantly good communication skills such as seeking information about concomitant drugs (42.5%) or providing advice on managing any adverse side effects of taking NSAIDs (39.1%). Most of the community pharmacists also did not provide relevantly good communication about risk factors. The most common screening risk factors mentioned were a history of pregnancy and breastfeeding (84.2%) followed by being at an older age (74.5%) or a history of a gastrointestinal ulcer (71.5%). CONCLUSION Community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia need to appropriately screen their patients for adverse drug reactions and the ectively communicate the risks of using NSAIDs. The Saudi Regulatory Authority could endorse several approaches to apply a good strategy for improving the dispensing practices in community pharmacies, communication and awareness of risk factors especially in high-risk patients who are taking NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah M Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Wongtaweepkij K, Krska J, Pongwecharak J, Jarernsiripornkul N. Experiences and Views of Medicine Information Among the General Public in Thailand. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:1073-1082. [PMID: 32636615 PMCID: PMC7335287 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s257454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Written and electronic medicine information are important for improving patient knowledge and safe use of medicines. Written medicine information in Thailand is mostly in the form of printed package inserts (PIs), designed for health professionals, with few medicines having patient information leaflets (PILs). The aim of this study was to determine practices, needs and expectations of Thai general public about written and electronic medicine information and attitudes towards PILs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional survey, using self-completed questionnaires, was distributed directly to members of the general public in a large city, during January to March 2019. It explored experiences of using information, expectations, needs and attitudes, the latter measured using a 10-item scale. Differences between sub-groups were assessed, applying the Bonferroni correction to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Of the total 851 questionnaires distributed, 550 were returned (64.2%). The majority of respondents (88%) had received PIs, but only a quarter (26.2%) had received PILs. Most respondents (78.5%) had seen medicine information in online form. High educational level and income increased the likelihood of receiving PILs and electronic information. The majority of respondents (88.5%) perceived PILs as useful, but 70% considered they would still need information about medicines from health professionals. Indication, drug name and precautions were the most frequently read information in PIs and perceived as needed in PILs. Three-quarters of respondents would read electronic information if it were available, with more who had received a PIL having previously searched for such information compared to those who had not. All respondents had positive overall attitudes towards PILs. CONCLUSION Experiences of receiving PILs and electronic medicine information in Thailand are relatively limited. However, the general public considered PILs as a useful source of medicine information. Electronic medicine information was desired and should be developed to be an additional source of information for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonphat Wongtaweepkij
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Janet Krska
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Juraporn Pongwecharak
- Pharmacy Practice and Management Research Unit, Division of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit Center, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jarernsiripornkul
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Correspondence: Narumol Jarernsiripornkul Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, ThailandTel +66-4334-8353Fax +66-4320-2379 Email
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Jarernsiripornkul N, Phueanpinit P, Pongwecharak J, Krska J. Practices of healthcare professionals in communicating with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users in Thailand: a qualitative study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2019; 27:362-369. [PMID: 30912610 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore practices among healthcare professionals in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) information provision. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with orthopaedic physicians (OPs), hospital and community pharmacists (CPs) in northeastern Thailand. Ten hospitals and 20 pharmacies in five provinces were purposively selected. Interviews followed a topic guideline, were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a framework approach. KEY FINDINGS Fifty-one participants were involved: 13 OPs, 20 hospital pharmacists and 18 CPs. Four main themes emerged: general information, safety information, differences between new and regular NSAID users and non-selective and selective NSAID users. Pharmacists mostly provided information on administration and indication. While all three groups informed of adverse effects, this was selective, related to factors including trading, time available, patients' age and perceived ability to understand. Gastrointestinal adverse effect information was most commonly provided, with other side effects, drug interactions and need to monitor for adverse effects rarely mentioned. Variation was reported in provision of safety information depending on whether patients were using selective or non-selective NSAIDs, and new or long-term users. CONCLUSIONS The content and frequency of NSAID information provision varied between health professionals. Greater awareness of NSAID risks is essential; therefore, strategies to improve information provision to Thai patients are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janet Krska
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Greenwich and Kent, Kent, UK
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